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PHARM 109 > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the gonads or primary sex organs in men and women?

A

testes in men and ovaries in women

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2
Q

the gonads produce ____ and secrete _____.

A

gametes and sex hormones

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3
Q

The reproductive system expect for the gonads are called

A

Accessory reproductive organs

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4
Q

The reproductive role of the man is to manufacture male gametes called

A

sperm

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5
Q

The woman, in turn, produces female gametes, called

A

ova (ovum), or eggs

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6
Q

a sperm and egg fuse to produce a fertilized egg, called

A

a zygote

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7
Q

What are the two functions of testes

A

Endocrine (testosterone-producing)
Exocrine (sperm-producing)

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8
Q

Each testis is connected to the trunk via the ___ and the ____

A

spermatic cord
ductus deferens

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9
Q

a connective tissue sheath that encloses blood vessels

A

spermatic cord

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10
Q

A fibrous connective tissue capsule that surrounds each testis

A

tunica albuginea

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11
Q

True or false

Extensions of this capsule (septa) plunge into the testis and divide it into a large number of wedge-shaped lobules

A

True

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12
Q

Each lobule contains one to four tightly coiled seminiferous tubules, the actual “sperm-forming factories.”

A

seminiferous tubule

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13
Q

Seminiferous tu bulesof each lobule empty sperm into another set of tubules, the _______, located to one side of the testis.

A

rete testis

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14
Q

Sperm travel through the rete testis to enter the first part of the duct system, the ______, which hugs the external surface of the testis.

A

epididymis

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15
Q

Lying in the soft connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules are the _____

A

interstitial cells

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16
Q

functionally distinct cells that produce androgens

A

interstitial cells

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17
Q

What are accessory organs forming the male duct system and what is the function of the accessory organs?

A

epididymis, ductus deferens, and urethra

transports sperm from the body

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18
Q

The cup-shaped ______ is a highly convoluted tube about 6 m (20 feet) long that hugs the posterior side of the testis

A

epididymis

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19
Q

provides a temporary storage site for the immature sperm

A

Epididymis

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20
Q

True or false

While the sperm make their way along the tortuous course of the epididymis (a trip that takes about 20 days), they mature, developing the ability to swim.

A

True

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21
Q

When a man is sexually stimulated and _______, the walls of the epididymis contract to expel the sperm into the next part of the duct system, the ductus deferens

A

ejaculates

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22
Q

runs upward from the epididymis via the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity and arches over the superior aspect of the urinary bladder

A

Ductus deferens or vas deferens

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23
Q

The end of the ductus deferens expands as the ____

A

ampulla

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24
Q

The end of the ductus deferens empties into the ________, which passes through the prostate to merge with the urethra.

A

ejaculatory duct

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25
Q

The main function of the ductus deferens

A

propel live sperm from their storage sites into the urethra

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26
Q

At the moment of ejaculation, the thick layers of smooth muscle in its walls create _______ that rapidly squeeze the sperm forward.

A

peristaltic waves

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27
Q

a skin sac that hangs outside the body cavity and holds the testes

A

scrotum

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28
Q

In this relatively minor operation, the surgeon makes a small incision into the scrotum and then cuts through and ties off the ductus deferens

A

vasectomy

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29
Q

Three named regions of the urethra

A

Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy urethra

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30
Q

surrounded by the prostate gland

A

prostatic urethra

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31
Q

spanning the distance from the prostatic urethra to the penis

A

membranous urethra

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32
Q

running within the length ofthepenis and opening to the body exterior via theexternal urethral orifice

A

spongy urethra

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33
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

When ejaculation occurs and sperm enter the prostatic urethra from the ejaculatory ducts, the bladder sphincter (internal urethral sphincter) constricts. This event not only prevents urine from passing into the urethra, but also prevents sperm from entering the urinary bladder.

