blood chapter 10 Flashcards
the formed elements that function in oxygen transport
Red Blood Cells or Erythrocytes
A thin whitish layer at the junction between the erythrocytes and the plasma
buffy coat
Buffy coat, this layer contains the remaining formed elements which are ________ and _________.
Leukocytes or White Blood Cells
and
Platelets
The WBC that acts in various ways to protect the body.
Leukocytes
Cell fragments that help stop bleeding.
Platelets
total volume of a blood sample, a percentage known as ________.
Hematocrit
45 percent of the total volume of a blood sample
Erythrocytes
also known as “blood fraction”
Hematocrit
________ makes up most of the remaining 55 percent of the whole blood
Plasma
______ is a sticky, opaque fluid with a characteristic metallic taste.
Blood
the color of the blood depends on _____
amount of oxygen it is carrying
what is the color of a oxygen-rich blood?
scarlet
what is the color of a oxygen-poor blood?
dull red
Blood is slightly __________, with a pH between 7.35 and 7.45
alkaline
Temperature of blood is ___________, always slightly higher than body temperature
38 degrees Celsius or 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit
Blood accounts for approximately ___________ of body weight
8 percent
Plasma is approximately ______ water
90 percent
_____ is the liquid part of the blood
Plasma
the most abundant solutes in plasma
Plasma Proteins
Most plasma proteins are made by the _______ except for antibodies and protein-based hormones
liver
acts as a carrier to shuttle certain molecules through the circulation, is an important blood buffer, and contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood, which acts to keep water in the bloodstream
Albumin
_______ help stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
Clotting proteins
________ help protect the body from pathogens.
anti-bodies
Besides transporting various substances around the body, plasma helps to distribute _________ evenly throughout the body.
body heat
a by-product of cellular metabolism
body heat
function primarily to ferry oxygen in blood to all cells of the body
erythrocytes or red blood cells
what is the difference between RBC from other blood cells?
RBC is enucleate, it does not have a nucleus.
an iron bearing protein
Hemoglobin
transports the bulk of the oxygen that is carried in the blood
Hemoglobin
what makes RBC very efficient oxygen transporter?
RBC lacks mitochondria, it makes ATP by anaerobic mechanism, hence, it does not use the oxygen it is transporting
______ are small, flexible cells shaped like biconcave discs— flattened discs with depressed center on both sides
Erythrocytes
what are the direct causes of the types of anemia?
•decrease in RBC number
•inadequate hemoglobin content in RBCs
•abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs
Generic defect leads to abnormal hemoglobin, which becomes sharp and sickle-shaped under
conditions of increased oxygen use by body; occurs mainly in people of African descent
direct cause: abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs
leading to: sickle cell anemia
Lack of iron in diet or slow/prolonged bleeding(such as heavy menstrual flow or bleeding ulcer), which depletes iron reserves needed to make hemoglobin; RBCs are small and pale because they lack hemoglobin
direct cause: Inadequate hemoglobin content in RBCs
leading to: iron-deficiency anemia
•Sudden hemorrhage
•Lysis of RBCs as a result of bacterial infections
•Lack of vitamin B12 (usually due to lack of intrinsic factor required for absorption of the vitamin; intrinsic factor is formed by stomach mucosa cells)
•Depression/destruction of bone marrow by cancer, radiation, or certain medications
direct cause: decrease in RBC number
leading to:
•hemorrhagic anemia
•hemolytic anemia
•pernicious anemia
•aplastic anemia
_______ is very tiny drop of blood, almost not enough to be seen
A cubic millimeter (mm3)
there are __________ per cubic millimeter of RBC in the blood
5 million cells
TRUE OR FALSE
A single red blood cell contains about 250 million hemoglobin molecules, each capable of binding 4 molecules of oxygen, so each of these tiny cells can carry about 1 billion molecules of oxygen.
TRUE
normal blood contains ______ grams of hemoglobin per _________ ml of blood.
12-18 grams;
100 ml
the hemoglobin content is slightly higher in men (______) than in women (_______)
men: 13-18 g/ml
women: 12-16 g/ml
A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood
Anemia
those carrying just one sickling gene have ________
sickle cell trait
an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes
Polycythemia
aka bone marrow cancer
polycythemia vera
the air is thinner , and the less oxygen is available
secondary polycythemia
there are ________ to _________ WBC/mm3
4,800 to 10,800
________ are the only complete cells in blood; that is because they have a nuclei and usual organelles
WBC or Leukocytes
In addition, WBCs can locate areas of tissue damage and infection in the body by responding to certain chemicals that diffuse from the damaged cells. What is this capability called?
positive chemotaxis
the WBCs move through the tissue spaces by ___________ (they form flowing cytoplasmic extensions that help move them along)
amoeboid motion
By following the __________, they pinpoint areas of tissue damage and rally round in large numbers to destroy microorganisms and dispose of dead cells
diffusion gradient
A total WBC count above 11,000 cells/mm3 is referred to as ___________.
Leukocytosis
TRUE OR FALSE
Leukocytosis generally indicates that a bacterial or viral infection is stewing in the body.
TRUE
It is commonly caused by certain drugs, such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents.
