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PHARM 109 > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Organs of the urinary system

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Urinary Bladder
Urethra

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2
Q

Kidneys are small, dark red organs with a kidney-bean shape lie against the dorsal body wall in a __________ position

A

retroperitoneal

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3
Q

The kidneys extend from the ____ to the ___ vertebra;thus they receive some protection from the lower part of the rib cage.

A

T12
L3

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4
Q

The kidneys extend from the ____ to the ___ vertebra;thus they receive some protection from the lower part of the rib cage.

A

T12
L3

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5
Q

Which kidney is slightly lower than the other and why is it so?

A

The right kidney is slightly lower than the left because it is crowded by the liver.

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6
Q

The kidney is convex laterally and has a medial indentation called

A

renal hilum

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7
Q

Several structures, including the ureters, the renal blood vessels, and nerves, enter or exit the kidney at the

A

hilum

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8
Q

Sitting atop each kidney is an____ , which is part of the endocrine system and is a separate organ.

A

adrenal gland

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9
Q

What are the three protective layers of the kidney

A

Fibrous capsule
Perirenal fat capsule
Renal fascia

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10
Q

A transparent _______ encloses each kidney and gives a glistening appearance

A

fibrous capsule

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11
Q

A fatty mass, the _______, surround each kidney and cushions it against blows

A

perirenal fat capsule

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12
Q

The most superficial layer made of dense fibrous connective tissue, anchors the kidney and adrenal gland to surrounding structures

A

renal fascia

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13
Q

If the amount of fatty tissue dwindles (as with rapid weight loss), the kidneys may drop to a lower position, a condition called

A

(renal) ptosis

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14
Q

When ptosis happens, urine that can no longer pass through the ureters backs up and exerts pressure on the kidney tissue; a condition called

A

hydronephrosis

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15
Q

The three regions of the kidney

A

Renal cortex
Renal medulla
Renal pelvis

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16
Q

The other region of the kidney that is light in color

A

Renal cortex

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17
Q

Deep to the renal cortex is darker reddish brown area called

A

Renal medulla

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18
Q

The renal medulla has triangular regions with a striped appearance called

A

Renal pyramids or medullary pyramids

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19
Q

The pyramids are separated by extensions of cortexlike tissue, called

A

renal columns

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20
Q

Lateral to the hilum is a flat, funnel-shaped tube, the ____ ; it is continuous with the ureter leaving the hilum

A

renal pelvis

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21
Q

Extensions of the pelvis, _______, form cup-shaped “drains” that enclose the tips of the pyramids

A

calyces

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22
Q

It collect urine, which continuously drains from the tips of the pyramids into the renal pelvis.

A

Calyces

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23
Q

Approximately_____ of the total blood supply of the body passes through the kidneys each minute.

A

one-quarter

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24
Q

What artery is supplying the each kidney?

A

Renal artery

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25
Q

As the renal artery approaches the hilum, it divides into ________

A

Segmental arteries

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26
Q

segmental arteries, each of which gives off several branches called_____ which travel through the renal columns to reach the cortex

A

interlobar arteries

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27
Q

At the cortex-medulla junction, interlobar arteries give off the ________, which arch over the medullary pyramids.

A

arcuate arteries

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28
Q

Small ________ then branch off the arcuate arteries to supply the renal cortex.

A

cortical radiate arteries

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29
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Venous blood draining from the kidney flows through veins that trace the pathway of the arterial supply but in a reverse direction— cortical radiate veins to arcuate veins to interlobar veins to the renal vein, which emerges from the kidney hilum and empties into the inferior vena cava.

A

TRUE

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30
Q

______ are the structural and functional units of the kidneys and are responsible for forming urine.

A

Nephrons

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31
Q

there are thousands of ________, each of which collects fluid from several nephrons and conveys it to the renal pelvis.

A

collecting ducts

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32
Q

Each nephron consists of two main structures: a ______ and a _______

A

renal corpuscle
renal tubule

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33
Q

Each _______ consists of a glomerulus and a cup-shaped hollow structure that completely surrounds the glomerulus like a wellworn baseball glove encloses a ball.

A

renal corpuscle

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34
Q

a knot of capillaries

A

Glomerulus

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35
Q

portion of the renal corpuscle

A

glomerular capsule or bowman’s capsule

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36
Q

The inner layer of the glomerular capsule is made up of highly modified octopus-like cells called

A

podocytes

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37
Q

Podocytes have long branching extensions called_______ that intertwine with one another and cling to the glomerulus.

