Respiratory System Lecture 3

Question 1

What is Tidal Volume (TV)?

Answer 1

amount of air inhaled (tidal inspiration) or exhaled (tidal expiration) in one breath.

Question 2

What is Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

Answer 2

Inspiratory reserve volume (IRV) is the additional volume of air that can be forcefully inhaled after a normal inhalation. (3100mL)

Question 3

What is Expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

Answer 3

Expiratory reserve volume (ERV) is the additional volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after a normal exhalation. (1200mL)

Question 4

What is Residual volume (RV)?

Answer 4

amount of air remaining in lungs after maximum expiration; keeps alveoli inflated between breaths, mixes with fresh air on next inspiration (1200mL)

Question 5

Resting Volumes for Ventilation:
(know volumes relative to each other)

Answer 5

Question 6

What is Vital Capacity?

Answer 6

amount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after maximum inspiration; maximum inspiration to maximum expiration (4600mL)
IRV + TV + ERV

Question 7

What is Total lung capacity?

Answer 7

maximum amount of air lungs can contain (6000mL)

TLC = IRV + TV + ERV + RV

Question 8

How does resting ventilation change with an increase in exercise? (3)

Answer 8

Increase Tidal Volume
- at the expense of IRV and ERV

Decrease reserve volumes:
- Inspiratory and Expiratory Reserve Volumes

No change in Vital Capacity or Reserve Volume

Question 9

What is Minute Ventilation (V-E)?

Answer 9

Total air volume flowing into or out of lungs per unit time (L/min or mL/min).

Question 10

Minute Ventilation Formula:

Answer 10



Question 11

What is Dead Space (V-D)

Answer 11

Air volume not reaching gas exchange areas
it remains in the airways and does not reach the alveoli
(mL/breath).

Question 12

What are the 3 Types of Dead Space?

Answer 12

1. Anatomical dead space:
   - This refers to the conducting zone portion of the airways, including the trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles, where air is conducted but not involved in gas exchange.
2. Alveolar dead space:
   - occurs when there are damaged or blocked alveoli
3. Physiological dead space**:
   - the sum of anatomical and alveolar dead space. It represents the total portion of each breath that does not participate in gas exchange, including both the conducting zone of the airways and any non-functional or blocked alveoli.

Question 13

What is Alveolar Ventilation (V-A)?

Answer 13

Question 14

What is Effective Ventilation (EV)?

Answer 14

Effective ventilation (EV) is the portion of ventilation that reaches the functional alveoli in the lungs, allowing for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with the bloodstream.

Alveolar Ventilation/ Minute Ventilation

EV = V-A / V- E

Question 15

Summary of Notations:

Answer 15

V-E = Minute Ventilation (L/min or mL/min)

V-D = Dead Space (mL/breath)

V- A = Alveolar Ventilation (L/min or mL/min)

V-T = Tidal Volume (mL/breath)

EV = Effective Ventilation

Question 16

Example

Answer 16

Question 17

n

Answer 17

Question 18

How to optimize Effective Ventilation?

Answer 18

High Tidal Volume (V-T)

Low bpm (f)