A

True

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34
Q

The accessory glands include

A

paired seminal vesicles, the single prostate, and the paired bulbourethral glands

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35
Q

Accessory glands produce the bulk of ____, the sperm-containing fluid that is propelled out of the male’s reproductive tract during ejaculation

A

semen

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36
Q

These large hollow glands produce about 60 percent of seminal fluid, the fluid portion of semen

A

seminal vesicles

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37
Q

The duct of each seminal vesicle joins that of the ductus deferens on the same side to form the

A

ejaculatory duct

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38
Q

a single doughnut-shaped gland about the size of a peach pit

A

prostate

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39
Q

encircles the upper (prostatic) part of the urethra just inferior to the urinary bladder

A

prostate

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40
Q

an increase in its size independent of the body’s growth, affects nearly every older man and strangles the urethra; this troublesome condition makes urination difficult and enhances the risk of bladder infections (cystitis) and kidney damage

A

hypertrophy of the prostate

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41
Q

is the single most common reason for a man to consult a urologist; inflammation of the prostate

A

prostatitis

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42
Q

the third most prevalent cancer in men; slow-growing, but it can also be a swift and deadly killer

A

prostate cancer

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43
Q

produce a thick, clear mucus that drains into the penile urethra

A

bulbourethral glands

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44
Q

what gland produces a thick clear mucus that cleanses the urethra of trace acidic urine prior to ejaculation, and it serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse

A

Bulbourethral glands

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45
Q

a milky white, somewhat sticky mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions

A

Semen

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46
Q

this liquid portion acts as a transport medium for nutrients and chemicals that protect the sperm and aid their movement

A

semen

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47
Q

streamlined cellular “tadpoles” containing little cytoplasm or stored nutrients

A

mature sperm cells

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48
Q

Sperm are very sluggish under

A

acidic conditions (below pH 6)

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49
Q

True or False

The relative alkalinity of semen as a whole (pH 7.2–7.6) helps neutralize the acidic environment (pH 3.5–4) of the female’s vagina, protecting the delicate sperm.

A

True

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50
Q

One of the first series of tests done when a couple has been unable to conceive is

A

semen analysis

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51
Q

The male external genitalia include

A

Scrotum
Penis

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52
Q

is a divided sac of skin with sparse hairs that hangs outside the abdominal cavity, between the legs at the root of the penis

A

Scrotum

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53
Q

True or false

The scrotum, which provides a temperature about 3°C (5.4°F) lower, is necessary for the production of healthy sperm.

A

True

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54
Q

functions to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract

A

Penis

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55
Q

The skincovered penis consists of a _____, which ends in an enlarged tip, the ____

A

shaft
glans penis

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56
Q

The skin covering the penis is loose, and it folds downward to form a sleeve of skin, the ________, around the proximal end of the glans penis.

A

prepuce or foreskin

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57
Q

the foreskin is surgically removed shortly after birth, in a procedure called

A

circumcision

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58
Q

Internally, the spongy urethra is surrounded by three elongated areas of _____

A

erectile tissue

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59
Q

a spongy tissue that fills with blood during sexual excitement

A

erectile tissue

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60
Q

this event makes the penis enlarge and become rigid; helps the penis serve as the male organ of copulation (sexual intercourse) to deliver the semen into the female reproductive tract

A

erection

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61
Q

The chief role of the male in the reproductive process is to produce ____ and the hormone _______.

A

sperm
testosterone

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62
Q

Sperm production, or spermatogenesis begins during ______ and continues throughout life.

A

puberty

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63
Q

Sperm are formed in the _____ of the testis

A

seminiferous tubules

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64
Q

sperm formation, the process is begun by primitive stem cells called ______, found in the outer edge, or periphery, of each tubule

A

spermatogonia

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65
Q

A tropic hormone that, in males, targets the testes and stimulate sperm production

A

follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)

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66
Q

The ______ cell remains at the tubule periphery to maintain the stem cell population.

A

type A

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67
Q

The ____ cell gets pushed toward the tubule lumen

A

type B

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68
Q

The type B cell gets pushed toward the tubule lumen, where it becomes a _______ destined to undergo meiosis and form four sperm

A

primary spermatocyte

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69
Q

a special type of nuclear division that occurs for the most part only in the gonads (testes and ovaries)

A

meiosis

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70
Q

What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?

A

They differ in two major ways. Meiosis consists of two successive divisions of the nucleus (called meiosis I and II), instead of only one division. It results in four (instead of two) daughter cells, or gametes.

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71
Q

In spermatogenesis, the gametes are called______

A

spermatids

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72
Q

Sperm and egg unite to form a fertilized egg called

A

zygote

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73
Q

In this last stage of sperm development, called _____, all the excess cytoplasm is sloughed off, and what remains is compacted into the three regions of the mature sperm

A

spermiogenesis

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74
Q

Three regions of the mature sperm

A

head, midpiece, and tail

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75
Q

The sperm ____ is the nucleus and contains compacted DNA, the genetic material.

