Urinary System

Question 1

Functions - Urinary system

regulation between water and electrolytes

Answer 1

Acid-base balance

Question 2

Functions of urinary system

Secretion of ____ which is important for regulation of blood pressure

Answer 2

Renin

Question 3

Functions of the urinary system

Secretion of ____ which stimulates erythrocyte production when blood oxygen is low

Answer 3

Erythropoietin

Question 4

Functions of the urinary system

Conversion of Vitamin D to its active form ____ or ____

Answer 4

1,25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 or Calcitriol

Question 5

Functions of the urinary system

_____ during starvation or periods of prolonged fasting

Answer 5

Gluconeogenesis

Question 6

Each ___ consist of a thick cortex which surrounds the ____ → this is then divided into __ to __ renal pyramids

Answer 6

Kidney
Medulla

8 to 12

Question 7

Kidney

Each pyramid comprises a

Answer 7

Renal lobe

Question 8

Kidney

The apical papilla of each renal pyramid inserts into a ____ which is a subdivision of a ___

Answer 8

minor calyx
major calyx

Question 9

Kidney

The __ carries urine from the renal pelvis and will exit the renal hilum → this where the renal artery and vein can be found.

Answer 9

Ureter

Question 10

Functional Unit of the Kidney

Answer 10

Nephron

Question 11

Its numbers reaches a million, consisting of a renal corpuscle and a long renal tubule, with a system of collecting ducts.

Answer 11

Nephron

Question 12

Water and solutes in the blood leave the vascular space and enter the lumen of the nephron.

Answer 12

Filtration

Question 13

Substances move from epithelial cells of the tubules into the lumen; after uptake from surrounding interstitium and capillaries.

Answer 13

Tubular Secretion

Question 14

Substances move from the tubular lumen across the epithelium into the interstitium and surrounding capillaries.

Answer 14

Tubular Reabsorption

Question 15

REMEMBER

The number of ___ decreases slightly in older adults which is accelerated by HYPERTENSION / High blood pressure.

Answer 15

Nephrons

Question 16

At the start of each nephron is a ___ ___ about 200 um in diameter

Answer 16

Renal Corpuscle

Question 17

This contains a tuft of glomerular capillaries surrounded by the Bowman’s Capsule

Answer 17

Renal Corpuscle

Question 18

Renal corpuscle

The __ ____ enters and the ___ ___ leaves

Answer 18

Afferent arteriole
Efferent arteriole

Question 19

Renal Corpuscle

It consists of a __ __ where the __ ___ __ begins.

Answer 19

Tubular pole
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

Question 20

Structure of the Bowman’s Capsule

surrounds the glomerular capillaries

Answer 20

Internal visceral layer

Question 21

Structure of the Bowman’s Capsule

serves the capsule’s surface

Answer 21

Outer Parietal Layer

Question 22

Structure of the Bowman’s Capsule

receives the filtered fluid and is located in between the capsular layers

Answer 22

Capsular Urinary Space

Question 23

Structure of the Bowman’s Capsule

Inner Visceral Layer
- stellate cells

Answer 23

Podocytes

Question 24

Structure of the Bowman’s Capsule

Inner Visceral Layer
- known as “secondary processes” and covers the capillary surfaces

Answer 24

Pedicels

Question 25

Structure of the Bowman’s Capsule Inner Visceral Layer - Has direct contact with basal lamina

Answer 25

Pedicels

Question 26

Structure of the Bowman’s Capsule Inner Visceral Layer (4)

Answer 26

Podocytes Pedicels Filtration slit pores Slit diaphragms

Question 27

Structure of the Bowman’s Capsule 3 layer

Answer 27

Internal Visceral Layer Outer Parietal Layer Capsular urinary space

Question 28

Renal tubules - histological features cells well stained with numerous mitochondria, prominent basal folds and lateral interdigitations; long microvilli, lumens often occluded

Answer 28

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 29

Proximal convoluted tubule locations

Answer 29

Cortex

Question 30

Major functions - Renal tubules Reabsorption of all organic nutrients, all proteins, most water and electrolytes; secretion of organic anions and cations, H+, and NH4+

Answer 30

Proximal convoluted tubule

Question 31

Loop of Henle few mitochondria

Answer 31

Thin limbs

Question 32

Loop of Henle no microvilli, but many mitochondria

Answer 32

Thick ascending limbs

Question 33

Loop of Henle Thin limbs locations

Answer 33

Medulla

Question 34

Loop of Henle Thick ascending limbs locations

Answer 34

Medulla and medullary rays

Question 35

Major functions - Renal tubules passive reabsorption of Na+ and Cl-

Answer 35

Thin limbs

Question 36

Major functions - Renal tubules Active reabsorption of various electrolytes

Answer 36

Thick ascending limb

Question 37

Histological features - Renal tubules cells smaller than in PCT short microvilli and basolateral folds, more empty lumens

Answer 37

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 38

Distal convoluted tubule location

Answer 38

Cortex

Question 39

Major Functions - Renal tubules Reabsorption of electrocytes

Answer 39

Distal convoluted tubule

Question 40

Histological features - Renal tubules Collecting system - most abundant cuboidal to columnar, pale staining, distinct cell membranes

Answer 40

Principal cells

Question 41

Histological features - Renal tubules Collecting system - few and scattered, slightly darker staining

Answer 41

Intercalated cells

Question 42

Principal cells location

Answer 42

Medullary rays and medulla

Question 43

Intercalated cells location

Answer 43

Medullary rays

Question 44

Major Functions - Renal tubules Regulated reabsorption of water and electrolytes, regulated secretion of K+

Answer 44

Principal cells

Question 45

Major Functions - Renal tubules Reabsorption of K+ (low K+ diet), help maintain acid base balance

Answer 45

Intercalated cell

Question 46

Ureter and the Urinary Bladder ● Lining Epithelium

Answer 46

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

Question 47

Ureter and the Urinary Bladder consisting of elliptical cells which are termed as “UMBRELLA CELLS”

Answer 47

Most superficial layer

Question 48

Ureter and the Urinary Bladder consisting of several layers of low columnar to cuboidal cells

Answer 48

Intermediate layer

Question 49

Ureter and the Urinary Bladder consisting of small basal cells (located nearest the basement membrane)

Answer 49

One layer

Question 50

tube that carries the urine from the bladder to the exterior

Answer 50

Urethra

Question 51

Urethra In men, the __ ducts for sperm transport during ejaculation join the urethra at the prostate gland.

Answer 51

2

Question 52

Urethra Male - 3 segments

Answer 52

Prostatic urethra Membranous urethra Spongy urethra

Question 53

Urethra - Male (Long and has 3 segments) → 3 to 4 cm long, extends through the prostate gland, lined by

Answer 53

Prostatic urethra Urothelium

Question 54

Urethra - Male (Long and has 3 segments) → short segment, passes through an external sphincter, lined by

Answer 54

Membranous urethra Stratified columnar and Pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 55

Urethra - Male (Long and has 3 segments) → 15 cm in length, enclosed within erectile tissue of the penis, lined by

Answer 55

Spongy urethra Stratified columnar and Pseudostratified columnar epithelium with Stratified squamous epithelium distally

Question 56

Exclusively Urinary in function

Answer 56

Urethra Female

Question 57

Urethra Female length is

Answer 57

3 to 5 cm

Question 58

Urethra Female Initially lined with

Answer 58

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM → then transitions to NON-KERATINIZED STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM