Urinary system

Question 1

what 6 organs compose the urinary system?

Answer 1

2 kidneys, 2 ureters, 1 bladder, 1 urethra

Question 2

What is the function of the urinary system?

Answer 2

To remove metabolic wastes from the blood and direct the waste out of the body.
Filters blood and creates waste

Question 3

What do the kidneys do?

Answer 3

Filter blood and produce urine

Question 4

What is the hilum?

Answer 4

Contains entry/exit for renal blood vessels, nerves, lymphatic vessels, and ureter.

Question 5

What do the kidneys maintain?

Answer 5

Blood volume (ADH), blood composition, blood pH

Question 6

What is a nephron?

Answer 6

functional unit of kidney.

Question 7

What is the function of a nephron?

Answer 7

Filters blood and produces urine

Question 8

What is a nephron composed of?

Answer 8

A renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.

Question 9

What is a renal corpuscle composed of ?

Answer 9

Glomerulus and glomerular capsule

Question 10

What is a glomerulus?

Answer 10

Filtration unit. Cluster of capillaries which contain pores/fenestrations.

Question 11

What are afferent arterioles?

Answer 11

Lead to the glomerulus, which leads to the efferent arterioles.

Question 12

What is the renal tubule composed of?
Proximal convoluted tubule,

Answer 12

descending limb, loop, ascending limb, distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule/duct.

Question 13

What is glomerular filtration?

Answer 13

blood plasma is filtered. substances move from the blood to the glomerular capsule.

Question 14

What is tubular reabsorption?

Answer 14

return products filtered from the plasma back to the blood

Question 15

What is tubular secretion?

Answer 15

puts waste products into the filtrate to be excreted from the kidney

Question 16

What is glomerular filtrate?

Answer 16

stuff that passed through the glomerulus into the space within the corpuscle.

Question 17

What is proximal tubular reabsorption?

Answer 17

the transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries to the renal tubular lumen

Question 18

What is tubular secretion?

Answer 18

the transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries to the renal tubular lumen

Question 19

What is the pathway of urine?

Answer 19

Nephrons, collecting ducts, renal papilae, minor and major calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra, outside world.

Question 20

In what ways does the Urinary System maintain homeostasis?

Answer 20

-regulating blood volume, blood pressure, pH, and concentration (osmolarity) of electrolytes (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Cl-, HPO4-3, Mg2+, HCO3-)
-reabsorbing glucose and excreting wastes
-releasing certain hormones like renin and EPO

Question 21

water conservation

Answer 21

n the collecting duct water is taken from the tubular fluid back into the blood.

Question 22

renal corpuscle (Bowman’s capsule and glomerulus)

Answer 22

Filtration of blood to make filtrate.

Question 23

proximal convoluted tubule

Answer 23

Mainly selective tubular reabsorption of glucose, amino acids, Na+ then Cl-, H2O follows by osmosis.
Reabsorption of bicarbonate.
Also tubular secretion of NH4+ and H+; tubular secretion of drugs (e.g. penicillin).

Question 24

loop of henle (as a unit)

Answer 24

To create and maintain the concentration gradient across the medulla.

Question 25

loop of henle (descending limb)

Answer 25

Impermeable to NaCl, permeable to H2O. Water leaves filtrate (in response to concentration of surrounding interstitial fluid) as it descends making the filtrate more concentrated.

Question 26

loop of henle (ascending limb)

Answer 26

Impermeable to H2O, Na+ is pumped out of the tubule, (Cl- follows) so filtrate becomes less concentrated as it ascends.

Question 27

distal convoluted tubule

Answer 27

H2O reabsorption depending on ADH. Tubular secretion of NH4, K+ and H+ depending on need. Reabsorption or secretion of bicarbonate depending on need.

Question 28

collecting duct

Answer 28

Reabsorption of H2O depending on levels of ADH.

Question 29

osmotic pressure

Answer 29

the amount of force applied to a solution that prevents solvent from moving across a semipermeable membrane.

Question 30

Cortical nephrons

Answer 30

Cortical nephrons originate in the outer part of the cortex
these nephrons are concerned with solute reabsorption and production of filtrate;

Question 31

Juxtamedullary nephrons

Answer 31

Juxtamedullary nephrons originate in the inner cortex close to the cortico-medullary boundary. These nephrons are concerned with creating and maintaining the concentration gradient across the medulla;

Question 32

How is water gained in the body?

Answer 32

food
drink
metabolic water

Question 33

How is water lost?

Answer 33

urination
defacation
evaporation (breath and sweat)

Question 34

Function: renal cortex

Answer 34

Filters the blood

Question 35

Function: renal medulla

Answer 35

Concentrates the filtrate

Question 36

Involuntary control of urination

Answer 36

• stretch receptors in bladder wall activated
• signals travel to sacral spinal cord
• motor nerves cause contraction of bladder and relaxation of internal sphincter

Question 37

Flow of filtrate

Answer 37

Nephron - papillary duct - minor calyx - major calyx - renal pelvis

Question 38

What is hematuria?

Answer 38

Hematuria is blood in the urine, which can be visible or microscopic, and usually indicates an underlying issue with the urinary tract.

Question 39

What does ADH do and where does it act?

Answer 39

• ADH helps the body conserve water by reducing the amount of water lost in urine.
• ADH acts primarily on the collecting ducts and distal tubules of the kidneys.
• High blood osmolarity
• Low blood volume or low blood pressure

Question 40

How does alcohol increase the volume of urine?

Answer 40

alcohol increases urine volume by inhibiting ADH release, preventing the kidneys from reabsorbing water effectively, and resulting in greater, more dilute urine output.

Question 41

How does ADH reduce the volume of urine?

Answer 41

ADH reduces urine volume by increasing the kidneys’ reabsorption of water in the collecting ducts and distal tubules, leading to less urine production and higher urine concentration.

Question 42

What is the stimulus for ADH?

Answer 42

for ADH release are high blood osmolarity and low blood volume or pressure. ADH helps restore balance by conserving water, reducing blood osmolarity, and supporting blood pressure and volume.