A

head

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76
Q

Anterior to the nucleus is the helmetlike _____, which is produced by the Golgi apparatus and is similar to a large lysosome

A

acrosome

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77
Q

True or False

When a sperm comes into close contact with an egg (or more precisely, an oocyte), the acrosomal membrane breaks down and releases enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the capsule of follicle cells that surround the egg.

A

True

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78
Q

which form the long tail, arise from centrioles in the midpiece

A

Filaments

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79
Q

provide the ATP needed for the whiplike movements of the tail that propel the sperm along the female reproductive tract

A

mitochondria wrapped tightly around the filaments

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80
Q

The entire process from the formation of a primary spermatocyte to release of immature sperm in the tubule lumen takes _____ days

A

64 to 72

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81
Q

There do the sperm go so that they can undergo further maturation and how can they go there

A

Epididymis
By peristalsis

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82
Q

The _______ produce testosterone , the most important hormonal product of the testes

A

interstitial cells

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83
Q

Interstitial cells are being activated by

A

Luteinizing hormone (LH)

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84
Q

features induced in nonreproductive organs by sex hormones

A

Secondary sex characteristics

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85
Q

True or False

Male secondary sex characteristics include the following:
• Deepening of the voice as the larynx enlarges
• Increased hair growth all over the body, particularly in the axillary and pubic regions and on the face
• Enlargement of skeletal muscles to produce the heavier muscle mass typical of the male physique
• Increased heaviness of the skeleton due to bone growth in both size and density

A

True

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86
Q

______ is responsible for the appearance of these typical masculine characteristics; often referred to as the “masculinizing” hormone

A

testosterone

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87
Q

testosterone is not produced in a young man, his secondary sex characteristics never appear, and his other reproductive organs remain childlike. What is this condition called?

A

sexual infantilism

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88
Q

______ also occurs in sexual infantilism because testosterone is necessary for the final stages of sperm production

A

Sterility

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89
Q

the primary female reproductive organs

A

Ovaries

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90
Q

What do the ovaries produce?

A

Endocrine products: estrogen and progesterone
Exocrine products: eggs or ova

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91
Q

An internal view of an ovary reveals many tiny saclike structures called

A

ovarian follicles

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92
Q

Each ovarian follicle consists of an immature egg, called

A

oocyte

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93
Q

An oocyte is surrounded by one or more layers of very different cells called

A

follicle cells

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94
Q

As a developing egg within a follicle begins to ripen or mature, the follicle enlarges and develops a fluid-filled central region called

A

an antrum

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95
Q

When the follicle enlarges and develops an antrum, the follicle, called a _________ ,is mature, and the developing egg is ready to be ejected from the ovary

A

vesicular follicle or Graafian follicle

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96
Q

When the developing egg is ready to be ejected from the ovary, what is this event called?

A

Ovulation

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97
Q

After ovulation, the ruptured follicle is transformed into a very different-looking structure called ________, which eventually degenerates.

A

a corpus luteum

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98
Q

Ovulation occurs every ___ days

A

28

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99
Q

True or False

The ovaries are secured to the lateral walls of the pelvis by the suspensory ligaments and are anchored to the uterus medially by the ovarian ligaments. In between, they are enclosed and held in place by a fold of peritoneum, the broad ligament.

A

True

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100
Q

What organs form the duct system of the female reproductive system?

A

uterine tubes
uterus
vagina

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101
Q

receive the ovulated oocyte and provide a site where fertilization can occur

A

uterine tubes or fallopian tubes

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102
Q

The distal end of each uterine tube expands as the funnel-shaped ______

A

infundibulum

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103
Q

the funnel-shaped infundibulum, which has fingerlike projections called ______ that partially surround the ovary

A

fimbriae

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104
Q

How is the oocyte carried toward the uterus?