A

foot processes

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38
Q

Podocytes have long branching extensions called_______ that intertwine with one another and cling to the glomerulus.

A

foot processes

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39
Q

Openings called_____ slits between the foot processes allow the podocytes to form a porous, or “holey,” membrane around the glomerulus ideal for filtration.

A

filtration

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40
Q

Makes up the rest of the nephron

A

Renal tubule

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41
Q

As it extends from the glomerular capsule, it coils and twists before forming a hairpin loop and then again becomes coiled and twisted before entering a collecting duct.

A

Renal tubule

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42
Q

Different regions of the renal tubule

A

Proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
Nephron loop (loop of Henle)
Distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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43
Q

Increases the surface area of the tubule cells

A

Microvilli

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44
Q

The_______ exposed to the filtrate in the proximal convoluted tubules are covered with dense microvilli, which increases their surface area tremendously.

A

surfaces of the tubulecells

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45
Q

Most nephrons are called_______ because they are located almost entirely within the cortex.

A

cortical nephrons

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46
Q

In a few cases, the nephrons are called __________ because they are situated close to the cortex-medulla junction, and their nephron loops dip deep into the medulla

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

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47
Q

________ run downward through the medullary pyramids, giving the pyramids a striped appearance; they deliver the final urine product into the calyces and renal pelvis.

A

collecting ducts

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48
Q

Each and every nephron is associated with two capillaries beds, what are these?

A

Glomerulus and peritubular capillary bed

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49
Q

The glomerulus is fed by the _____, which arises from a cortical radiate artery; it is the feeder vessel

A

afferent arteriole

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50
Q

receives the blood that has passed through the glomerulus.

A

efferent arteriole

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51
Q

How does the glomerulus differ from any other capillary bed in the entire body?

A

Because it is both fed and drained by arterioles

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52
Q

A capillary bed that arises from efferent arteriole that drains the glomerulus

A

Peritubular capillaries

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53
Q

these capillaries are low-pressure, porous vessels adapted for absorption instead of filtration

A

peritubular capillaries

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54
Q

The peritubular capillaries ultimately drain into ___________ leaving the cortex.

A

interlobar veins

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55
Q

Three processes of urine formation:

A

glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and tubular secretion

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56
Q

acts as a filter

A

glomerulus

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57
Q

is a nonselective, passive process in which fluid passes from the blood into the glomerular capsule part of the renal tubule.

A

Glomerular filtration

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58
Q

It is essentially blood plasma without blood proteins; fluid in the capsule

A

Filtrate

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59
Q

An abnormally low urinary output between 100 and 400 ml/day

A

oliguria

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60
Q

an abnormally low urinary output less than 100 ml/day

A

anuria

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61
Q

What does low urinary output indicate?

A

It indicates that glomerular pressure is too low to cause filtration

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62
Q

It begins as soon as the filtrate enters the proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

A

Tubular reabsorption

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63
Q

These are called transporters; they take up needed substances from the filtrate and then passing them out their posterior aspect into the extracellular space, from which they are absorbed into peritubular capillary blood.

A

Tubule cells

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64
Q

depends on active processes, which use membrane carriers, require ATP, and are very selective.

A

Reabsorption

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65
Q

Most reabsorption occurs in the ______

A

proximal convoluted tubules

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66
Q

is essentially tubular reabsorption in reverse

A

Tubular Secretion

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67
Q

This process seems to be important for getting rid of substances not already in the filtrate

A

Tubular Secretion

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68
Q

formed by the liver as an end product of protein breakdown when amino acids are used to produce energy

A

urea

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69
Q

released when nucleic acids are metabolized

A

uric acid

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70
Q

associated with creatine metabolism in muscle tissue

A

creatinine

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71
Q

poorly reabsorbed because our body does not need it

A

nitrogenous waste products

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72
Q

In 24 hours, the marvelously complex kidneys filter some ___________ of blood plasma through their glomeruli into the tubules

A

150 to 180 liters

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73
Q

In the same 24 hours, only about ________ of urine are produced

A

1.0 to 1.8 liters

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74
Q

contains everything that blood plasma does (except proteins)

A

Filtrate

75
Q

contains nitrogenous wastes and unneeded or excess substances

A

urine

76
Q

Freshly voided urine is generally clear and _______

A

pale to deep yellow

77
Q

a pigment that results from the body’s destruction of hemoglobin

A

urochrome

78
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

THE MORE SOLUTES IN THE URINE, THE DEEPER YELLOW ITS COLOR

A

True

79
Q

is a pale, straw color

A

dilute urine

80
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Urine is sterile, and its odor is slightly aromatic

A

True

81
Q

What is the odor of urine if it is allowed to stand, and why does it have that odor?

