Immune System 5 Flashcards
What is the Primary Response in Antibody Production?
Following first contact (primary response):
- Slow (several weeks) response.
- Smaller numbers specific antibodies.
- Limited time in blood
What is the Secondary Response in Antibody Production?
Subsequent encounter (secondary response) by same antigen:
- Quicker response.
- Larger numbers specific antibodies.
- Lasts longer in blood
What is the Secondary Response Mediated by?
Secondary response, mediated by memory cells, is one of key features distinguishing innate and adaptive immunity.
Confers greatly enhanced immunity toward subsequent infection.
What are the 2 Types of Immunity?
active and passive
What is Active Immunity?
Active – 2 forms – exposure to antigen
- Active natural
- Active artificial
What is Active Natural Immunity?
Active natural – exposure to antigen by chance in environment
What is Active Artificial Immunity?
Active artificial – deliberate exposure to antigen (vaccine)
Active Artificial
What is a Vaccine?
Vaccine: small quantities living or dead pathogens, toxins, or harmless antigenic molecules derived from microorganism or its toxin
What is Passive Immunity?
Passive – 2 forms – direct transfer of already formed antibodies
- Passive Natural
- Passive Artificial
What is Passive Natural Immunity?
Give Example.
Passive natural – antibody transfer mother to infant.
- Mother and fetus: IgG can move across placenta.
- Breast-fed child: IgA in breast milk can move across intestinal lining.
- Important early protections as antibody synthesizing relatively poor
What is Passive Artifical Immunity?
When is it used?
Passive artificial – antibody transfer person to person (injection).
- Rapidly dangerous or fatal conditions where no time to wait for active immunity to be developed (used with hepatitis A, snake bites, rabies).
Common when we dont have time, Patient does not have to produce antibodies, they are given to them. Like Covid to older individuals, cause can’t wait for Vaccine to reach peak
Why is Passive Artificial Immunity not always used then?
Preformed antibodies offer immediate protection but limited lifespans (weeks or months).
Won’t have any memory cells to help later down the line
When is Active Immunity Beneficial?
What about Passive Immunity?
Active gives Memory Cells which can be used again
Passive allows for quick repsonse to immediate problem
Monoclonal Antibodies – interesting – but not testable
- Harvest antibodies for a specific antigen from blood.
- Exposing a leukocyte to a particular viral protein from harvested antibodies.
- Clone leukocyte to mass produce antibodies to target that specific virus.
- Gives individual specific antibodies right away.
- Especially helpful for those at risk of severe illness where time is vital.
How does Stress Alter Immune Responses?
- Depressed immune responses – visits to student health over term a good indicator.
- Under stress, less likely to eat well or exercise regularly – 2 enhancers of immunity.
- Also critical to immunity: adequate sleep and relaxation / optimistic outlook / good relationships with people.
How does Exercise Alter Immune Response?
add graph from lecture
- Inverted “J” shape curve of immune function and relation to disease susceptibility.
- Moderate – enhanced immune responses – reduced susceptibility.
- Exhaustive – depressed immune responses – increased susceptibility with potential for immunosuppression that may be prolonged.
- With proper training (sufficient rest and recovery) can be avoided.
Excersize and Immunity Graph:
