Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cardiovascular system?
A
c) Nervous system
2
Q
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?
A
b) Transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs
3
Q
Which layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle?
A
b) Tunica media
4
Q
Which type of capillary is most permeable?
A
c) Sinusoidal capillaries
5
Q
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
A
a) Drain excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream
6
Q
The cardiovascular system consists of the _________ and the _________ vascular systems.
A
blood, lymphatic
7
Q
The tunica intima is composed of _________ epithelium.
A
simple squamous
8
Q
The largest artery in the human body is the _________.
A
aorta
9
Q
In systemic circulation, arteries carry _________ blood, while veins carry _________ blood.
A
oxygenated, deoxygenated
10
Q
The _________ valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
A
mitral (bicuspid)
11
Q
What are the three main layers of blood vessels?
A
Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
12
Q
Describe the structure and function of the endothelium of blood vessels.
A
A simple squamous epithelial layer that regulates permeability and vascular tone.
13
Q
What role do pericytes play in capillaries?
A
They provide structural support, regulate capillary blood flow, and contribute to vessel repair.
14
Q
How do veins ensure unidirectional blood flow?
A
Through venous valves that prevent backflow.
15
Q
What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
A
Acts as the heart’s natural pacemaker, generating electrical impulses.
16
Q
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cardiovascular system?
A
c) Nervous system
17
Q
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?
A
b) Transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs
18
Q
Which layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle?
A
b) Tunica media
19
Q
Which type of capillary is most permeable?
A
c) Sinusoidal capillaries
20
Q
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
A
a) Drain excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream
21
Q
The cardiovascular system consists of the _________ and the _________ vascular systems.
A
blood, lymphatic
22
Q
The tunica intima is composed of _________ epithelium.
A
simple squamous
23
Q
The largest artery in the human body is the _________.
A
aorta
24
Q
In systemic circulation, arteries carry _________ blood, while veins carry _________ blood.
A
oxygenated, deoxygenated
25
The _________ valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
mitral (bicuspid)
26
What are the three main layers of blood vessels?
Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
27
What role do pericytes play in capillaries?
They provide structural support, regulate capillary blood flow, and contribute to vessel repair.
28
How do veins ensure unidirectional blood flow?
Through venous valves that prevent backflow.
29
What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
Acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, generating electrical impulses.
30
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cardiovascular system?
c) Nervous system
31
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?
b) Transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs
32
Which layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle?
b) Tunica media
33
Which type of capillary is most permeable?
c) Sinusoidal capillaries
34
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
a) Drain excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream
35
The cardiovascular system consists of the _________ and the _________ vascular systems.
blood, lymphatic
36
The tunica intima is composed of _________ epithelium.
simple squamous
37
The largest artery in the human body is the _________.
aorta
38
In systemic circulation, arteries carry _________ blood, while veins carry _________ blood.
oxygenated, deoxygenated
39
The _________ valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
mitral (bicuspid)
40
What are the three main layers of blood vessels?
Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
41
Describe the structure and function of the endothelium.
A simple squamous epithelial layer that regulates permeability and vascular tone.
42
What role do pericytes play in capillaries?
They provide structural support, regulate capillary blood flow, and contribute to vessel repair.
43
How do veins ensure unidirectional blood flow?
Through venous valves that prevent backflow.
44
What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
Acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, generating electrical impulses.
45
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cardiovascular system?
c) Nervous system
46
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?
b) Transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs
47
Which layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle?
b) Tunica media
48
Which type of capillary is most permeable?
c) Sinusoidal capillaries
49
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
a) Drain excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream
50
The cardiovascular system consists of the _________ and the _________ vascular systems.
blood, lymphatic
51
The tunica intima is composed of _________ epithelium.
simple squamous
52
The largest artery in the human body is the _________.
aorta
53
In systemic circulation, arteries carry _________ blood, while veins carry _________ blood.
oxygenated, deoxygenated
54
The _________ valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
mitral (bicuspid)
55
What are the three main layers of blood vessels?
Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
56
Describe the structure and function of the endothelium.
A simple squamous epithelial layer that regulates permeability and vascular tone.
57
What role do pericytes play in capillaries?
They provide structural support, regulate capillary blood flow, and contribute to vessel repair.
58
How do veins ensure unidirectional blood flow?
Through venous valves that prevent backflow.
59
What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
Acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, generating electrical impulses.
60
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cardiovascular system?
c) Nervous system
61
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?
b) Transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs
62
Which layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle?
b) Tunica media
63
Which type of capillary is most permeable?
c) Sinusoidal capillaries
64
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
a) Drain excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream
65
The cardiovascular system consists of the _________ and the _________ vascular systems.
blood, lymphatic
66
The tunica intima is composed of _________ epithelium.
simple squamous
67
The largest artery in the human body is the _________.
aorta
68
In systemic circulation, arteries carry _________ blood, while veins carry _________ blood.
oxygenated, deoxygenated
69
The _________ valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
mitral (bicuspid)
70
What are the three main layers of blood vessels?
Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
71
Describe the structure and function of the endothelium.
A simple squamous epithelial layer that regulates permeability and vascular tone.
72
What role do pericytes play in capillaries?
They provide structural support, regulate capillary blood flow, and contribute to vessel repair.
73
How do veins ensure unidirectional blood flow?
Through venous valves that prevent backflow.
74
What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
Acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, generating electrical impulses.
75
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cardiovascular system?
c) Nervous system
76
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?
b) Transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs
77
Which layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle?
b) Tunica media
78
Which type of capillary is most permeable?
c) Sinusoidal capillaries
79
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
a) Drain excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream
80
The cardiovascular system consists of the _________ and the _________ vascular systems.
blood, lymphatic
81
The tunica intima is composed of _________ epithelium.
simple squamous
82
The largest artery in the human body is the _________.
aorta
83
In systemic circulation, arteries carry _________ blood, while veins carry _________ blood.
oxygenated, deoxygenated
84
The _________ valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
mitral (bicuspid)
85
What are the three main layers of blood vessels?
Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
86
Describe the structure and function of the endothelium.
A simple squamous epithelial layer that regulates permeability and vascular tone.
87
What role do pericytes play in capillaries?
They provide structural support, regulate capillary blood flow, and contribute to vessel repair.
88
How do veins ensure unidirectional blood flow?
Through venous valves that prevent backflow.
89
What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
Acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, generating electrical impulses.
90
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cardiovascular system?
c) Nervous system
91
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?
b) Transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs
92
Which layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle?
b) Tunica media
93
Which type of capillary is most permeable?
c) Sinusoidal capillaries
94
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
a) Drain excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream
95
The cardiovascular system consists of the _________ and the _________ vascular systems.
blood, lymphatic
96
The tunica intima is composed of _________ epithelium.
simple squamous
97
The largest artery in the human body is the _________.
aorta
98
In systemic circulation, arteries carry _________ blood, while veins carry _________ blood.
oxygenated, deoxygenated
99
The _________ valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
mitral (bicuspid)
100
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cardiovascular system?
c) Nervous system
101
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?
b) Transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs
102
Which layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle?
b) Tunica media
103
Which type of capillary is most permeable?
c) Sinusoidal capillaries
104
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
a) Drain excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream
105
The cardiovascular system consists of the _________ and the _________ vascular systems.
blood, lymphatic
106
The tunica intima is composed of _________ epithelium.
simple squamous
107
The largest artery in the human body is the _________.
aorta
108
In systemic circulation, arteries carry _________ blood, while veins carry _________ blood.
oxygenated, deoxygenated
109
The _________ valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
mitral (bicuspid)
110
What are the three main layers of blood vessels?
Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
111
Describe the structure and function of the endothelium.
A simple squamous epithelial layer that regulates permeability and vascular tone.
112
What role do pericytes play in capillaries?
They provide structural support, regulate capillary blood flow, and contribute to vessel repair.
113
How do veins ensure unidirectional blood flow?
Through venous valves that prevent backflow.
114
What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
Acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, generating electrical impulses.
115
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cardiovascular system?
c) Nervous system
116
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?
b) Transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs
117
Which layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle?
b) Tunica media
118
Which type of capillary is most permeable?
c) Sinusoidal capillaries
119
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
a) Drain excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream
120
The cardiovascular system consists of the _________ and the _________ vascular systems.
blood, lymphatic
121
The tunica intima is composed of _________ epithelium.
simple squamous
122
The largest artery in the human body is the _________.
aorta
123
In systemic circulation, arteries carry _________ blood, while veins carry _________ blood.
oxygenated, deoxygenated
124
The _________ valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
mitral (bicuspid)
125
What are the three main layers of blood vessels?
Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
126
Describe the structure and function of the endothelium.
A simple squamous epithelial layer that regulates permeability and vascular tone.
127
What role do pericytes play in capillaries?
They provide structural support, regulate capillary blood flow, and contribute to vessel repair.
128
How do veins ensure unidirectional blood flow?
Through venous valves that prevent backflow.
129
What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
Acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, generating electrical impulses.
130
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cardiovascular system?
c) Nervous system
131
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?
b) Transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs
132
Which layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle?
b) Tunica media
133
Which type of capillary is most permeable?
c) Sinusoidal capillaries
134
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
a) Drain excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream
135
The cardiovascular system consists of the _________ and the _________ vascular systems.
blood, lymphatic
136
The tunica intima is composed of _________ epithelium.
simple squamous
137
The largest artery in the human body is the _________.
aorta
138
In systemic circulation, arteries carry _________ blood, while veins carry _________ blood.
oxygenated, deoxygenated
139
The _________ valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
mitral (bicuspid)
140
What are the three main layers of blood vessels?
Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
141
Describe the structure and function of the endothelium.
A simple squamous epithelial layer that regulates permeability and vascular tone.
142
What role do pericytes play in capillaries?
They provide structural support, regulate capillary blood flow, and contribute to vessel repair.
143
How do veins ensure unidirectional blood flow?
Through venous valves that prevent backflow.
144
What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
Acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, generating electrical impulses.
145
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cardiovascular system?
c) Nervous system
146
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?
b) Transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs
147
Which layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle?
b) Tunica media
148
Which type of capillary is most permeable?
c) Sinusoidal capillaries
149
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
a) Drain excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream
150
The cardiovascular system consists of the _________ and the _________ vascular systems.
blood, lymphatic
151
The tunica intima is composed of _________ epithelium.
simple squamous
152
The largest artery in the human body is the _________.
aorta
153
In systemic circulation, arteries carry _________ blood, while veins carry _________ blood.
oxygenated, deoxygenated
154
The _________ valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
mitral (bicuspid)
155
What are the three main layers of blood vessels?
Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
156
Describe the structure and function of the endothelium.
A simple squamous epithelial layer that regulates permeability and vascular tone.
157
What role do pericytes play in capillaries?
They provide structural support, regulate capillary blood flow, and contribute to vessel repair.
158
How do veins ensure unidirectional blood flow?
Through venous valves that prevent backflow.
159
What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
Acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, generating electrical impulses.
160
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cardiovascular system?
c) Nervous system
161
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?
b) Transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs
162
Which layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle?
b) Tunica media
163
Which type of capillary is most permeable?
c) Sinusoidal capillaries
164
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
a) Drain excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream
165
The cardiovascular system consists of the _________ and the _________ vascular systems.
blood, lymphatic
166
The tunica intima is composed of _________ epithelium.
simple squamous
167
The largest artery in the human body is the _________.
aorta
168
In systemic circulation, arteries carry _________ blood, while veins carry _________ blood.
oxygenated, deoxygenated
169
The _________ valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
mitral (bicuspid)
170
What are the three main layers of blood vessels?
Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
171
Describe the structure and function of the endothelium.
A simple squamous epithelial layer that regulates permeability and vascular tone.
172
What role do pericytes play in capillaries?
They provide structural support, regulate capillary blood flow, and contribute to vessel repair.
173
How do veins ensure unidirectional blood flow?
Through venous valves that prevent backflow.
174
What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
Acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, generating electrical impulses.
175
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cardiovascular system?
c) Nervous system
176
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?
b) Transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs
177
Which layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle?
b) Tunica media
178
Which type of capillary is most permeable?
c) Sinusoidal capillaries
179
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
a) Drain excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream
180
The cardiovascular system consists of the _________ and the _________ vascular systems.
blood, lymphatic
181
The tunica intima is composed of _________ epithelium.
simple squamous
182
The largest artery in the human body is the _________.
aorta
183
In systemic circulation, arteries carry _________ blood, while veins carry _________ blood.
oxygenated, deoxygenated
184
The _________ valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
mitral (bicuspid)
185
What are the three main layers of blood vessels?
Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia
186
Describe the structure and function of the endothelium.
A simple squamous epithelial layer that regulates permeability and vascular tone.
187
What role do pericytes play in capillaries?
They provide structural support, regulate capillary blood flow, and contribute to vessel repair.
188
How do veins ensure unidirectional blood flow?
Through venous valves that prevent backflow.
189
What is the role of the sinoatrial (SA) node in the heart?
Acts as the heart's natural pacemaker, generating electrical impulses.
190
Which of the following is NOT a component of the cardiovascular system?
c) Nervous system
191
What is the primary function of the pulmonary circulation?
b) Transport deoxygenated blood to the lungs
192
Which layer of the blood vessel wall contains smooth muscle?
b) Tunica media
193
Which type of capillary is most permeable?
c) Sinusoidal capillaries
194
What is the main function of the lymphatic system?
a) Drain excess interstitial fluid and return it to the bloodstream
195
The cardiovascular system consists of the _________ and the _________ vascular systems.
blood, lymphatic
196
The tunica intima is composed of _________ epithelium.
simple squamous
197
The largest artery in the human body is the _________.
aorta
198
In systemic circulation, arteries carry _________ blood, while veins carry _________ blood.
oxygenated, deoxygenated
199
The _________ valve prevents backflow from the left ventricle to the left atrium.
mitral (bicuspid)
200
Which of the following best describes the primary role of Weibel-Palade bodies in endothelial cells?
c) They store and release Von Willebrand factor and P-selectin
201
What distinguishes the tunica adventitia of large arteries from that of small arteries?
b) Large arteries have vasa vasorum to nourish their outer layers
202
Which statement about the vasa vasorum is correct?
a) It supplies nutrients to the outer layers of large blood vessels
203
Which of the following is a key function of pericytes in capillaries?
d) Regulation of endothelial cell proliferation and vessel stability
204
Which factor primarily determines the permeability of continuous capillaries?
a) The presence and tightness of endothelial junctions
205
Explain the structural and functional differences between elastic arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles.
Elastic arteries have abundant elastic fibers, allowing them to stretch and recoil; muscular arteries have more smooth muscle for blood distribution; arterioles regulate blood flow and resistance.
206
Describe the physiological mechanisms that regulate vascular tone in arterioles and their significance in blood pressure regulation.
Vascular tone is regulated by metabolic, myogenic, and neural mechanisms. Sympathetic stimulation induces vasoconstriction, while nitric oxide promotes vasodilation, affecting blood pressure.
207
Discuss the role of endothelial cells in vascular homeostasis, focusing on their secretory and regulatory functions.
Endothelial cells regulate permeability, secrete vasodilators (e.g., NO), vasoconstrictors (e.g., endothelin), and coagulation factors, and modulate immune responses.
208
Explain how the lymphatic system contributes to fluid homeostasis and immune function, providing specific examples.
