Reproductive System Flashcards
What are the gonads or primary sex organs in men and women?
testes in men and ovaries in women
the gonads produce ____ and secrete _____.
gametes and sex hormones
The reproductive system expect for the gonads are called
Accessory reproductive organs
The reproductive role of the man is to manufacture male gametes called
sperm
The woman, in turn, produces female gametes, called
ova (ovum), or eggs
a sperm and egg fuse to produce a fertilized egg, called
a zygote
What are the two functions of testes
Endocrine (testosterone-producing)
Exocrine (sperm-producing)
Each testis is connected to the trunk via the ___ and the ____
spermatic cord
ductus deferens
a connective tissue sheath that encloses blood vessels
spermatic cord
A fibrous connective tissue capsule that surrounds each testis
tunica albuginea
True or false
Extensions of this capsule (septa) plunge into the testis and divide it into a large number of wedge-shaped lobules
True
Each lobule contains one to four tightly coiled seminiferous tubules, the actual “sperm-forming factories.”
seminiferous tubule
Seminiferous tu bulesof each lobule empty sperm into another set of tubules, the _______, located to one side of the testis.
rete testis
Sperm travel through the rete testis to enter the first part of the duct system, the ______, which hugs the external surface of the testis.
epididymis
Lying in the soft connective tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules are the _____
interstitial cells
functionally distinct cells that produce androgens
interstitial cells
What are accessory organs forming the male duct system and what is the function of the accessory organs?
epididymis, ductus deferens, and urethra
transports sperm from the body
The cup-shaped ______ is a highly convoluted tube about 6 m (20 feet) long that hugs the posterior side of the testis
epididymis
provides a temporary storage site for the immature sperm
Epididymis
True or false
While the sperm make their way along the tortuous course of the epididymis (a trip that takes about 20 days), they mature, developing the ability to swim.
True
When a man is sexually stimulated and _______, the walls of the epididymis contract to expel the sperm into the next part of the duct system, the ductus deferens
ejaculates
runs upward from the epididymis via the spermatic cord through the inguinal canal into the pelvic cavity and arches over the superior aspect of the urinary bladder
Ductus deferens or vas deferens
The end of the ductus deferens expands as the ____
ampulla
The end of the ductus deferens empties into the ________, which passes through the prostate to merge with the urethra.
ejaculatory duct
The main function of the ductus deferens
propel live sperm from their storage sites into the urethra
At the moment of ejaculation, the thick layers of smooth muscle in its walls create _______ that rapidly squeeze the sperm forward.
peristaltic waves
a skin sac that hangs outside the body cavity and holds the testes
scrotum
In this relatively minor operation, the surgeon makes a small incision into the scrotum and then cuts through and ties off the ductus deferens
vasectomy
Three named regions of the urethra
Prostatic urethra
Membranous urethra
Spongy urethra
surrounded by the prostate gland
prostatic urethra
spanning the distance from the prostatic urethra to the penis
membranous urethra
running within the length ofthepenis and opening to the body exterior via theexternal urethral orifice
spongy urethra
TRUE OR FALSE
When ejaculation occurs and sperm enter the prostatic urethra from the ejaculatory ducts, the bladder sphincter (internal urethral sphincter) constricts. This event not only prevents urine from passing into the urethra, but also prevents sperm from entering the urinary bladder.
True
The accessory glands include
paired seminal vesicles, the single prostate, and the paired bulbourethral glands
Accessory glands produce the bulk of ____, the sperm-containing fluid that is propelled out of the male’s reproductive tract during ejaculation
semen
These large hollow glands produce about 60 percent of seminal fluid, the fluid portion of semen
seminal vesicles
The duct of each seminal vesicle joins that of the ductus deferens on the same side to form the
ejaculatory duct
a single doughnut-shaped gland about the size of a peach pit
prostate
encircles the upper (prostatic) part of the urethra just inferior to the urinary bladder
prostate
an increase in its size independent of the body’s growth, affects nearly every older man and strangles the urethra; this troublesome condition makes urination difficult and enhances the risk of bladder infections (cystitis) and kidney damage
hypertrophy of the prostate
is the single most common reason for a man to consult a urologist; inflammation of the prostate
prostatitis
the third most prevalent cancer in men; slow-growing, but it can also be a swift and deadly killer
prostate cancer
produce a thick, clear mucus that drains into the penile urethra
bulbourethral glands
what gland produces a thick clear mucus that cleanses the urethra of trace acidic urine prior to ejaculation, and it serves as a lubricant during sexual intercourse
Bulbourethral glands
a milky white, somewhat sticky mixture of sperm and accessory gland secretions
Semen
this liquid portion acts as a transport medium for nutrients and chemicals that protect the sperm and aid their movement
semen
streamlined cellular “tadpoles” containing little cytoplasm or stored nutrients
mature sperm cells
Sperm are very sluggish under
acidic conditions (below pH 6)
True or False
The relative alkalinity of semen as a whole (pH 7.2–7.6) helps neutralize the acidic environment (pH 3.5–4) of the female’s vagina, protecting the delicate sperm.
