Cellular Structure Flashcards
the basic structure and functional units in all tissues
Cells
become efficiently organized in tissues with specialized functions and usually changing their shape
Cell differentiation
Action /Purpose
Movement
muscle cells
Action/ Purpose
forms adhesions and tight junctions
epithelial cells
Action/ Purpose
synthesis and secretion of components of extracellular matrix
fibroblasts, bone cells cartilage
Action/ Purpose
convert physical and chemical stimuli into action potentials
Neurons (nerve cells) and sensory cells
Action/ Purpose
synthesis and secretion of degradative enzymes
cells of digestive glands
Action/ Purpose
synthesis and secretion of glycoproteins
cells of mucous glands
Action/ Purpose
synthesis and secretion of steroids
cells of the adrenal gland, testes, ovary
Action/ Purpose
ion transport
cells of the kidney and salivary gland ducts
Action/ Purpose
intracellular digestion
macrophages and neutrophils
Action/ Purpose
storage of fats
adipocytes (fat cells)
metabolic absorption
cells lining the intestine
it functions as selective barrier regulating the passage of materials into and out of the cell
cell membrane (plasmalemma)
facilitates the transport of specific molecules
cell membrane (plasmalemma)
specific recognition and signaling functions
membrane proteins
plays a key role in the interactions of the cell with it’s environment
membrane proteins
membrane phospholipids (amphipathic) 2
2 non polar
charged polar
hydrophobic or water-repelling long charm fatty acid
2 non polar
hydrophobic or water attracting head that bears a phosphate group
charged polar
restricts movements and modulates the fluidity of all membrane
cholesterol
delicate cell surface coating
glycocalyx
outer lipid with oligosaccharide chains
glycolipids
proteins linked with sugar chains and acts as receptors for cell adhesion and cell recognition
glycoproteins
major constitutions of membranes
proteins
site for CHON and lipid synthesis
endoplasmic reticulum
site for synthesis of most membrane-bound proteins for secretion, incorporation into the plasma membrane, and as enzymes within lysosomes
rough endoplasmic reticulum
site of lipid synthesis and carbohydrates metabolism
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
detoxifies alcohols and other drugs
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
releases calcium ions when muscles need to contract (sarcoplasmic reticulum)
smooth endoplasmic reticulum
completes post-translational modifications of proteins produced in the rough endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
packages and addresses proteins to their proper destinations
golgi apparatus
golgi two distinct functional sides or faces
cis - golgi receiving region
trans - golgi shipping region
sites of intracellular digestion and turnover of cellular components
lysosomes
degrade denatured or otherwise non functional polypeptides
proteasome
removes the proteins that are no longer needed
proteasome
site for ATP Sythesis
Mitochondria
mitochondria of stressed cells releases _____ from the inner membrane, triggering a regulated series of events leading to ___$$
cytochrome c
cell death
- spherical in shape
- enclosed by a single membrane
peroxisome
peroxisome named to their enzymes producing and degrading hydrogen peroxide (2)
oxidase
catalase
oxidizes substrates by removing hydrogen atoms that are transferred to molecular oxygen, producing hydrogen peroxide
oxidase
immediately breaks down hydrogen peroxide - damaging to the cell
catalase
determines the shapes of cells and has a pivotal role in the movements of organelles and cytoplasmic vesicles, and also allow the movement of entire cells
cytoskeleton
captain of the cell
nucleus
contains the molecular machinery to replicate the DNA and to synthesize and process all types of RNA
nucleus
nucleus composed 3
nuclear envelope
chromatin
nucleoli
nucleus composed 3
largest structure within the cell
nuclear envelope
nucleus composed 3
mass of DNA and it’s associated protein
chromatin
nucleus composed 3
specialized regions of chrimatin
nucleoli
period of cell division
mitosis
phase of the cell cycle that can be routinely distinguished with the light microscope
mitosis
specialized process involving two unique and associated cell divisions that occurs only in the cells that forms sperm and egg cell
meiosis
the cells produced are ______ - having just one chromosome from each pair present in the body’ somatic cells
haploid
a cell division that produces TWO DIPLOID CELLS
mitosis
yield two cells that are the SAME genetically
mitosis
involves two cell divisions and produces FOUR HAPLOID CELLS
meiosis
yields haploid cells that are genetically UNIQUE
meiosis