A

Ammonia odor because caused by the action of bacteria on the urine solutes

82
Q

Urine ph is?

A

slightly acidic, pH is around 6

83
Q

________ of the urinary tract also may cause the urine to be alkaline

A

bacterial infection of the urinary tract

84
Q

compares how much heavier urine is than distilled water

A

Specific Gravity

85
Q

Kidney inflammation

A

Pyelonephritis

86
Q

Name the condition:
Substance: Glucose
Possible causes:
-Nonpathological: Excessive intake of sugary foods
-Pathological: Diabetes mellitus

A

Glycosuria

87
Q

Name the condition:
Substance: Proteins
Possible causes:
- Nonpathological: Physical exertion, pregnancy
- Pathological: Glomerulonephritis, hypertension

A

proteinuria

88
Q

Name the condition:
Substance: Pus
Possible causes: Urinary tract infection

A

Pyuria

89
Q

Name the condition:
Substance: RBCs
Possible causes: Bleeding in the urinary tract (due to trauma, kidney stones, infection)

A

Hematuria

90
Q

Name the condition:
Substance: Hemoglobin
Possible causes: Various: Transfusion reaction, hemolytic anemia

A

Hemoglobinuria

91
Q

Name the condition:
Substance: Hemoglobin
Possible causes: Various: Transfusion reaction, hemolytic anemia

A

Hemoglobinuria

92
Q

Name the condition:
Substance: Bile
Possible causes: Liver disease (hepatitis)

A

Bilirubinuria

93
Q

two slender tubes each 25 to 30 cm (10 to 12 inches) long and 6 mm (¼ inch) in diameter.

A

Ureters

94
Q

The superior end of each ureter is continuous with the _____

A

Renal pelvis

95
Q

carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

A

Ureters

96
Q

Play an active role in urine transport

A

Ureters

97
Q

Smooth muscle layers in their walls contract to propel urine by

A

peristalsis

98
Q

When urine becomes extremely concentrated, solutes such as uric acid salts form crystals that precipitate in the renal pelvis. These crystals are called

A

Renal calculi or kidney stones

99
Q

a noninvasive procedure that uses ultrasound waves to shatter the calculi

A

lithotripsy

100
Q

a smooth, collapsible, muscular sac that stores urine temporarily

A

Urinary bladder

101
Q

Three openings in the interior of the bladder

A

two ureter openings (ureteral orifices)
single opening of the urethra (internal urethral orifice)

102
Q

which opening drains the bladder

A

single opening of the urethra (internal urethral orifice)

103
Q

The smooth triangular region of the bladder base outlined by these three openings is called the

A

trigone

104
Q

The __________ is important clinically because infections tend to persist in this region

A

trigone

105
Q

The ______ is important clinically because infections tend to persist in this region.

A

trigone

106
Q

In males, the ____ (part of the male reproductive system) surrounds the neck of the bladder where it empties into the urethra.

A

prostate

107
Q

The bladder wall contains three layers of smooth muscle, collectively called the

A

detrusor muscle

108
Q

The bladder wall has mucosa that is a special type of epithelium called

A

transitional epithelium

109
Q

A moderately full bladder is about ____ long and holds about _____ of urine

A

12.5 cm
500 ml

110
Q

a thin-walled tube that carries urine by peristalsis from the bladder to the outside of the body

A

urethra

111
Q

an involuntary sphincter that keeps the urethra closed when urine is not being passed

A

internal urethral spincter

112
Q

At the bladder-urethra junction, a thickening of the smooth muscle forms the

A

internal urethral sphincter

113
Q

formed by skeletal muscle as the urethra passes through the pelvic floor

A

external urethral sphincter

114
Q

In men, the urethra is approximately 20 cm (8 inches) long and has threenamed regions namely:

A

the prostatic, membranous, and spongy urethrae

115
Q

What is the double function of the male’s urethra?