True
One of the first series of tests done when a couple has been unable to conceive is
semen analysis
The male external genitalia include
Scrotum
Penis
is a divided sac of skin with sparse hairs that hangs outside the abdominal cavity, between the legs at the root of the penis
Scrotum
True or false
The scrotum, which provides a temperature about 3°C (5.4°F) lower, is necessary for the production of healthy sperm.
True
functions to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract
Penis
The skincovered penis consists of a _____, which ends in an enlarged tip, the ____
shaft
glans penis
The skin covering the penis is loose, and it folds downward to form a sleeve of skin, the ________, around the proximal end of the glans penis.
prepuce or foreskin
the foreskin is surgically removed shortly after birth, in a procedure called
circumcision
Internally, the spongy urethra is surrounded by three elongated areas of _____
erectile tissue
a spongy tissue that fills with blood during sexual excitement
erectile tissue
this event makes the penis enlarge and become rigid; helps the penis serve as the male organ of copulation (sexual intercourse) to deliver the semen into the female reproductive tract
erection
The chief role of the male in the reproductive process is to produce ____ and the hormone _______.
sperm
testosterone
Sperm production, or spermatogenesis begins during ______ and continues throughout life.
puberty
Sperm are formed in the _____ of the testis
seminiferous tubules
sperm formation, the process is begun by primitive stem cells called ______, found in the outer edge, or periphery, of each tubule
spermatogonia
A tropic hormone that, in males, targets the testes and stimulate sperm production
follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
The ______ cell remains at the tubule periphery to maintain the stem cell population.
type A
The ____ cell gets pushed toward the tubule lumen
type B
The type B cell gets pushed toward the tubule lumen, where it becomes a _______ destined to undergo meiosis and form four sperm
primary spermatocyte
a special type of nuclear division that occurs for the most part only in the gonads (testes and ovaries)
meiosis
What is the difference between mitosis and meiosis?
They differ in two major ways. Meiosis consists of two successive divisions of the nucleus (called meiosis I and II), instead of only one division. It results in four (instead of two) daughter cells, or gametes.
In spermatogenesis, the gametes are called______
spermatids
Sperm and egg unite to form a fertilized egg called
zygote
In this last stage of sperm development, called _____, all the excess cytoplasm is sloughed off, and what remains is compacted into the three regions of the mature sperm
spermiogenesis
Three regions of the mature sperm
head, midpiece, and tail
The sperm ____ is the nucleus and contains compacted DNA, the genetic material.
head
Anterior to the nucleus is the helmetlike _____, which is produced by the Golgi apparatus and is similar to a large lysosome
acrosome
True or False
When a sperm comes into close contact with an egg (or more precisely, an oocyte), the acrosomal membrane breaks down and releases enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the capsule of follicle cells that surround the egg.
True
which form the long tail, arise from centrioles in the midpiece
Filaments
provide the ATP needed for the whiplike movements of the tail that propel the sperm along the female reproductive tract
mitochondria wrapped tightly around the filaments
The entire process from the formation of a primary spermatocyte to release of immature sperm in the tubule lumen takes _____ days
64 to 72
There do the sperm go so that they can undergo further maturation and how can they go there
Epididymis
By peristalsis
The _______ produce testosterone , the most important hormonal product of the testes
interstitial cells
Interstitial cells are being activated by
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
features induced in nonreproductive organs by sex hormones
Secondary sex characteristics
True or False
Male secondary sex characteristics include the following:
• Deepening of the voice as the larynx enlarges
• Increased hair growth all over the body, particularly in the axillary and pubic regions and on the face
• Enlargement of skeletal muscles to produce the heavier muscle mass typical of the male physique
• Increased heaviness of the skeleton due to bone growth in both size and density
True
______ is responsible for the appearance of these typical masculine characteristics; often referred to as the “masculinizing” hormone
testosterone
testosterone is not produced in a young man, his secondary sex characteristics never appear, and his other reproductive organs remain childlike. What is this condition called?
sexual infantilism
______ also occurs in sexual infantilism because testosterone is necessary for the final stages of sperm production
Sterility
the primary female reproductive organs
Ovaries
What do the ovaries produce?
