Urinary System 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How does Dehydration/ Sweat Loss alter GFR? (10)

A
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2
Q

How does the body regulate when it detects a change in blood pressure?

A

Stimulus: venous, atrial, and arterial blood pressure changes monitored by baroreceptors in each location.

Response: alter renal sympathetic firing to kidney.

Additional arterial response – altered arterial pressure can also change GFR without involving altering renal sympathetic firing.

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3
Q

What are the 2 main GFR-altering hormones?

A

Angiotensin II
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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4
Q

What is Angiotensin II?
How does it affect GFR?

A

Released inactive (angiotensinogen) from liver ultimately converted to angiotensin II.

Response:
circulates in the blood to kidneys and vasoconstricts afferent and efferent arterioles; more receptors on afferent arteriole

Decrease GFR

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5
Q

What is Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)?
How does it affect GFR?

A

Released from heart.

Response: circulates in blood to kidneys and vasodilates afferent arterioles and vasoconstricts efferent arterioles / also increases SA of glomerulus by relaxing mesangial cells –

Both Responses Increase GFR.

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6
Q

In regards to Glomerular Filtration, How much do we keep? How much do we eliminate?

A

How much to keep:
During glomerular filtration, almost all substances in the blood are filtered into the glomerular space and leave in renal tubules

How much to eliminate:
Waste products, toxins, and excess substances (e.g., urea, creatinine, certain ions) are primarily eliminated through glomerular filtration into the renal tubule. These substances are meant to be eventually excreted from the body as

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7
Q

In regards to Tubular Secretion, How much do we keep? How much do we eliminate?

A

How much to keep:
Tubular secretion involves actively transporting certain substances from the peritubular capillaries into the renal tubule

How much to eliminate:
The substances being secreted are meant to be eliminated from the body, as they are often waste products or need to be removed for various physiological reasons

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8
Q

In regards to Tubular Reabsorption, How much do we keep? How much do we eliminate?

A

How much to keep:
Tubular reabsorption involves the reabsorption of water and various solutes from the renal tubule back into the peritubular capillaries

How much to eliminate:
Tubular reabsorption aims to retain essential substances,

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9
Q

What is the Tubular lumen?

A

inner cavity of renal tubule.

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10
Q

What cells make up the Renule Tubule wall?

A

Epithelial cell –
cells making up the renal tubule wall.

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11
Q

Where are Epithelial Cells?

A

cells making up the renal tubule wall.

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12
Q

What is the fluid surrounding the renal tubule? What are the blood vessels in the area called?

A

Interstitial fluid
- extracellular fluid surrounding renal tubule.
Blood vessel
- peritubular capillaries

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13
Q

What are the 2 Tubular epithelial cell membranes?

A

Apical Membrane
- between tubule lumen and inside tubular epithelial cell.
Basolateral Membrane
- between inside tubular epithelial cell and interstitial fluid.

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14
Q

Image

A
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15
Q

What is a Semipermeable membrane?
(selectively permeable)

A

Semipermeable membrane
- lets some things pass and not others.

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16
Q

Simple vs Facilitated Diffusion

A

Simple diffusion (SD)
Moves straight through the membrane.

Facilitated diffusion (FD)
Needs a membrane protein (MP) to provide passage.

17
Q

Osmosis

A

Osmosis (O)
Specifically for water.
Involves an aquaporin (AP; specific membrane protein) to provide passage

18
Q

What is Active Transport?

A

Low to high solute concentration.
Described as moving “up” or “against” gradient.
At least 2 DIFFERNT ions moving together:
Same direction – cotransport.
Opposite direction – counter transport

19
Q

What is PRIMARY Active Transport?

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate) breakdown to ADP and Pi (adenosine diphosphate and inorganic phosphate) provides direct use of energy to “pump” across the membrane.

Ions moving “up” their gradients

20
Q

What is SECONDARY Active Transport?

A

Move in response to conditions created by primary (indirect use of energy).

Ions are moving “down” its gradient while another moves “up” its gradient (can be more than 2 ions involved)

(one is passively moving, one is actively moving, therefore classified as active transport not passive)

21
Q

Tubular Reabsorption and Secretion?
askq

A
22
Q

What is Obligatory water reabsorption?

A

Passive Reabosrption of Water to prevent excessive water loss
- water that moves following solutes
65% water reabsorbed in proximal tubule; lots of aquaporins so water can move fairly freely.

23
Q

Process of Obligatory Water Reabsorption:

A

Initial process:
Sodium movement creates low osmotic pressure where sodium has left and high osmotic pressure where sodium has moved (osmotic pressure gradient).
Water follows by osmosis towards sodium created high osmotic pressure.

Secondary process:
Water movement following sodium creates solute concentration gradients for other ions (like calcium, chloride, potassium, magnesium).
These ions can move by simple diffusion in latter half of proximal tubule.

As these ions move creates low osmotic pressure where left and high osmotic pressure where moved (osmotic pressure gradient).
More water movement by osmosis towards other ion created high osmotic pressure.

24
Q

What does primary transport do in the cell?

A

pumped sodium out into the interstitial fluid