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PHARM 109 > blood chapter 10 > Flashcards

blood chapter 10 Flashcards

1
Q

the formed elements that function in oxygen transport

A

Red Blood Cells or Erythrocytes

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2
Q

A thin whitish layer at the junction between the erythrocytes and the plasma

A

buffy coat

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3
Q

Buffy coat, this layer contains the remaining formed elements which are ________ and _________.

A

Leukocytes or White Blood Cells
and
Platelets

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4
Q

The WBC that acts in various ways to protect the body.

A

Leukocytes

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5
Q

Cell fragments that help stop bleeding.

A

Platelets

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6
Q

total volume of a blood sample, a percentage known as ________.

A

Hematocrit

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7
Q

45 percent of the total volume of a blood sample

A

Erythrocytes

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8
Q

also known as “blood fraction”

A

Hematocrit

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9
Q

________ makes up most of the remaining 55 percent of the whole blood

A

Plasma

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10
Q

______ is a sticky, opaque fluid with a characteristic metallic taste.

A

Blood

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11
Q

the color of the blood depends on _____

A

amount of oxygen it is carrying

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12
Q

what is the color of a oxygen-rich blood?

A

scarlet

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13
Q

what is the color of a oxygen-poor blood?

A

dull red

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14
Q

Blood is slightly __________, with a pH between 7.35 and 7.45

A

alkaline

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15
Q

Temperature of blood is ___________, always slightly higher than body temperature

A

38 degrees Celsius or 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit

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16
Q

Blood accounts for approximately ___________ of body weight

A

8 percent

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17
Q

Plasma is approximately ______ water

A

90 percent

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18
Q

_____ is the liquid part of the blood

A

Plasma

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19
Q

the most abundant solutes in plasma

A

Plasma Proteins

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20
Q

Most plasma proteins are made by the _______ except for antibodies and protein-based hormones

A

liver

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21
Q

acts as a carrier to shuttle certain molecules through the circulation, is an important blood buffer, and contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood, which acts to keep water in the bloodstream

A

Albumin

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22
Q

_______ help stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured

A

Clotting proteins

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23
Q

________ help protect the body from pathogens.

A

anti-bodies

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24
Q

Besides transporting various substances around the body, plasma helps to distribute _________ evenly throughout the body.

A

body heat

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25
Q

a by-product of cellular metabolism

A

body heat

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26
Q

function primarily to ferry oxygen in blood to all cells of the body

A

erythrocytes or red blood cells

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27
Q

what is the difference between RBC from other blood cells?

A

RBC is enucleate, it does not have a nucleus.

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28
Q

an iron bearing protein

A

Hemoglobin

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29
Q

transports the bulk of the oxygen that is carried in the blood

A

Hemoglobin

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30
Q

what makes RBC very efficient oxygen transporter?

A

RBC lacks mitochondria, it makes ATP by anaerobic mechanism, hence, it does not use the oxygen it is transporting

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31
Q

______ are small, flexible cells shaped like biconcave discs— flattened discs with depressed center on both sides

A

Erythrocytes

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32
Q

what are the direct causes of the types of anemia?

A

•decrease in RBC number
•inadequate hemoglobin content in RBCs
•abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs

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33
Q

Generic defect leads to abnormal hemoglobin, which becomes sharp and sickle-shaped under
conditions of increased oxygen use by body; occurs mainly in people of African descent

A

direct cause: abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs
leading to: sickle cell anemia

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34
Q

Lack of iron in diet or slow/prolonged bleeding(such as heavy menstrual flow or bleeding ulcer), which depletes iron reserves needed to make hemoglobin; RBCs are small and pale because they lack hemoglobin

A

direct cause: Inadequate hemoglobin content in RBCs
leading to: iron-deficiency anemia

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35
Q

•Sudden hemorrhage
•Lysis of RBCs as a result of bacterial infections
•Lack of vitamin B12 (usually due to lack of intrinsic factor required for absorption of the vitamin; intrinsic factor is formed by stomach mucosa cells)
•Depression/destruction of bone marrow by cancer, radiation, or certain medications

A

direct cause: decrease in RBC number
leading to:
•hemorrhagic anemia
•hemolytic anemia
•pernicious anemia
•aplastic anemia

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36
Q

_______ is very tiny drop of blood, almost not enough to be seen

A

A cubic millimeter (mm3)

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37
Q

there are __________ per cubic millimeter of RBC in the blood

A

5 million cells

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38
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

A single red blood cell contains about 250 million hemoglobin molecules, each capable of binding 4 molecules of oxygen, so each of these tiny cells can carry about 1 billion molecules of oxygen.