A

by a combination of peristalsis and the rhythmic beating of cilia

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105
Q

The usual site of fertilization

A

Uterine tube

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106
Q

One of the major causes of female infertility

A

PID pelvic inflammatory disease

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107
Q

True or false

Gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted bacteria sometimesinfect the peritoneal cavity in this way, causing a severe inflammation called pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)

A

True

108
Q

a hollow organ that functions to receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized egg

A

Uterus

109
Q

True or false

The uterus is suspended in the pelvis by the broad ligament and anchored anteriorly and posteriorly by the round ligaments and uterosacral ligaments, respectively

A

True

110
Q

The major portion of the uterus is referred to as the

A

body

111
Q

rounded region of the uterus that is superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes is the

A

fundus

112
Q

the narrow outlet of the uterus, which protrudes inferiorly into the vagina, is the

A

cervix

113
Q

The inner layer or inner mucosa or the uterus is called

A

endometrium

114
Q

When the young embryo burrow into the endometrium, it is a process called

A

Implantation

115
Q

When a woman is not pregnant, the endometrial lining sloughs off periodically, usually about every 28 days, in response to changes in the levels of ovarian hormones in the blood. What process is this?

A

Menstruation or menses

116
Q

This condition is common among women between the ages of 30 and 50; risk factors include sexually transmitted diseases such as human papillomavirus (HPV), frequent cervical inflammation, multiple pregnancies, and many sexual partners

A

Cervical cancer

117
Q

The major cause of cervical cancer

A

HPV human papillomavirus

118
Q

the single most important diagnostic test for detecting this slow-growing cancer

A

Yearly pap smear

119
Q

a three-dose vaccine that provides protection from the most common types of HPVinduced cervical cancer, is a recent addition to the official childhood immunization schedule

A

Gardasil

120
Q

bulky middle layer of the uterus wall is the _______, which is composed of interlacing bundles of smooth muscle

A

myometrium

121
Q

plays an active role during childbirth, when it contracts rhythmically to force the baby out of the mother’s body

A

myometrium

122
Q

outermost serous layer of the uterus wall is

A

perimetrium

123
Q

three layers of the uterus

A

endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium

124
Q

Often called birth canal; it provides a passageway for the delivery of an infant and for the menstrual flow to leave the body

A

vagina

125
Q

Because the vagina receives the penis (and semen) during sexual intercourse, it is the female organ of _______.

A

copulation

126
Q

The distal end of the vagina is partially closed by a thin fold of the mucosa called the

A

hymen

127
Q

very vascular and tends to bleed when it is ruptured during the first sexual intercourse

A

hymen

128
Q

female reproductive structures that are located external to the vagina

A

external genitalia

129
Q

the external genitalia, aka vulva, include:

A

the mons pubis, labia, clitoris, urethral and vaginal orifices, and greater vestibular glands

130
Q

a fatty, rounded area overlying the pubic symphysis; After puberty, this area is covered with pubic hair

A

mons pubis

131
Q

Running posteriorly from the mons pubis are two elongated hair-covered skin folds, the ______, which enclose two delicate, hair-free folds, the

A

labia majora
labia minora

132
Q

The labia majora enclose a region called the _______, which contains the external openings of the urethra,* followed posteriorly by that of the vagina.

A

vestibule

133
Q

a small, protruding structure that corresponds to the male penis; nis, it is hooded by a prepuce and is composed of sensitive erectile tissue that becomes swollen with blood during sexual excitement

A

clitoris

134
Q

A pair of mucus-producing glands, flank the vagina, one on each side

A

greater vestibular glands

135
Q

their secretion lubricates the distal end of the vagina during intercourse

A

greater vestibular glands

136
Q

The diamond-shaped region between the anterior end of the labial folds, the anus posteriorly, and the ischial tuberosities laterally is the

A

perineum

137
Q

True or false

The total supply of eggs that a female can release is already determined by the time she is born.

A

True

138
Q

When does the female reproductive ability begin?

A

During puberty

139
Q

The period in which a woman’s reproductive capability ends is called

A

Menopause

140
Q

ova or female gametes are produced, and the process is called

A

oogenesis

141
Q

In the developing female fetus, ______, the female stem cells, multiply rapidly to increase their number, producing daughter cells called ____

A

oogonia
primary oocytes

142
Q

These primary oocytes then push into the ovary connective tissue, where they become surrounded by a single layer of cells to ultimately form the ____

A

primary follicles

143
Q

True or false

By birth, the oogonia no longer exist, and a female’s lifetime supply of primary oocytes (approximately 1 million of them) is already in place in the ovarian follicles, awaiting the chance to undergo meiosis to produce functional eggs.

A

True

144
Q

True or False

Because the primary oocytes remain in this state of suspended animation all through childhood, their wait is a long one—usually from 10 to 14 years.