Endocrine products: estrogen and progesterone
Exocrine products: eggs or ova
An internal view of an ovary reveals many tiny saclike structures called
ovarian follicles
Each ovarian follicle consists of an immature egg, called
oocyte
An oocyte is surrounded by one or more layers of very different cells called
follicle cells
As a developing egg within a follicle begins to ripen or mature, the follicle enlarges and develops a fluid-filled central region called
an antrum
When the follicle enlarges and develops an antrum, the follicle, called a _________ ,is mature, and the developing egg is ready to be ejected from the ovary
vesicular follicle or Graafian follicle
When the developing egg is ready to be ejected from the ovary, what is this event called?
Ovulation
After ovulation, the ruptured follicle is transformed into a very different-looking structure called ________, which eventually degenerates.
a corpus luteum
Ovulation occurs every ___ days
28
True or False
The ovaries are secured to the lateral walls of the pelvis by the suspensory ligaments and are anchored to the uterus medially by the ovarian ligaments. In between, they are enclosed and held in place by a fold of peritoneum, the broad ligament.
True
What organs form the duct system of the female reproductive system?
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina
receive the ovulated oocyte and provide a site where fertilization can occur
uterine tubes or fallopian tubes
The distal end of each uterine tube expands as the funnel-shaped ______
infundibulum
the funnel-shaped infundibulum, which has fingerlike projections called ______ that partially surround the ovary
fimbriae
How is the oocyte carried toward the uterus?
by a combination of peristalsis and the rhythmic beating of cilia
The usual site of fertilization
Uterine tube
One of the major causes of female infertility
PID pelvic inflammatory disease
True or false
Gonorrhea and other sexually transmitted bacteria sometimesinfect the peritoneal cavity in this way, causing a severe inflammation called pelvic inflammatory disease (PID)
True
a hollow organ that functions to receive, retain, and nourish a fertilized egg
Uterus
True or false
The uterus is suspended in the pelvis by the broad ligament and anchored anteriorly and posteriorly by the round ligaments and uterosacral ligaments, respectively
True
The major portion of the uterus is referred to as the
body
rounded region of the uterus that is superior to the entrance of the uterine tubes is the
fundus
the narrow outlet of the uterus, which protrudes inferiorly into the vagina, is the
cervix
The inner layer or inner mucosa or the uterus is called
endometrium
When the young embryo burrow into the endometrium, it is a process called
Implantation
When a woman is not pregnant, the endometrial lining sloughs off periodically, usually about every 28 days, in response to changes in the levels of ovarian hormones in the blood. What process is this?
Menstruation or menses
This condition is common among women between the ages of 30 and 50; risk factors include sexually transmitted diseases such as human papillomavirus (HPV), frequent cervical inflammation, multiple pregnancies, and many sexual partners
Cervical cancer
The major cause of cervical cancer
HPV human papillomavirus
the single most important diagnostic test for detecting this slow-growing cancer
Yearly pap smear
a three-dose vaccine that provides protection from the most common types of HPVinduced cervical cancer, is a recent addition to the official childhood immunization schedule
Gardasil
bulky middle layer of the uterus wall is the _______, which is composed of interlacing bundles of smooth muscle
myometrium
plays an active role during childbirth, when it contracts rhythmically to force the baby out of the mother’s body
myometrium
outermost serous layer of the uterus wall is
perimetrium
three layers of the uterus
endometrium
myometrium
perimetrium
Often called birth canal; it provides a passageway for the delivery of an infant and for the menstrual flow to leave the body
vagina
Because the vagina receives the penis (and semen) during sexual intercourse, it is the female organ of _______.