A

TRUE

39
Q

normal blood contains ______ grams of hemoglobin per _________ ml of blood.

A

12-18 grams;
100 ml

40
Q

the hemoglobin content is slightly higher in men (______) than in women (_______)

A

men: 13-18 g/ml
women: 12-16 g/ml

41
Q

A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood

A

Anemia

42
Q

those carrying just one sickling gene have ________

A

sickle cell trait

43
Q

an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes

A

Polycythemia

44
Q

aka bone marrow cancer

A

polycythemia vera

45
Q

the air is thinner , and the less oxygen is available

A

secondary polycythemia

46
Q

there are ________ to _________ WBC/mm3

A

4,800 to 10,800

47
Q

________ are the only complete cells in blood; that is because they have a nuclei and usual organelles

A

WBC or Leukocytes

48
Q

In addition, WBCs can locate areas of tissue damage and infection in the body by responding to certain chemicals that diffuse from the damaged cells. What is this capability called?

A

positive chemotaxis

49
Q

the WBCs move through the tissue spaces by ___________ (they form flowing cytoplasmic extensions that help move them along)

A

amoeboid motion

50
Q

By following the __________, they pinpoint areas of tissue damage and rally round in large numbers to destroy microorganisms and dispose of dead cells

A

diffusion gradient

51
Q

A total WBC count above 11,000 cells/mm3 is referred to as ___________.

A

Leukocytosis

52
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Leukocytosis generally indicates that a bacterial or viral infection is stewing in the body.

A

TRUE

53
Q

It is commonly caused by certain drugs, such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents.

A

Leukopenia

54
Q

______ is an abnormally low WBC count.

A

Leukopenia

55
Q

literally “white blood”

A

Leukemia

56
Q

In _______, the bone marrow becomes cancerous, and huge numbers of WBCs are turned out rapidly

A

Leukemia

57
Q

WBCs are classified into two major groups _____ and _______

A

granulocytes
and
agranulocytes

58
Q

Cytoplasm stains pale pink and contains fine granules, which are difficult to see; deep purple nucleus consists of three to seven lobes connected by thin strands of nucleoplasm

A

Neutrophils

59
Q

Red coarse cytoplasmic granules; figure-8 or bilobed nucleus stains blue-red

A

Eosinophils

60
Q

Cytoplasm has a few large blue-purple granules; U- or S-shaped nucleus with constrictions, stains dark blue

A

Basophils

61
Q

Cytoplasm pale blue and appears as thin rim around nucleus; spherical (or slightly indented) dark purple-blue nucleus

A

Lymphocytes

62
Q

Abundant gray-blue cytoplasm; dark blue-purple nucleus often kidney-shaped

A

Monocytes

63
Q

Essentially irregularly shaped cell fragments; stain deep purple

A

Platelets

64
Q

Salmon-colored biconcave disks; anucleate; literally, sacs of hemoglobin; most organelles have been ejected

A

Erythrocytes (RBC)

65
Q

Transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin molecules; also transport small amount of carbon dioxide

A

Erythrocytes

66
Q

Needed for normal blood clotting; initiate clotting cascade by clinging to torn area

A

Platelets

67
Q

Kill parasitic worms by deluging them with digestive enzymes; play a complex role in allergy attacks

A

Eosinophils

68
Q

Part of immune system; one group (B lymphocytes) produces antibodies; other group (T lymphocytes) involved in graft rejection, fighting tumors and viruses, via direct cell attacks

A

Lymphocytes

69
Q

Active phagocytes that become macrophages in the tissues; long-term “cleanup team”; increase in number during chronic infections such as tuberculosis

