Urinary System Flashcards
1
Q
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
A
a) Urea
2
Q
Which hormone regulates sodium reabsorption in the kidneys?
A
b) Aldosterone
3
Q
Which part of the nephron is responsible for the majority of reabsorption?
A
a) Proximal convoluted tubule
4
Q
Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood to the kidney?
A
a) Renal artery
5
Q
Which hormone is secreted by the kidneys to stimulate red blood cell production?
A
b) Erythropoietin
6
Q
Which structure collects urine directly from the renal pyramids?
A
c) Minor calyx
7
Q
Which of the following is NOT part of the juxtaglomerular apparatus?
A
c) Peritubular capillaries
8
Q
Where does most sodium reabsorption occur in the nephron?
A
d) Proximal convoluted tubule
9
Q
The loop of Henle is located in the ___ of the kidney.
A
Medulla
10
Q
The process of moving substances from the blood into the renal tubules is called ___
A
Tubular reabsorption
11
Q
The functional unit of the kidney is the ___
A
Nephron
12
Q
The bladder is lined by a special type of epithelium called ___
A
13
Q
The hormone responsible for water retention is ___
A
14
Q
The enzyme released by the juxtaglomerular cells to regulate blood pressure is ___
A
15
Q
The kidneys help regulate blood pH by excreting ___ and reabsorbing ___
A
16
Q
The region where the ureter exits the kidney is called the ___
A
17
Q
What are the three processes involved in urine formation?
A
18
Q
Why are the kidneys considered retroperitoneal?
A
19
Q
What is the function of the afferent arteriole in the kidney?
A
20
Q
Why does the proximal convoluted tubule have a brush border?
A
21
Q
What happens if ADH secretion is reduced?
A
22
Q
What is the primary role of the collecting duct?
A
23
Q
What are the two types of nephrons found in the kidney?
A
24
Q
What structure in the nephron is responsible for filtering blood?
A
25
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
26
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
27
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
28
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
29
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
30
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
31
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
32
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
33
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
34
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
35
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
36
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
37
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
38
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
39
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
40
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
41
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
42
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
43
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
44
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
45
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
46
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
47
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
48
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
49
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
50
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
51
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
52
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
53
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
54
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
55
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
56
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
57
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
58
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
59
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
60
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
61
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
62
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
63
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
64
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
65
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
66
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
67
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
68
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
69
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
70
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
71
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
72
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
73
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
74
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
75
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
76
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
77
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
78
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
79
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
80
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
81
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
82
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
83
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
84
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
85
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
86
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
87
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
88
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
89
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
90
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
91
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
92
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
93
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
94
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
95
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
96
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
97
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
98
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
99
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
100
What is the primary nitrogenous waste excreted by the kidneys?
a) Urea
101
102
What are the four main components of the urinary system?
Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
103
What is the primary function of the kidneys?
Blood filtration
104
How much blood do the kidneys filter per day?
Approximately 180 liters
105
What are the endocrine functions of the kidney?
Produces erythropoietin, renin, and calcitriol (active Vitamin D)
106
Where are the kidneys located?
Retroperitoneal (behind the peritoneum)
107
What sits on top of each kidney?
The adrenal glands
108
What surrounds the kidneys for protection?
Connective tissue and fat
109
What is a renal lobe composed of?
A renal pyramid and its associated cortex
110
What is the function of the renal capsule?
Resists pressure variations and prevents distension
111
What are renal columns?
Extensions of the cortex between renal lobes
112
What structure allows urine to exit the kidney?
The ureter
113
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
The nephron
114
How many nephrons are in each kidney?
1-3 million
115
What are the two main parts of a nephron?
The renal corpuscle and renal tubules
116
What structures form the renal corpuscle?
Glomerulus and Bowman’s capsule
117
What type of capillaries are found in the glomerulus?
Fenestrated capillaries
118
What are the three layers of the filtration barrier?
1) Endothelium, 2) Glomerular basement membrane, 3) Podocytes
119
What is the role of podocytes?
They regulate permeability by forming filtration slits
120
What makes the glomerular basement membrane unique?
It contains Type IV collagen and is negatively charged
121
What is proteinuria?
Presence of protein in urine, indicating a filtration barrier issue
122
Which tubule has a brush border with microvilli for increased absorption?
Proximal convoluted tubule
123
What is the major function of the Loop of Henle?
Establishing an osmotic gradient
124
What hormone influences sodium reabsorption in the distal tubule?
Aldosterone
125
What is the main site of water reabsorption in the nephron?
Proximal convoluted tubule
126
What triggers renin release from juxtaglomerular cells?
Low blood pressure
127
What is the function of the macula densa?
Detects sodium concentration in the distal tubule
128
How does the juxtaglomerular apparatus regulate blood pressure?
By activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
129
What vessel supplies oxygenated blood to the kidneys?
The renal artery
130
What is the function of the vasa recta?
Maintains the osmotic gradient in the kidney
131
What type of capillaries surround the renal tubules?
Peritubular capillaries
132
What type of epithelium lines the bladder?
Transitional epithelium (urothelium)
133
What is the function of the ureters?
Transport urine from kidneys to bladder
134
What type of muscle is found in the bladder?
Smooth muscle
135
What is the function of the urethra?
Transports urine from the bladder to the exterior
136
How does the urethral epithelium differ in males and females?
Female: Stratified squamous; Male: Pseudostratified
137
What is nephritis?
Inflammation of the kidney
138
What does proteinuria indicate?
Possible kidney damage or hyperfiltration
139
What is the main cause of kidney stones?
Excess calcium oxalate or uric acid in urine
140
What is polyuria?
Excessive urine production
141
What hormone deficiency can cause diabetes insipidus?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
142
What is the final urine output per day?
About 1.5 liters
143
Which hormone regulates water retention in the kidneys?
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
144
What is the name of the triangular area in the bladder between the ureter openings and the urethra?
Trigone
145
How does the kidney maintain acid-base balance?
By regulating H+ and HCO3- levels
146
What is the major site of glucose reabsorption in the nephron?
Proximal convoluted tubule