A

It carries both urine and sperm from the body but never at the same time

116
Q

Function of the urethra in female

A

Conduct urine from the bladder to the body exterior

117
Q

Inflammation of the urethra

A

Urethritis

118
Q

Bladder inflammation

A

Cystitis

119
Q

Kidney inflammation

A

Pyelonephritis

120
Q

painful urination

A

dysuria

121
Q

another term for voiding or urination

A

micturition

122
Q

act of emptying the bladder

A

micturition or voiding

123
Q

what controls the flow of urine from the bladder?

A

Both the internal and external urethral sphincters

124
Q

Impulses transmitted to the sacral region of the spinal cord and then back to the bladder via the ______ cause the bladder to go into reflex contractions

A

pelvic splanchnic nerves

125
Q

occurs when a person is unable to voluntarily control the externalsphincter

A

incontinence

126
Q

what age is incontinence normal?

A

children 2 years or younger bc they have not yet gained control over their voluntary sphincter

127
Q

In this condition, the bladder is unable to expel its contained urine

A

Urinary retention

128
Q

Cause of urinary retention in older men is

A

hyperplasia of the prostate gland

129
Q

It is a slender flexible drainage tube that if inserted to patients with prolonged urinary retention

A

Catheter

130
Q

Three Major factors of the composition of the blood

A

Diet
Cellular metabolism
Urine output

131
Q

Other functions of kidneys

A

• Excreting nitrogen-containing wastes
• Maintaining water balance of the blood
• Maintaining electrolyte balance of the blood
• Ensuring proper blood pH

132
Q

True or false

Water occupies three main locations within the body, referred to as fluid compartments

A

True

133
Q

About two-thirds of body fluid; contained within the living cells

A

intracellular fluid (ICF)

134
Q

About two-thirds of body fluid; contained within the living cells

A

intracellular fluid (ICF)

135
Q

the remainder; includes all body fluids located outside the cells and includes blood plasma, interstitial fluid (IF), lymph, and transcellular fluid, which includes cerebrospinal and serous fluids, the humors of the eye, and others

A

extracellular fluid

136
Q

the driving force for water intake

A

thirst mechanism

137
Q

An increase in plasma solute content of only 2 to 3 percent excites highly sensitive cells in the hypothalamus called

A

osmoreceptors

138
Q

When the osmoreceptors gets excited, they activate the

A

hypothalamic thirst center

139
Q

Reabsorption of water and electrolytes by the kidneys is regulated primarily by

A

hormones

140
Q

the hormone that is released in the posterior pituitary when there is a change in blood composition

A

ADH -antidiuretic hormone

141
Q

what is the ADH’s main target?

A

kidney’s collecting ducts

142
Q

this condition can lead to severe dehydration and electrolyte imbalances; Affected individuals are always thirsty and have to drink fluids almost continuously to maintain normal fluid balance.

A

diabetes insipidus

143
Q

a second hormone that helps to regulate blood composition and blood volume by acting on the kidney; the major factor regulating sodium ion content of the ECF and in the process helps regulate the concentration of other ions

A

aldosterone

144
Q

the electrolytes most responsible for osmotic water flow

A

sodium ions

145
Q

True or false
Water follows salt

A

True

146
Q

Aldosterone is produced by the

A

adrenal cortex

147
Q

most important trigger for aldosterone release is the

A

renin-angiotensin mechanism

148
Q

consists of a complex of modified smooth muscle cells (JG cells) in the afferent arteriole plus some modified epithelial cells forming part of the distal convoluted tubule

A

juxtaglomerular apparatus

149
Q

True or false

When the cells of the JG apparatus are stimulated by low blood pressure in the afferent arteriole or changes in solute content of the filtrate, they respond by releasing the enzyme rennin into the blood

A

False because the enzyme is renin

150
Q

Renin initiates the series of reactions that produce ____

A

angiotensin II

151
Q

True or False

Angiotensin II in turn acts directly on the blood vessels to cause vasoconstriction (leading to an increase in peripheral resistance) and on the adrenal cortical cells to promote aldosterone release

A

True

152
Q

True or false

When pressure drops, baroreceptors in large blood vessels are also excited. These baroreceptors alert sympathetic nervous system centers of the brain to cause vasoconstriction (via release of epinephrine and norepinephrine). However, this neural mechanism’s major focus is blood pressure regulation, not water or electrolyte balance.