A

Monocytes

70
Q

Release histamine (vasodilator chemical), at sites of
inflammation; contain heparin, an anticoagulant

A

Basophils

71
Q

Active phagocytes; number increases rapidly during short-term or acute infections

A

Neutrophils

72
Q

The granules in the cytoplasm of granulocytes stain specifically with ________stain

A

Wright’s stain

73
Q

_________ are the most numerous of the WBCs. They have a multilobed nucleus and very fine granules that respond to both acidic and basic stains. Consequently, the cytoplasm as a whole stains pink. _________ are avid phagocytes at sites of acute infection. They are particularly partial to bacteria and fungi, which they kill during a respiratory burst that deluges the phagocytized invaders with a potent brew of oxidizing substances (bleach, hydrogen per-oxide, and others).

A

Neutrophils

74
Q

have a blue-red nucleus that resembles an old-fashioned telephone receiver and sport coarse, lysosome-like, brick-red cytoplasmic granules. Their number increases rapidly during infections by parasitic worms (flatworms, tapeworms, etc.) ingested in food (raw fish) or entering via the skin. When __________ encounter a parasitic worm prey, they gather around and release enzymes from their cytoplasmic granules onto the parasite’s surface, digesting it away.

A

Eosinophils

75
Q

_________ the rarest of the WBCs, have large histamine-containing granules that stain dark blue. Histamine is an inflammatory chemical that makes blood vessels leaky and attracts other WBCs to the inflammatory site.

A

Basophils

76
Q

__________ is an inflammatory chemical that makes blood vessels leaky and attracts other WBCs to the inflammatory site.

A

Histamine

77
Q

have a large, dark purple nucleus that occupies most of the cell volume.
Only slightly larger than RBCs, ________ tend to take up residence in lymphatic tissues, where they play an important role in the immune response. They are the second most numerous leukocytes in the blood.

A

lymphocytes

78
Q

are the largest of the WBCs. Except for their more abundant cytoplasm and distinctive U- or kidney-shaped nucleus, they resemble large lymphocytes. When they migrate into the tissues, they change into macrophages with huge appetites. Macrophages are important in fighting chronic infections, such as tuberculosis.

A

Monocytes

79
Q

are not cells in the strict sense.

A

Platelets

80
Q

Platelets are fragments of bizarre multinucleate cells called _________, which pinch off thousands of anucleate platelet “pieces” that quickly seal themselves off from the surrounding fluids.

A

megakaryocytes

81
Q

The _________ appear as darkly staining, irregularly shaped bodies scattered among the other blood cells.

A

platelets

82
Q

The normal platelet count in blood is about __________.

A

300,000/ mm3

83
Q

______ occurs in red bone marrow, or myeloid tissue.

A

Blood cell formation, or hematopoiesis

84
Q

All the formed elements arise from a common type of stem cell, the ___________

A

hemocytoblast

85
Q

blood cell former

A

hemocytoblast

86
Q

which resides in the red bone marrow.

A

hemocytoblast

87
Q

two types of descendants of hemocytoblast

A

lymphoid stem cell
and
myeloid stem cell

88
Q

As they age, RBCs become more rigid and begin to fragment, or fall apart, in _____ to ______ days.

A

100 to 120

89
Q

Suddenly, when enough hemoglobin has been accumulated, the nucleus and most organelles are ejected and the cell collapses inward. The result is the young RBC, called ________ because it still contains some rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER).

A

reticulocyte

90
Q

Within ____ days of release, they have ejected the remaining ER and have become fully functioning erythro-cytes. The entire developmental process from hemocytoblast to mature RBC takes ___ to ___ days.

A

2;
3 to 5

91
Q

The rate of erythrocyte production is controlled by a hormone called ________.

A

erythropoietin

92
Q

although the liver produces some of this hormone, the kidneys play the major role in producing this hormone

A

erythropoietin

93
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

An important point to remember is that it is not the relative number of RBCs in the blood that controls RBC production.
Control is based on their ability to transport enough oxygen to meet the body’s demands.

A

TRUE

PHARM 109 (6 decks)

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