endocrine system

Question 1

What is homeostasis?

Answer 1

A state of overall internal chemical and physical stability that is required for the survival of cells and the body

Question 2

What do homeostatic mechanisms do?

Answer 2

Maintain a constant internal environment despite a variable external environment

Question 3

What does deviation from homeostasis indicate?

Answer 3

Disease

Question 4

What is a set point?

Answer 4

The physiological value around which the normal range fluctuates

Question 5

What is a negative feedback loop?

Answer 5

A feedback loop where the the effect opposes the original stimulus

Question 6

What are the elements of a feedback loop

Answer 6

Stimulus, receptor, integrator, effector, response

Question 7

What is positive feedback?

Answer 7

Where the response increases the original stimulus

Question 8

Pathway of steroids hormones

Answer 8

lipid soluble - diffuse directly through the cell membrane

enter the cytoplasm

enter the nucleus

form a hormone receptor complex (transcription factor)

binds to promoter regions of genes

stimulates or inhibits the transcription of those genes

Question 9

What are the two types of hormones?

Answer 9

Lipid hormones

Non lipid hormones, peptides

Question 10

Pathway of peptide hormones

Answer 10

binds to a receptor on the cell membrane
- activates a Secondary messenger

Question 11

Paracrine

Answer 11

Hormone stimulates a nearby cell, travels through extra cellular material

Question 12

Autocrine

Answer 12

The hormone secretion acts on the cell itself or cell type

Question 13

Which hormones does the anterior pituitary secrete?

Answer 13

ACTH, TSG, FSH, LH, GH, prolactin

Question 14

Which hormones does the posterior pituitary produce?

Answer 14

ADH, oxytocin

Question 15

What does the adrenal cortex secrete

Answer 15

Cortisol, aldosterone, sex hormones

Question 16

What does the adrenal medulla secrete?

Answer 16

Adrenaline and noradrenaline

Question 17

What do the ovaries and testes secrete?

Answer 17

the ovaries secrete estrogens, progesterone, inhibin, and androgens

estes primarily secrete testosterone and inhibin.

Question 18

What does the pineal gland secrete?

Answer 18

melatonin,

Question 19

What does the thyroid secrete?

Answer 19

thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), which regulate metabolism and energy use, as well as calcitonin

Question 20

What does thyroid hormone do?

Answer 20

are vital for regulating metabolism
growth
development
cardiovascular function
temperature regulation,
lipid metabolism
reproductive health.

Question 21

What does calcitonin do?

Answer 21

helps lower blood calcium levels by inhibiting osteoclast activity in the bones and promoting the excretion of calcium by the kidneys

Question 22

What do the parathyroid glands secrete?

Answer 22

secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)

Question 23

What does parathyroid hormone do

Answer 23

essential for maintaining calcium homeostasis in the body

• increases blood calcium levels by stimulating bone resorption
• enhancing renal calcium reabsorption
• promoting phosphate excretion
• activating vitamin D

Question 24

What are normal blood glucose levels?

Answer 24

between 70 and 99 mg/dL

Question 25

What is the exocrine function of the pancreas?

Answer 25

it produces digestive enzymes (amylase, proteases, and lipase)
- bicarbonate secreted into the small intestine
- substances facilitate the breakdown of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats

Question 26

What is hypothyroidism?

Answer 26

insufficient production of thyroid hormones

Question 27

What is hyperthyroidism?

Answer 27

excessive production of thyroid hormones

Question 28

What are symptoms of hypothyroidism?

Answer 28

increased metabolism and a range of symptoms, including weight loss, rapid heart rate, anxiety, and heat intolerance.

Question 29

What are the symptoms of hyperthyroidism?

Answer 29

increased heart rate, weight loss, nervousness, tremors, heat intolerance, fatigue, and changes in menstrual patterns

Question 30

What is pituitary dwarfism?

Answer 30

condition caused by insufficient growth hormone production from the pituitary gland

Question 31

What happens to effective circulating blood volume and blood pressure when someone is bleeding internally?

Answer 31

internal bleeding causes a decrease in effective circulating blood volume due to the loss of blood. Initially, the body compensates for this loss, but if bleeding persists, blood pressure will ultimately decrease

Question 32

Effect of adrenaline on sweat glands and blood vessels of the skin

Answer 32

adrenaline increases sweating by stimulating sweat glands, particularly in response to emotional stress, while simultaneously causing vasoconstriction of blood vessels

Question 33

What is hypovolemic shock?

Answer 33

hypovolemic shock is a critical condition resulting from a significant decrease in blood volume,

Question 34

What are some symptoms of hypovolemic shock?

Answer 34

Nausea or Vomiting
Fatigue or Weakness
Thirst
Rapid Breathing (Tachypnea)
Confusion or Altered Mental Status

Question 35

What happens to cells if there is insufficient insulin in a diabetic?

Answer 35

insufficient insulin in a diabetic leads to impaired glucose uptake by cells, resulting in high blood sugar levels and compensatory breakdown of fat and protein for energy.

Question 36

What is a byproduct of the breakdown of fat?

Answer 36

the primary byproducts of fat breakdown are free fatty acids and glycerol, while ketone bodies can also be produced under specific metabolic conditions

Question 37

What happens when ketones build up in the blood?

Answer 37

ccumulation can lead to ketoacidosis, a serious condition characterized by metabolic acidosis, dehydration, and a range of distressing symptoms