A

True

145
Q

At puberty, the anterior pituitary gland begins to release _________, which stimulates a small number of primary follicles to grow and mature each month, and ovulation begins to occur each month.

A

FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)

146
Q

These cyclic changes that occur monthly in the ovary constitute the _______

A

ovarian cycle

147
Q

As a follicle prodded by FSH grows larger, it accumulates fluid in the central chamber called the ______

A

antrum

148
Q

True or false

As a follicle prodded by FSH grows larger, it accumulates fluid in the central chamber called the antrum, and the primary oocyte it contains replicates its chromosomes and begins meiosis

A

True

149
Q

The first meiotic division produces two cells that are very dissimilar in size. What is the larger cell called?

A

secondary oocyte

150
Q

The first meiotic division produces two cells that are very dissimilar in size. What is the very tiny cell called?

A

Polar body

151
Q

By the time a follicle has ripened to the mature (vesicular follicle) stage, it contains a ______ and protrudes from the external surface of the ovary.

A

secondary oocyte

152
Q

True or False

Follicle development to this stage takes about 14 days, and ovulation (of a secondary oocyte) occurs at just about that time in response to the burstlike release of a second anterior pituitary hormone, luteinizing hormone (LH)

A

True

153
Q

The ovulated secondary oocyte is still surrounded by its follicle-cell capsule, now called the ______

A

corona radiata

154
Q

Some women experience a twinge of abdominal pain in the lower abdomen when ovulation occurs. This phenomenon, called ________, is caused by the intense stretching of the ovarian wall during ovulation.

A

mittelschmerz

155
Q

True or false

the follicle that is at the proper stage of maturity when the LH level surges is the one that ovulates its oocyte.

A

True

156
Q

True or false

The mature follicles that are not ovulated soon become overripe and deteriorate.

A

True

157
Q

______ causes the ruptured follicle to change into a very different hormone-producing structure

A

LH luteinizing hormone

158
Q

LH also causes the ruptured follicle to change into a very different hormone-producing structure, the _______

A

corpus luteum

159
Q

If the ovulated secondary oocyte is fertilized by a sperm in one of the uterine tubes, the oocyte quickly completes the second meiotic division that produces the ______ and another polar body.

A

Ovum

160
Q

Once the ovum is formed, its ___ chromosomes are combined with those of the sperm to form the _____.

A

23
zygote

161
Q

However, if a sperm does not penetrate the secondary oocyte, it simply _______ without ever completing meiosis to form a functional egg.

A

deteriorates

162
Q

Although meiosis in males results in four functional sperm, meiosis in females yields only ________ and _________

A

one functional ovum
three tiny polar bodies

163
Q

True or false

The polar bodies, produced to reduce the number of chromosomes in the developing oocyte, have essentially no cytoplasm, so they die quickly.

A

True

164
Q

The follicle cells of the growing and mature follicles produce _________, which cause the appearance of secondary sex characteristics in the young woman.

A

estrogens

165
Q

A second ovarian hormone, _____, is produced by the glandular corpus luteum

A

progesterone

166
Q

True or false

progesterone contributes to the appearance of the secondary sex characteristics.

A

false. It does not contribute to

167
Q

True or false
after ovulation occurs, the ruptured follicle is converted to the corpus luteum, which looks and acts completely different from the growing and mature follicle. Once formed, the corpus luteum produces progesterone (and some estrogen) as long as LH is still present in the blood.

A

True

168
Q

Generally speaking, the corpus luteum stops producing hormones by ________ days after ovulation.

A

10 to 14

169
Q

True or false

Its (progesterone) other major effects are exerted during pregnancy, when it helps to maintain the pregnancy and prepare the breasts for milk production. However, the source of progesterone during pregnancy is the placenta, not the ovaries.

A

True

170
Q

a series of cyclic changes that the endometrium (mucosa of the uterus) goes through each month as it responds to changing blood levels of ovarian hormones

A

uterine cycle or menstrual cycle

171
Q

a fertilized egg would begin to implant, approximately ____ days after ovulation

A

7

172
Q

The cyclic production of estrogens and progesterone by the ovaries is, in turn, regulated by the anterior pituitary gonadotropic hormones, ____ and _____

A

FSH and LH
follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone

173
Q

both female cycles (the ovarian and the uterine cycles) are about __ days long.