copulation
The distal end of the vagina is partially closed by a thin fold of the mucosa called the
hymen
very vascular and tends to bleed when it is ruptured during the first sexual intercourse
hymen
female reproductive structures that are located external to the vagina
external genitalia
the external genitalia, aka vulva, include:
the mons pubis, labia, clitoris, urethral and vaginal orifices, and greater vestibular glands
a fatty, rounded area overlying the pubic symphysis; After puberty, this area is covered with pubic hair
mons pubis
Running posteriorly from the mons pubis are two elongated hair-covered skin folds, the ______, which enclose two delicate, hair-free folds, the
labia majora
labia minora
The labia majora enclose a region called the _______, which contains the external openings of the urethra,* followed posteriorly by that of the vagina.
vestibule
a small, protruding structure that corresponds to the male penis; nis, it is hooded by a prepuce and is composed of sensitive erectile tissue that becomes swollen with blood during sexual excitement
clitoris
A pair of mucus-producing glands, flank the vagina, one on each side
greater vestibular glands
their secretion lubricates the distal end of the vagina during intercourse
greater vestibular glands
The diamond-shaped region between the anterior end of the labial folds, the anus posteriorly, and the ischial tuberosities laterally is the
perineum
True or false
The total supply of eggs that a female can release is already determined by the time she is born.
True
When does the female reproductive ability begin?
During puberty
The period in which a woman’s reproductive capability ends is called
Menopause
ova or female gametes are produced, and the process is called
oogenesis
In the developing female fetus, ______, the female stem cells, multiply rapidly to increase their number, producing daughter cells called ____
oogonia
primary oocytes
These primary oocytes then push into the ovary connective tissue, where they become surrounded by a single layer of cells to ultimately form the ____
primary follicles
True or false
By birth, the oogonia no longer exist, and a female’s lifetime supply of primary oocytes (approximately 1 million of them) is already in place in the ovarian follicles, awaiting the chance to undergo meiosis to produce functional eggs.
True
True or False
Because the primary oocytes remain in this state of suspended animation all through childhood, their wait is a long one—usually from 10 to 14 years.
True
At puberty, the anterior pituitary gland begins to release _________, which stimulates a small number of primary follicles to grow and mature each month, and ovulation begins to occur each month.
FSH (follicle-stimulating hormone)
These cyclic changes that occur monthly in the ovary constitute the _______
ovarian cycle
As a follicle prodded by FSH grows larger, it accumulates fluid in the central chamber called the ______
antrum
True or false
As a follicle prodded by FSH grows larger, it accumulates fluid in the central chamber called the antrum, and the primary oocyte it contains replicates its chromosomes and begins meiosis
True
The first meiotic division produces two cells that are very dissimilar in size. What is the larger cell called?
secondary oocyte
The first meiotic division produces two cells that are very dissimilar in size. What is the very tiny cell called?
Polar body
By the time a follicle has ripened to the mature (vesicular follicle) stage, it contains a ______ and protrudes from the external surface of the ovary.
secondary oocyte
True or False
Follicle development to this stage takes about 14 days, and ovulation (of a secondary oocyte) occurs at just about that time in response to the burstlike release of a second anterior pituitary hormone, luteinizing hormone (LH)
True
The ovulated secondary oocyte is still surrounded by its follicle-cell capsule, now called the ______
corona radiata
Some women experience a twinge of abdominal pain in the lower abdomen when ovulation occurs. This phenomenon, called ________, is caused by the intense stretching of the ovarian wall during ovulation.
mittelschmerz
True or false
the follicle that is at the proper stage of maturity when the LH level surges is the one that ovulates its oocyte.
True
True or false
The mature follicles that are not ovulated soon become overripe and deteriorate.
True
______ causes the ruptured follicle to change into a very different hormone-producing structure
LH luteinizing hormone
LH also causes the ruptured follicle to change into a very different hormone-producing structure, the _______
corpus luteum
If the ovulated secondary oocyte is fertilized by a sperm in one of the uterine tubes, the oocyte quickly completes the second meiotic division that produces the ______ and another polar body.
Ovum
Once the ovum is formed, its ___ chromosomes are combined with those of the sperm to form the _____.
23
zygote
However, if a sperm does not penetrate the secondary oocyte, it simply _______ without ever completing meiosis to form a functional egg.
deteriorates
Although meiosis in males results in four functional sperm, meiosis in females yields only ________ and _________
one functional ovum
three tiny polar bodies
True or false
The polar bodies, produced to reduce the number of chromosomes in the developing oocyte, have essentially no cytoplasm, so they die quickly.