A

True

153
Q

People with _______ (hypoaldosteronism) have ______ (excrete large volumes of urine) and so lose tremendous amounts of salt and water to urine. As long as adequate amounts of salt and fluids are ingested, people with this condition can avoid problems, but they are constantly teetering on the brink of dehydration.

A

Addison’s disease;
polyuria

154
Q

For the cells of the body to function properly, blood pH must be maintained between _________, a very narrow range

A

7.35 and 7.45

155
Q

Whenever the pH of arterial blood rises above 7.45, a person is said to have _____

A

alkalosis

156
Q

A drop in arterial pH to below 7.35 results in _______

A

acidosis

157
Q

Because a pH of 7.0 is neutral, any pH between 7.0 and 7.35 is not acidic, chemically speaking; however, it represents a lower-than-optimal pH for the functioning of most body cells. Therefore, any arterial pH in this range is called __________

A

physiological acidosis

158
Q

_______ are systems of one or two molecules that act to prevent dramatic changes in the hydrogen ion concentration when acids or bases are added

A

Chemical buffers

159
Q

what will chemical buffers do when the ph drops

A

by binding to hydrogen ions

160
Q

what will chemical buffers do when ph rises

A

by releasing hydrogen ions

161
Q

the first line of defense in resisting pH changes

A

chemical buffers

162
Q

The three major chemical buffer systems of the body are

A

the bicarbonate, phosphate, and protein buffer systems

163
Q

The third set develop onto functional kidneys, at what month does the fetus start excreting urine?

A

By the third month of fetal life

164
Q

a degenerative condition that appears to run in families

A

adult polycystic kidney disease

165
Q

a degenerative condition that appears to run in families

A

adult polycystic kidney disease

166
Q

One or both kidneys enlarge, sometimes to the size of a football, and have many blisterlike sacs (cysts) containing urine

A

Adult polycystic kidney disease

167
Q

Eventual outcome on adult polycystic kidney disease

A

Renal failure

168
Q

True or false

In the rarer, infantile form of the adult polycystic kidney disease, the kidney has blind pouches into which the filtrate flows, totally blocking drainage. The disease progresses rapidly, resulting in death by 2 years of age.

A

True

169
Q

is a condition found in male babies only. It occurs when the urethral orifice is located on the ventral surface of the penis. Corrective surgery is generally done when the child is around 12 months old.

A

Hypospadias

170
Q

By__ months, most toddlers are aware when they have voided

A

15

171
Q

By ___ months they can hold urine in their bladder for about 2 hours, which is the first sign that potty training can begin.

A

18

172
Q

first __ months, a newborn baby voids from 5 to 40 times per day, depending on fluid intake

A

2

173
Q

Complete nighttime control usually does not occur before the child is ___ years old

A

4

174
Q

normal residents of the digestive tract and generally cause no problems there, but they act as pathogens (disease-causing agents) in the sterile environment of the urinary tract and account for 80 percent of urinary tract infections.

A

Escherichia coli or E. coli

175
Q

A common sequel to untreated childhood strep infections is _______, in which the glomerular filters become clogged with antigen-antibody complexes resulting from the strep infection

A

glomerulonephritis

176
Q

True or false

By age 70, the rate of filtrate formation is only about half that of the middle-aged adult. This is believed to result from impaired renal circulation due to atherosclerosis, which affects the entire circulatory system of the aging person.

A

True

177
Q

a feeling that it is necessary to void

A

Urgency

178
Q

frequent voiding of small amounts of urine

A

Frequency

179
Q

True or False

Urgency and frequency is the symptoms of bladder shrinkage and loss of bladder tone

A

True

180
Q

True or False

Urgency and frequency is the symptoms of bladder shrinkage and loss of bladder tone

A

True

181
Q

the need to get up during the night to urinate

A

Nocturia

182
Q

is the final outcome of the aging process

A

incontinence

183
Q

Another common problem in aging process; result of hypertrophy of the prostate gland in males

A

Urine retention

184
Q

Another common problem in aging process; result of hypertrophy of the prostate gland in males

A

Urine retention

PHARM 109 (6 decks)

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