The lymphatic system drains interstitial fluid, filters pathogens through lymph nodes, and transports immune cells. It also absorbs dietary lipids via lacteals.
209
Describe the adaptations of the venous system that facilitate venous return despite the low-pressure environment.
Venous valves prevent backflow, skeletal muscle pumps assist movement, and respiratory pressure gradients aid venous return to the heart.
210
Which of the following best describes the primary role of Weibel-Palade bodies in endothelial cells?
c) They store and release Von Willebrand factor and P-selectin
211
What distinguishes the tunica adventitia of large arteries from that of small arteries?
b) Large arteries have vasa vasorum to nourish their outer layers
212
Which statement about the vasa vasorum is correct?
a) It supplies nutrients to the outer layers of large blood vessels
213
Which of the following is a key function of pericytes in capillaries?
d) Regulation of endothelial cell proliferation and vessel stability
214
Which factor primarily determines the permeability of continuous capillaries?
a) The presence and tightness of endothelial junctions
215
Explain the structural and functional differences between elastic arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles.
Elastic arteries have abundant elastic fibers, allowing them to stretch and recoil; muscular arteries have more smooth muscle for blood distribution; arterioles regulate blood flow and resistance.
216
Describe the physiological mechanisms that regulate vascular tone in arterioles and their significance in blood pressure regulation.
Vascular tone is regulated by metabolic, myogenic, and neural mechanisms. Sympathetic stimulation induces vasoconstriction, while nitric oxide promotes vasodilation, affecting blood pressure.
217
Discuss the role of endothelial cells in vascular homeostasis, focusing on their secretory and regulatory functions.
Endothelial cells regulate permeability, secrete vasodilators (e.g., NO), vasoconstrictors (e.g., endothelin), and coagulation factors, and modulate immune responses.
218
Explain how the lymphatic system contributes to fluid homeostasis and immune function, providing specific examples.
The lymphatic system drains interstitial fluid, filters pathogens through lymph nodes, and transports immune cells. It also absorbs dietary lipids via lacteals.
219
Describe the adaptations of the venous system that facilitate venous return despite the low-pressure environment.
Venous valves prevent backflow, skeletal muscle pumps assist movement, and respiratory pressure gradients aid venous return to the heart.
220
Which of the following best describes the primary role of Weibel-Palade bodies in endothelial cells?
c) They store and release Von Willebrand factor and P-selectin
221
What distinguishes the tunica adventitia of large arteries from that of small arteries?
b) Large arteries have vasa vasorum to nourish their outer layers
222
Which statement about the vasa vasorum is correct?
a) It supplies nutrients to the outer layers of large blood vessels
223
Which of the following is a key function of pericytes in capillaries?
d) Regulation of endothelial cell proliferation and vessel stability
224
Which factor primarily determines the permeability of continuous capillaries?
a) The presence and tightness of endothelial junctions
225
Explain the structural and functional differences between elastic arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles.
Elastic arteries have abundant elastic fibers, allowing them to stretch and recoil; muscular arteries have more smooth muscle for blood distribution; arterioles regulate blood flow and resistance.
226
Describe the physiological mechanisms that regulate vascular tone in arterioles and their significance in blood pressure regulation.
Vascular tone is regulated by metabolic, myogenic, and neural mechanisms. Sympathetic stimulation induces vasoconstriction, while nitric oxide promotes vasodilation, affecting blood pressure.
227
Discuss the role of endothelial cells in vascular homeostasis, focusing on their secretory and regulatory functions.
Endothelial cells regulate permeability, secrete vasodilators (e.g., NO), vasoconstrictors (e.g., endothelin), and coagulation factors, and modulate immune responses.
228
Explain how the lymphatic system contributes to fluid homeostasis and immune function, providing specific examples.
The lymphatic system drains interstitial fluid, filters pathogens through lymph nodes, and transports immune cells. It also absorbs dietary lipids via lacteals.
