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ANHB EXAM > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

This structure regulates voluntary movements

A

Cerebellum

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2
Q

The primary motor area is located here

A

frontal lobe

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3
Q

This structure is a major sensory relay centre

A

thalamus

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4
Q

hypothalamus

A

Thirst and safety centres are located here

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5
Q

the lobes of the brain

A

frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital.

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6
Q

Central Nervous system includes

A
  • brain
  • spinal cord
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7
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A
  • nerves
  • ganglion
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8
Q

Dendrites VS Axons

A

Dendrites: signal input (receiving end)
- Short, thick, unmyelinated

Axons: signal output (transmitting end
- Long (mm to over 1cm)

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9
Q

Axonal Transport

A

Passage of proteins, organelles and other materials along an axon = axonal transport

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10
Q

Anterograde transport

A

soma to end of axon
(e.g. mitochondria, vesicles, proteins for

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11
Q

Retrograde transport

A

Retrograde transport = axon end to soma
(e.g. waste, materials for recycling)

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12
Q

Resting State

A

A neuron at rest has a negative charge inside compared to the outside. Due to the difference in ions inside and outside the cell

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13
Q

Triggering an action potential

A

When the neuron gets a strong enough signal, it causes special channels to open, allowing positive sodium ions to flow in. This makes the inside of the neuron more positive.

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14
Q

Depolarisation

A

As more sodium ions enter, the inside of the neuron quickly becomes positive. This positive charge is the electrical signal.

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15
Q

Repolarization

A

After the peak of the signal, sodium channels close, and potassium (K⁺) channels open, letting potassium flow out. This returns the inside of the neuron to a negative charge.

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16
Q

Resetting

A

The neuron briefly becomes even more negative than at rest, then goes back to its normal resting state. It’s now ready to send another signal.

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17
Q

3 types of neurons

A
  1. sensory (afferent)
  2. interneurons
  3. motor (efferent)
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18
Q

action potential

A

momentary reversal of membrane potential

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19
Q

What makes the myelin sheath

A
  • oligodendrocytes in CNS
  • Schwann cells in PNS
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20
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

forms myelin sheath in CNS

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21
Q

ependymal cells

A

line internal areas of brain
secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

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22
Q

microglia

A

detect debris and damage

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23
Q

astrocytes

A

Forms a supportive framework between neurons and blood vessels

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24
Q

Schwann cells

A

produce myelin sheath in PNS

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25
Q

brain

A

sulci = grooves
gyri = folds
folia = thin folds

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26
Q

midbrain

A
  • Houses visual and auditory control centres (reflexes)
  • Roles in motor control and suppression of unwanted body movement
27
Q

pons

A
  • Connects the 2 sides of the cerebellum
  • Carries sensory and motor information up and down the brainstem
28
Q

medulla oblongata

A
  • All nerve fibres connecting the brain and spinal cord passes through
    90% of nerve fibres cross over at the pyramidal decusstion
29
Q

Occulumotor nerve (III)

A

Narrows pupils and focus lens

30
Q

Facial nerve (VII)

A

tear, nasal and salivary glands

31
Q

Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)

A

paratid salivary glands

32
Q

Vagus nerve (x)

A

heart, lung, digestive tract

33
Q

Autonomic Reflexes

A

visceral reflexes : unconscious, autonomic, responses to stimulations involuntary visceral receptors and effectors

34
Q

hormones

A
  • Carried by blood to distant targets
  • Slow and not particularly specific
35
Q

neurotransmitters

A
  • Released at synapses between neurons and targets
  • Fast and specific
36
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • Regulates fundamental states and life practices
  • e.g. heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature
    Maintains homeostasis
37
Q

What are the three properties of a neuron?

A

excitability
conductivity
secretion

38
Q

What type of neurons are sensory neurons?

A

unipolar

39
Q

What type of neurons are motor neurons?

A

Multipolar

40
Q

Where does the visceral sensory division send signals from?

A

Viscera od the thoracic and abdominal cavities

41
Q

Where does information from the somatic sensory division come from?

A

Skin, muscles, bones and joints

42
Q

What do Satellite cells do?

A

Provide support and nutrition to cell bodies in ganglia

43
Q

Frontal lobe

A

abstract thoughts
## mood and motivation

44
Q

Parietal lobe

A

taste
somatic sensation
sensory integration
language processing

45
Q

Occipital lobe

A

visual awareness

46
Q

Temporal lobe

A
  • auditory processing
  • comprehension
  • memory
  • visual
47
Q

What are the divisions of the spinal cord?

A

five main regions: cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygea

48
Q

Number of spinal nerves in each region

A

Cervical: 8 pairs
Thoracic: 12 pairs
Lumbar: 5 pairs
Sacral: 5 pairs
Coccygeal: 1 pair

49
Q

Where is CSF found in the brain?

A

cerebrospinal fluid is primarily found in the subarachnoid space, the ventricles of the brain, and the central canal of the spinal cord.

50
Q

What two neurons are involved in motor contraction?

A

motor contraction involves upper motor neurons, which originate in the brain and send signals down to the spinal cord, and lower motor neurons, which connect directly to muscles to induce contraction.

51
Q

What is the parasympathetic neurotransmitter?

A
  • ## primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is acetylcholine (ACh)
52
Q

What are the receptors for adrenaline and noradrenaline?

A

adrenaline and noradrenaline interact with alpha (α1 and α2) and beta (β1, β2, and β3) receptors to mediate a wide range of physiological responses.

53
Q

What are the sympathetic neurotransmitters

A

the two main neurotransmitters of the sympathetic nervous system are norepinephrine (primarily from post-ganglionic neurons) and epinephrine (released from the adrenal medulla).

54
Q

What is a tract?

A

a tract is a bundle of nerve fibers in the central nervous

55
Q

What are the layers of meninges?

A

the dura mater (outer layer), arachnoid mater (middle layer), and pia mater (innermost layer)

56
Q

What are the 3 functions of cerebrospinal fluid?

A

protection
cushioning
buoyancy
facilitates nutrient and waste exchange

57
Q

Speed of signals in myelinated fibres

A

myelinated fibers transmit signals significantly faster than unmyelinated fibers,

58
Q

Speed of transmission in unmyelinated fibres

A

unmyelinated fibers have a conduction speed of approximately 0.5 to 2 m/s, which is significantly slower than the speeds seen in myelinated fibers.

59
Q

How many neurons are in the sensory pathway?

A

the first-order neuron (from the receptor to the spinal cord or brainstem),
the second-order neuron (from the spinal cord or brainstem to the thalamus)
the third-order neuron (from the thalamus to the cerebral cortex).

60
Q

Sensory pathway

A

the sensory pathway involves a series of neurons (first-order, second-order, and third-order) that transmit sensory information from receptors through the spinal cord and brainstem to the thalamus and finally to the cerebral cortex

61
Q

Where does the sensory pathway decussate? Which neuron is it?

A

second-order neuron decussates in the medulla.

62
Q

Motor pathway

A

upper motor neurons (which originate in the brain and project to the spinal cord)
lower motor neurons (which innervate skeletal muscles).

63
Q

Where does the motor pathway decussate? Which neuron?

A

medullary pyramids for the corticospinal tract (involving upper motor neurons

ANHB EXAM (8 decks)

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