A

28

174
Q

Ovulation typically occurs midway in the cycles, on or about day ___

A

14

175
Q

During this interval, the superficial functional layer of the thick endometrial lining of the uterus is sloughing off (detaching) from the uterine wall. The detached tissues and blood pass through the vagina as menstrual flow (the “period”) for 3 to 5 days

A

Days 1–5: Menstrual phase.

176
Q

The average blood loss during this period is _______

A

50 to 150 ml

177
Q

By day 5, growing ovarian follicles are beginning to produce more _______.

A

estrogens

178
Q

Stimulated by a rising level of estrogens produced by the growing follicles of the ovaries, the basal layer of the endometrium regenerates the functional layer, glands form in it, and the endometrial blood supply increases. The endometrium once again becomes velvety, thick, and well vascularized. (Ovulation occurs in the ovary at the end of this stage, in response to the sudden surge of LH in the blood.)

A

Days 6–14: Proliferative phase

179
Q

A rising level of progesterone production by the corpus luteum acts on the estrogen-primed endometrium and increases its blood supply even more. Progesterone also causes the endometrial glands to grow and begin secreting nutrients into the uterine cavity. These nutrients will sustain a developing embryo (if one is present) until it has implanted. If fertilization does occur, the embryo produces a hormone very similar to LH that causes the corpus luteum to continue producing its hormones.

A

Days 15–28: Secretory phase

180
Q

True or False

If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum begins to degenerate toward the end of this period as the LH blood level declines. Lack of ovarian hormones in the blood causes the blood vessels supplying the functional layer of the endometrium to go into spasms and kink. When deprived of oxygen and nutrients, those endometrial cells begin to die, which sets the stage for menses to begin again on day 28.

A

True

181
Q

The _____ are present in both sexes, but they normally function only in women

A

mammary glands

182
Q

The three phases of the uterine cycle:

A

Menstrual
Proliferative
Secretory

183
Q

Phase of the uterine cycle:

Shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium.

A

Menstrual

184
Q

Phase of the uterine cycle:

Rebuilding of the functional layer of the endometrium.

A

Proliferative

185
Q

Phase of the uterine cycle:

Begins immediately after ovulation. Enrichment of the blood supply and glandular secretion of nutrients prepare the endometrium to receive an embryo.

A

Secretory

186
Q

The _____ and ______ phases occur before ovulation and together correspond to the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle.

A

menstrual
proliferative

187
Q

The _____ phase corresponds in time to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.

A

secretory

188
Q

the biological role of the mammary glands is to produce ___ to nourish a newborn baby, they are actually important only when reproduction has already been accomplished

A

milk

189
Q

True or False

Stimulation by female sex hormones, especially estrogens, causes the female mammary glands to increase insize at puberty.

A

True

190
Q

The mammary glands are modified ______ that are part of the skin

A

sweat glands

191
Q

Each mammary gland is contained within a rounded skin-covered breast anterior to the _____ muscles

A

pectoral

192
Q

Slightly inferior to the center of each breast is a pigmented area, the _______, which surrounds a central protruding _____

A

areola
nipple

193
Q

Internally, each mammary gland consists of _____ that radiate around the nipple

A

15 to 25 lobes

194
Q

The lobes are padded and separated from one another by ______ and _____

A

connective tissue
Fat

195
Q

Within each lobe are smaller chambers called _____, which contain clusters of _______ that produce milk when a woman is _____

A

lobules
alveolar glands
lactating

196
Q

Milk produced by the alveolar glands exits each lobule by passing into ______, which open to the outside at the nipple

A

lactiferous ducts

197
Q

Just deep to the areola, each duct has a dilated region called a __________, where milk accumulates during nursing

A

lactiferous sinus

198
Q

the second most common cause of death in American women; one woman in eight will develop this condition.

A

breast cancer

199
Q

often signaled by a change in skin texture, puckering, or leakage from the nipple

A

Breast cancer

200
Q

Early detection by ________ and _______ is unquestionably the best way to increase a woman’s chances of surviving breast cancer.

A

breast self-examination
mammography

201
Q

refers to events that occur from the time of fertilization (conception) until birth.

A

Pregnancy

202
Q

The pregnant woman’s developing offspring is called the _____

A

conceptus

203
Q

Development occurs during the _______, which extends by convention from the last menstrual period (a date the woman is likely to remember) until birth, approximately 280 days.