229
Describe the adaptations of the venous system that facilitate venous return despite the low-pressure environment.
Venous valves prevent backflow, skeletal muscle pumps assist movement, and respiratory pressure gradients aid venous return to the heart.
230
Which of the following best describes the primary role of Weibel-Palade bodies in endothelial cells?
c) They store and release Von Willebrand factor and P-selectin
231
What distinguishes the tunica adventitia of large arteries from that of small arteries?
b) Large arteries have vasa vasorum to nourish their outer layers
232
Which statement about the vasa vasorum is correct?
a) It supplies nutrients to the outer layers of large blood vessels
233
Which of the following is a key function of pericytes in capillaries?
d) Regulation of endothelial cell proliferation and vessel stability
234
Which factor primarily determines the permeability of continuous capillaries?
a) The presence and tightness of endothelial junctions
235
Explain the structural and functional differences between elastic arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles.
Elastic arteries have abundant elastic fibers, allowing them to stretch and recoil; muscular arteries have more smooth muscle for blood distribution; arterioles regulate blood flow and resistance.
236
Describe the physiological mechanisms that regulate vascular tone in arterioles and their significance in blood pressure regulation.
Vascular tone is regulated by metabolic, myogenic, and neural mechanisms. Sympathetic stimulation induces vasoconstriction, while nitric oxide promotes vasodilation, affecting blood pressure.
237
Discuss the role of endothelial cells in vascular homeostasis, focusing on their secretory and regulatory functions.
Endothelial cells regulate permeability, secrete vasodilators (e.g., NO), vasoconstrictors (e.g., endothelin), and coagulation factors, and modulate immune responses.
238
Explain how the lymphatic system contributes to fluid homeostasis and immune function, providing specific examples.
The lymphatic system drains interstitial fluid, filters pathogens through lymph nodes, and transports immune cells. It also absorbs dietary lipids via lacteals.
239
Describe the adaptations of the venous system that facilitate venous return despite the low-pressure environment.
Venous valves prevent backflow, skeletal muscle pumps assist movement, and respiratory pressure gradients aid venous return to the heart.
240
Which of the following best describes the primary role of Weibel-Palade bodies in endothelial cells?
c) They store and release Von Willebrand factor and P-selectin
241
What distinguishes the tunica adventitia of large arteries from that of small arteries?
b) Large arteries have vasa vasorum to nourish their outer layers
242
Which statement about the vasa vasorum is correct?
a) It supplies nutrients to the outer layers of large blood vessels
243
Which of the following is a key function of pericytes in capillaries?
d) Regulation of endothelial cell proliferation and vessel stability
244
Which factor primarily determines the permeability of continuous capillaries?
a) The presence and tightness of endothelial junctions
245
Explain the structural and functional differences between elastic arteries, muscular arteries, and arterioles.
Elastic arteries have abundant elastic fibers, allowing them to stretch and recoil; muscular arteries have more smooth muscle for blood distribution; arterioles regulate blood flow and resistance.
246
Describe the physiological mechanisms that regulate vascular tone in arterioles and their significance in blood pressure regulation.
Vascular tone is regulated by metabolic, myogenic, and neural mechanisms. Sympathetic stimulation induces vasoconstriction, while nitric oxide promotes vasodilation, affecting blood pressure.
247
Discuss the role of endothelial cells in vascular homeostasis, focusing on their secretory and regulatory functions.
Endothelial cells regulate permeability, secrete vasodilators (e.g., NO), vasoconstrictors (e.g., endothelin), and coagulation factors, and modulate immune responses.
248
Explain how the lymphatic system contributes to fluid homeostasis and immune function, providing specific examples.
The lymphatic system drains interstitial fluid, filters pathogens through lymph nodes, and transports immune cells. It also absorbs dietary lipids via lacteals.
249
Describe the adaptations of the venous system that facilitate venous return despite the low-pressure environment.
Venous valves prevent backflow, skeletal muscle pumps assist movement, and respiratory pressure gradients aid venous return to the heart.