Leukopenia
______ is an abnormally low WBC count.
Leukopenia
literally “white blood”
Leukemia
In _______, the bone marrow becomes cancerous, and huge numbers of WBCs are turned out rapidly
Leukemia
WBCs are classified into two major groups _____ and _______
granulocytes
and
agranulocytes
Cytoplasm stains pale pink and contains fine granules, which are difficult to see; deep purple nucleus consists of three to seven lobes connected by thin strands of nucleoplasm
Neutrophils
Red coarse cytoplasmic granules; figure-8 or bilobed nucleus stains blue-red
Eosinophils
Cytoplasm has a few large blue-purple granules; U- or S-shaped nucleus with constrictions, stains dark blue
Basophils
Cytoplasm pale blue and appears as thin rim around nucleus; spherical (or slightly indented) dark purple-blue nucleus
Lymphocytes
Abundant gray-blue cytoplasm; dark blue-purple nucleus often kidney-shaped
Monocytes
Essentially irregularly shaped cell fragments; stain deep purple
Platelets
Salmon-colored biconcave disks; anucleate; literally, sacs of hemoglobin; most organelles have been ejected
Erythrocytes (RBC)
Transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin molecules; also transport small amount of carbon dioxide
Erythrocytes
Needed for normal blood clotting; initiate clotting cascade by clinging to torn area
Platelets
Kill parasitic worms by deluging them with digestive enzymes; play a complex role in allergy attacks
Eosinophils
Part of immune system; one group (B lymphocytes) produces antibodies; other group (T lymphocytes) involved in graft rejection, fighting tumors and viruses, via direct cell attacks
Lymphocytes
Active phagocytes that become macrophages in the tissues; long-term “cleanup team”; increase in number during chronic infections such as tuberculosis
Monocytes
Release histamine (vasodilator chemical), at sites of
inflammation; contain heparin, an anticoagulant
Basophils
Active phagocytes; number increases rapidly during short-term or acute infections
Neutrophils
The granules in the cytoplasm of granulocytes stain specifically with ________stain
Wright’s stain
_________ are the most numerous of the WBCs. They have a multilobed nucleus and very fine granules that respond to both acidic and basic stains. Consequently, the cytoplasm as a whole stains pink. _________ are avid phagocytes at sites of acute infection. They are particularly partial to bacteria and fungi, which they kill during a respiratory burst that deluges the phagocytized invaders with a potent brew of oxidizing substances (bleach, hydrogen per-oxide, and others).
Neutrophils
have a blue-red nucleus that resembles an old-fashioned telephone receiver and sport coarse, lysosome-like, brick-red cytoplasmic granules. Their number increases rapidly during infections by parasitic worms (flatworms, tapeworms, etc.) ingested in food (raw fish) or entering via the skin. When __________ encounter a parasitic worm prey, they gather around and release enzymes from their cytoplasmic granules onto the parasite’s surface, digesting it away.
Eosinophils
_________ the rarest of the WBCs, have large histamine-containing granules that stain dark blue. Histamine is an inflammatory chemical that makes blood vessels leaky and attracts other WBCs to the inflammatory site.
Basophils
__________ is an inflammatory chemical that makes blood vessels leaky and attracts other WBCs to the inflammatory site.
Histamine
have a large, dark purple nucleus that occupies most of the cell volume.
Only slightly larger than RBCs, ________ tend to take up residence in lymphatic tissues, where they play an important role in the immune response. They are the second most numerous leukocytes in the blood.
lymphocytes
are the largest of the WBCs. Except for their more abundant cytoplasm and distinctive U- or kidney-shaped nucleus, they resemble large lymphocytes. When they migrate into the tissues, they change into macrophages with huge appetites. Macrophages are important in fighting chronic infections, such as tuberculosis.
Monocytes
are not cells in the strict sense.
Platelets
Platelets are fragments of bizarre multinucleate cells called _________, which pinch off thousands of anucleate platelet “pieces” that quickly seal themselves off from the surrounding fluids.
megakaryocytes
The _________ appear as darkly staining, irregularly shaped bodies scattered among the other blood cells.
platelets
The normal platelet count in blood is about __________.
300,000/ mm3
______ occurs in red bone marrow, or myeloid tissue.
Blood cell formation, or hematopoiesis
All the formed elements arise from a common type of stem cell, the ___________
hemocytoblast
blood cell former
hemocytoblast
which resides in the red bone marrow.
hemocytoblast
two types of descendants of hemocytoblast
lymphoid stem cell
and
myeloid stem cell
As they age, RBCs become more rigid and begin to fragment, or fall apart, in _____ to ______ days.
100 to 120
Suddenly, when enough hemoglobin has been accumulated, the nucleus and most organelles are ejected and the cell collapses inward. The result is the young RBC, called ________ because it still contains some rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
reticulocyte
Within ____ days of release, they have ejected the remaining ER and have become fully functioning erythro-cytes. The entire developmental process from hemocytoblast to mature RBC takes ___ to ___ days.
2;
3 to 5
The rate of erythrocyte production is controlled by a hormone called ________.
erythropoietin
although the liver produces some of this hormone, the kidneys play the major role in producing this hormone
erythropoietin
TRUE OR FALSE
An important point to remember is that it is not the relative number of RBCs in the blood that controls RBC production.
Control is based on their ability to transport enough oxygen to meet the body’s demands.
TRUE