True
The follicle cells of the growing and mature follicles produce _________, which cause the appearance of secondary sex characteristics in the young woman.
estrogens
A second ovarian hormone, _____, is produced by the glandular corpus luteum
progesterone
True or false
progesterone contributes to the appearance of the secondary sex characteristics.
false. It does not contribute to
True or false
after ovulation occurs, the ruptured follicle is converted to the corpus luteum, which looks and acts completely different from the growing and mature follicle. Once formed, the corpus luteum produces progesterone (and some estrogen) as long as LH is still present in the blood.
True
Generally speaking, the corpus luteum stops producing hormones by ________ days after ovulation.
10 to 14
True or false
Its (progesterone) other major effects are exerted during pregnancy, when it helps to maintain the pregnancy and prepare the breasts for milk production. However, the source of progesterone during pregnancy is the placenta, not the ovaries.
True
a series of cyclic changes that the endometrium (mucosa of the uterus) goes through each month as it responds to changing blood levels of ovarian hormones
uterine cycle or menstrual cycle
a fertilized egg would begin to implant, approximately ____ days after ovulation
7
The cyclic production of estrogens and progesterone by the ovaries is, in turn, regulated by the anterior pituitary gonadotropic hormones, ____ and _____
FSH and LH
follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone
both female cycles (the ovarian and the uterine cycles) are about __ days long.
28
Ovulation typically occurs midway in the cycles, on or about day ___
14
During this interval, the superficial functional layer of the thick endometrial lining of the uterus is sloughing off (detaching) from the uterine wall. The detached tissues and blood pass through the vagina as menstrual flow (the “period”) for 3 to 5 days
Days 1–5: Menstrual phase.
The average blood loss during this period is _______
50 to 150 ml
By day 5, growing ovarian follicles are beginning to produce more _______.
estrogens
Stimulated by a rising level of estrogens produced by the growing follicles of the ovaries, the basal layer of the endometrium regenerates the functional layer, glands form in it, and the endometrial blood supply increases. The endometrium once again becomes velvety, thick, and well vascularized. (Ovulation occurs in the ovary at the end of this stage, in response to the sudden surge of LH in the blood.)
Days 6–14: Proliferative phase
A rising level of progesterone production by the corpus luteum acts on the estrogen-primed endometrium and increases its blood supply even more. Progesterone also causes the endometrial glands to grow and begin secreting nutrients into the uterine cavity. These nutrients will sustain a developing embryo (if one is present) until it has implanted. If fertilization does occur, the embryo produces a hormone very similar to LH that causes the corpus luteum to continue producing its hormones.
Days 15–28: Secretory phase
True or False
If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum begins to degenerate toward the end of this period as the LH blood level declines. Lack of ovarian hormones in the blood causes the blood vessels supplying the functional layer of the endometrium to go into spasms and kink. When deprived of oxygen and nutrients, those endometrial cells begin to die, which sets the stage for menses to begin again on day 28.
True
The _____ are present in both sexes, but they normally function only in women
mammary glands
The three phases of the uterine cycle:
Menstrual
Proliferative
Secretory
Phase of the uterine cycle:
Shedding of the functional layer of the endometrium.
Menstrual
Phase of the uterine cycle:
Rebuilding of the functional layer of the endometrium.
Proliferative
Phase of the uterine cycle:
Begins immediately after ovulation. Enrichment of the blood supply and glandular secretion of nutrients prepare the endometrium to receive an embryo.
Secretory
The _____ and ______ phases occur before ovulation and together correspond to the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle.
menstrual
proliferative
The _____ phase corresponds in time to the luteal phase of the ovarian cycle.
secretory
the biological role of the mammary glands is to produce ___ to nourish a newborn baby, they are actually important only when reproduction has already been accomplished
milk
True or False
Stimulation by female sex hormones, especially estrogens, causes the female mammary glands to increase insize at puberty.