A

gestation period

204
Q

From fertilization through week 8, the _______, the conceptus is called _____

A

embryonic period
an embryo

205
Q

from week 9 through birth, the ____, the conceptus is called a ____

A

fetal period
fetus

206
Q

For fertilization to occur, a sperm must reach the ovulated _____.

A

secondary oocyte

207
Q

oocyte is viable for ______ after ovulation

A

12 to 24 hours

208
Q

sperm generally retain their fertilizing power within the female reproductive tract for ______ after ejaculation

A

24 to 48 hours

209
Q

True or False

for fertilization to occur, sexual intercourse must occur no more than 2 days before ovulation and no later than 24 hours after.

A

True

210
Q

It takes ______ for sperm to complete the journey up the female duct system into the uterine tubes, even though they are only about 12 cm (5 inches) away

A

1 to 2 hours

211
Q

When the swarming sperm reach the oocyte, their cell surface _____ enzymes break down the “cement” that holds the follicle cells of the corona radiata together around the oocyte.

A

hyaluronidase

212
Q

Once a path has been cleared through the corona, thousands of sperm undergo the ______, in which the acrosome membranes break down, releasing enzymes that digest holes in the surrounding oocyte membrane

A

acrosomal reaction

213
Q

True or false

a single sperm makes contact with one of the oocyte’s membrane receptors for sperm, the head (nucleus) of the sperm fuses with the oocyte membrane, and the snakelike sperm contents enter the oocyte cytoplasm

A

True

214
Q

Once a single sperm has penetrated the oocyte, the oocyte nucleus completes the ______, forming the ovum and a polar body.

A

second meiotic division

215
Q

In humans, of the millions of sperm ejaculated, only ___ can penetrate an oocyte.

A

One

216
Q

occurs at the moment the genetic material of a sperm combines with that of an ovum to form a fertilized egg or zygote, with a complete set of 46 chromosomes

A

Fertilization

217
Q

represents the first cell of the new individual.

A

Zygote

218
Q

Zygote’s journey begins to undergo rapid mitotic cell divisions—forming first two cells, then four, and so on. This early stage ofembryonic development is called

A

cleavage

219
Q

provides a large number of cells to serve as building blocks for constructing the embryo.

A

Cleavage

220
Q

By the time the developing embryo reaches the uterus (about 3 days after ovulation, or on day 17 of the woman’s cycle), it is a ____, a tiny ball of 16 cells that looks like a microscopic raspberry.

A

morula

221
Q

The uterine endometrium is not yet fully prepared, so the embryo floats free in the _____, temporarily using the uterine secretions for nutrition.

A

uterine cavity

222
Q

While still unattached, the embryo continues to develop until it has about ____ cells

A

100

223
Q

the 100 cell zygote hollows out to form a ball-like structure called a

A

blastocyst

224
Q

After forming into a blastocyst, it secretes an LH-like hormone called _______, which prods the corpus luteum ofthe ovary to continue producing its hormones

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

225
Q

After forming into a blastocyst, it secretes an LH-like hormone called _______, which prods the corpus luteum ofthe ovary to continue producing its hormones

A

human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

226
Q

Many home pregnancy tests detect ____ in urine.

A

hCG human chorionic gonadotropin

227
Q

The blastocyst has two important functional areas: the ______, which forms the large fluid-filled sphere, and the _____, a small cluster of cells on one side

A

trophoblast
inner cell mass

228
Q

By day ___ after ovulation, the blastocyst has attached to the endometrium and has eroded away the lining in a small area, embedding itself in the thick velvety mucosa

A

7

229
Q

The primary germ layers are the______ (which will become the nervous system and the epidermis of the skin), the ______ (which forms mucosae and associated glands), and the ______ (which will become virtually everything else).

A

ectoderm
endoderm
mesoderm

230
Q

After it is securely implanted, the trophoblast part of the blastocyst develops elaborate projections, called _______, which combine with the tissues of the mother’s uterus to form the

A

chorionic villi
placenta

231
Q

Once the placenta has formed, the platelike embryonic body now surrounded by a fluid-filled sac called the ______ is attached to the placenta by a blood vessel–containing stalk of tissue, the ______

A

amnion
umbilical cord

232
Q

Beginning in the ninth week of development, we refer to the embryo as a

A

fetus

233
Q

Placental production of the hormone _____ causes pelvic ligaments and the pubic symphysis to relax, widen, and become more flexible.