True
The mammary glands are modified ______ that are part of the skin
sweat glands
Each mammary gland is contained within a rounded skin-covered breast anterior to the _____ muscles
pectoral
Slightly inferior to the center of each breast is a pigmented area, the _______, which surrounds a central protruding _____
areola
nipple
Internally, each mammary gland consists of _____ that radiate around the nipple
15 to 25 lobes
The lobes are padded and separated from one another by ______ and _____
connective tissue
Fat
Within each lobe are smaller chambers called _____, which contain clusters of _______ that produce milk when a woman is _____
lobules
alveolar glands
lactating
Milk produced by the alveolar glands exits each lobule by passing into ______, which open to the outside at the nipple
lactiferous ducts
Just deep to the areola, each duct has a dilated region called a __________, where milk accumulates during nursing
lactiferous sinus
the second most common cause of death in American women; one woman in eight will develop this condition.
breast cancer
often signaled by a change in skin texture, puckering, or leakage from the nipple
Breast cancer
Early detection by ________ and _______ is unquestionably the best way to increase a woman’s chances of surviving breast cancer.
breast self-examination
mammography
refers to events that occur from the time of fertilization (conception) until birth.
Pregnancy
The pregnant woman’s developing offspring is called the _____
conceptus
Development occurs during the _______, which extends by convention from the last menstrual period (a date the woman is likely to remember) until birth, approximately 280 days.
gestation period
From fertilization through week 8, the _______, the conceptus is called _____
embryonic period
an embryo
from week 9 through birth, the ____, the conceptus is called a ____
fetal period
fetus
For fertilization to occur, a sperm must reach the ovulated _____.
secondary oocyte
oocyte is viable for ______ after ovulation
12 to 24 hours
sperm generally retain their fertilizing power within the female reproductive tract for ______ after ejaculation
24 to 48 hours
True or False
for fertilization to occur, sexual intercourse must occur no more than 2 days before ovulation and no later than 24 hours after.
True
It takes ______ for sperm to complete the journey up the female duct system into the uterine tubes, even though they are only about 12 cm (5 inches) away
1 to 2 hours
When the swarming sperm reach the oocyte, their cell surface _____ enzymes break down the “cement” that holds the follicle cells of the corona radiata together around the oocyte.
hyaluronidase
Once a path has been cleared through the corona, thousands of sperm undergo the ______, in which the acrosome membranes break down, releasing enzymes that digest holes in the surrounding oocyte membrane
acrosomal reaction
True or false
a single sperm makes contact with one of the oocyte’s membrane receptors for sperm, the head (nucleus) of the sperm fuses with the oocyte membrane, and the snakelike sperm contents enter the oocyte cytoplasm
True
Once a single sperm has penetrated the oocyte, the oocyte nucleus completes the ______, forming the ovum and a polar body.
second meiotic division
In humans, of the millions of sperm ejaculated, only ___ can penetrate an oocyte.
One
occurs at the moment the genetic material of a sperm combines with that of an ovum to form a fertilized egg or zygote, with a complete set of 46 chromosomes
Fertilization
represents the first cell of the new individual.
Zygote
Zygote’s journey begins to undergo rapid mitotic cell divisions—forming first two cells, then four, and so on. This early stage ofembryonic development is called
cleavage
provides a large number of cells to serve as building blocks for constructing the embryo.
Cleavage
By the time the developing embryo reaches the uterus (about 3 days after ovulation, or on day 17 of the woman’s cycle), it is a ____, a tiny ball of 16 cells that looks like a microscopic raspberry.
morula
The uterine endometrium is not yet fully prepared, so the embryo floats free in the _____, temporarily using the uterine secretions for nutrition.
uterine cavity
While still unattached, the embryo continues to develop until it has about ____ cells
100
the 100 cell zygote hollows out to form a ball-like structure called a
blastocyst
After forming into a blastocyst, it secretes an LH-like hormone called _______, which prods the corpus luteum ofthe ovary to continue producing its hormones
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
After forming into a blastocyst, it secretes an LH-like hormone called _______, which prods the corpus luteum ofthe ovary to continue producing its hormones
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Many home pregnancy tests detect ____ in urine.
hCG human chorionic gonadotropin
The blastocyst has two important functional areas: the ______, which forms the large fluid-filled sphere, and the _____, a small cluster of cells on one side
trophoblast
inner cell mass
By day ___ after ovulation, the blastocyst has attached to the endometrium and has eroded away the lining in a small area, embedding itself in the thick velvety mucosa
7
The primary germ layers are the______ (which will become the nervous system and the epidermis of the skin), the ______ (which forms mucosae and associated glands), and the ______ (which will become virtually everything else).