A

relaxin

234
Q

Natural termination of a pregnancy before a fetus can survive on its own is called

A

miscarriage

235
Q

A medical termination of a pregnancy is called

A

abortion

236
Q

Many women suffer nausea, commonly called _____, during the first few months of pregnancy, until their system adjusts to the elevated levels of progesterone and estrogens

A

morning sickness

237
Q

is common because the esophagus is displaced and the stomach is crowded by the growing uterus, which favors reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus.

A

Heartburn

238
Q

Another problem is ____ due to decline in motility of the digestive tract during pregnancy.

A

constipation

239
Q

Because the uterus compresses the bladder, urination becomes more frequent, more urgent, and sometimes uncontrollable. The last condition is called

A

stress incontinence

240
Q

Vital capacity and respiratory rate increase during pregnancy, but residual volume declines, and many women exhibit _____ (difficult breathing) during the later stages of pregnancy.

A

dyspnea

241
Q

Because the uterus presses on the pelvic blood vessels, venous return from the lower limbs may be impaired somewhat, resulting in ______ or swollen ankles and feet

A

varicose veins

242
Q

is the culmination of pregnancy. It usually occurs within 15 days of the calculated due date (which is 280 days from the last menstrual period).

A

Childbirth or parturition

243
Q

The series of events that expel the infant from the uterus is referred to as

A

Labor

244
Q

True or False

Estrogens reach highest levels in mama’s blood, it causes the myometrium to form abundant oxytocin receptors (so that it becomes more sensitive to the hormone oxytocin)

A

True

245
Q

weak, irregular uterine contractions begin to occur. These contractions, called ________ , have caused many women to go to the hospital, only to be told that they were in ______ and sent home.

A

Braxton Hicks contractions
false labor

246
Q

Certain cells of the fetus begin to produce oxytocin, which in turn stimulates the placenta to release ________.

A

prostaglandins

247
Q

The combined effects of rising levels of ____ and _____ initiate the rhythmic, expulsive contractions of true labor.

A

oxytocin
prostaglandins

248
Q

is the time from the appearance of true contractions until the cervix is fully dilated by the baby’s head

A

dilation stage

249
Q

True or False

Eventually, the amnion ruptures, releasing the amniotic fluid, an event commonly referred to as the woman’s “water breaking.”

A

True

250
Q

The dilation stage is the _____ part of labor and usually lasts for 6 to 12 hours or more.

A

longest

251
Q

The _______ is the period from full dilation to delivery of the infant

A

expulsion stage

252
Q

infant is in the usual head-first or ____ position

A

vertex

253
Q

In _____, oxygen delivery to the infant is inadequate, leading to fetal brain damage (resulting in cerebral palsy or epilepsy) and decreased viability of the infant

A

dystocia

254
Q

is delivery of the infant through a surgical incision made through the abdominal and uterine walls

A

C-section or cesarean section

255
Q

delivery of the placenta, is usually accomplished within 15 minutes after birth of the infant.

A

Placental stage

256
Q

plastic or metal device inserted into the uterus that prevented implantation of the fertilized egg

A

intrauterine device (IUD)

257
Q

True or False

males have X and Y sex chromosomes and females have two X sex chromosomes

A

True

258
Q

Individuals with external genitalia that do not “match” their gonads are called

A

pseudohermaphrodite

259
Q

rare individuals who possess both ovarian and testicular tissues

A

hermaphrodites

260
Q

An XO female appears normal but lacks ___

A

ovaries

261
Q

is a narrowing of the foreskin of the penis, and misplaced urethral openings.

A

phimosis

262
Q

Failure of the testes to make their normal descent leads to a condition called

A

cryptorchidism

263
Q

is the period of life, generally between the ages of 10 and 15 years, when the reproductive organs grow to their adult size and become functional under the influence of rising levels of gonadal hormones (testosterone in men and estrogens in women).

A

Puberty

264
Q

The first menstrual period, called

A

menarche

265
Q

inflammation of the testes, is rather uncommon but is serious because it can cause sterility.

A

Orchitis

266
Q

Eventually, ovulation and menses cease entirely, ending childbearing ability. This event is called?

A

menopause,

267
Q

Although aging men exhibit a steady decline in testosterone secretion and a longer latent period after orgasm, a condition called ______, their reproductive capability continues until death.

A

andropause

PHARM 109 (6 decks)

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