ectoderm
endoderm
mesoderm
After it is securely implanted, the trophoblast part of the blastocyst develops elaborate projections, called _______, which combine with the tissues of the mother’s uterus to form the
chorionic villi
placenta
Once the placenta has formed, the platelike embryonic body now surrounded by a fluid-filled sac called the ______ is attached to the placenta by a blood vessel–containing stalk of tissue, the ______
amnion
umbilical cord
Beginning in the ninth week of development, we refer to the embryo as a
fetus
Placental production of the hormone _____ causes pelvic ligaments and the pubic symphysis to relax, widen, and become more flexible.
relaxin
Natural termination of a pregnancy before a fetus can survive on its own is called
miscarriage
A medical termination of a pregnancy is called
abortion
Many women suffer nausea, commonly called _____, during the first few months of pregnancy, until their system adjusts to the elevated levels of progesterone and estrogens
morning sickness
is common because the esophagus is displaced and the stomach is crowded by the growing uterus, which favors reflux of stomach acid into the esophagus.
Heartburn
Another problem is ____ due to decline in motility of the digestive tract during pregnancy.
constipation
Because the uterus compresses the bladder, urination becomes more frequent, more urgent, and sometimes uncontrollable. The last condition is called
stress incontinence
Vital capacity and respiratory rate increase during pregnancy, but residual volume declines, and many women exhibit _____ (difficult breathing) during the later stages of pregnancy.
dyspnea
Because the uterus presses on the pelvic blood vessels, venous return from the lower limbs may be impaired somewhat, resulting in ______ or swollen ankles and feet
varicose veins
is the culmination of pregnancy. It usually occurs within 15 days of the calculated due date (which is 280 days from the last menstrual period).
Childbirth or parturition
The series of events that expel the infant from the uterus is referred to as
Labor
True or False
Estrogens reach highest levels in mama’s blood, it causes the myometrium to form abundant oxytocin receptors (so that it becomes more sensitive to the hormone oxytocin)
True
weak, irregular uterine contractions begin to occur. These contractions, called ________ , have caused many women to go to the hospital, only to be told that they were in ______ and sent home.
Braxton Hicks contractions
false labor
Certain cells of the fetus begin to produce oxytocin, which in turn stimulates the placenta to release ________.
prostaglandins
The combined effects of rising levels of ____ and _____ initiate the rhythmic, expulsive contractions of true labor.
oxytocin
prostaglandins
is the time from the appearance of true contractions until the cervix is fully dilated by the baby’s head
dilation stage
True or False
Eventually, the amnion ruptures, releasing the amniotic fluid, an event commonly referred to as the woman’s “water breaking.”
True
The dilation stage is the _____ part of labor and usually lasts for 6 to 12 hours or more.
longest
The _______ is the period from full dilation to delivery of the infant
expulsion stage
infant is in the usual head-first or ____ position
vertex
In _____, oxygen delivery to the infant is inadequate, leading to fetal brain damage (resulting in cerebral palsy or epilepsy) and decreased viability of the infant
dystocia
is delivery of the infant through a surgical incision made through the abdominal and uterine walls
C-section or cesarean section
delivery of the placenta, is usually accomplished within 15 minutes after birth of the infant.
Placental stage
plastic or metal device inserted into the uterus that prevented implantation of the fertilized egg
intrauterine device (IUD)
True or False
males have X and Y sex chromosomes and females have two X sex chromosomes
True
Individuals with external genitalia that do not “match” their gonads are called
pseudohermaphrodite
rare individuals who possess both ovarian and testicular tissues
hermaphrodites
An XO female appears normal but lacks ___
ovaries
is a narrowing of the foreskin of the penis, and misplaced urethral openings.
phimosis
Failure of the testes to make their normal descent leads to a condition called
cryptorchidism
is the period of life, generally between the ages of 10 and 15 years, when the reproductive organs grow to their adult size and become functional under the influence of rising levels of gonadal hormones (testosterone in men and estrogens in women).
Puberty
The first menstrual period, called
menarche
inflammation of the testes, is rather uncommon but is serious because it can cause sterility.
Orchitis
Eventually, ovulation and menses cease entirely, ending childbearing ability. This event is called?
menopause,
Although aging men exhibit a steady decline in testosterone secretion and a longer latent period after orgasm, a condition called ______, their reproductive capability continues until death.
andropause
