blood chapter 10 Flashcards
1
Q
the formed elements that function in oxygen transport
A
Red Blood Cells or Erythrocytes
2
Q
A thin whitish layer at the junction between the erythrocytes and the plasma
A
buffy coat
3
Q
Buffy coat, this layer contains the remaining formed elements which are ________ and _________.
A
Leukocytes or White Blood Cells
and
Platelets
4
Q
The WBC that acts in various ways to protect the body.
A
Leukocytes
5
Q
Cell fragments that help stop bleeding.
A
Platelets
6
Q
total volume of a blood sample, a percentage known as ________.
A
Hematocrit
7
Q
45 percent of the total volume of a blood sample
A
Erythrocytes
8
Q
also known as “blood fraction”
A
Hematocrit
9
Q
________ makes up most of the remaining 55 percent of the whole blood
A
Plasma
10
Q
______ is a sticky, opaque fluid with a characteristic metallic taste.
A
Blood
11
Q
the color of the blood depends on _____
A
amount of oxygen it is carrying
12
Q
what is the color of a oxygen-rich blood?
A
scarlet
13
Q
what is the color of a oxygen-poor blood?
A
dull red
14
Q
Blood is slightly __________, with a pH between 7.35 and 7.45
A
alkaline
15
Q
Temperature of blood is ___________, always slightly higher than body temperature
A
38 degrees Celsius or 100.4 degrees Fahrenheit
16
Q
Blood accounts for approximately ___________ of body weight
A
8 percent
17
Q
Plasma is approximately ______ water
A
90 percent
18
Q
_____ is the liquid part of the blood
A
Plasma
19
Q
the most abundant solutes in plasma
A
Plasma Proteins
20
Q
Most plasma proteins are made by the _______ except for antibodies and protein-based hormones
A
liver
21
Q
acts as a carrier to shuttle certain molecules through the circulation, is an important blood buffer, and contributes to the osmotic pressure of blood, which acts to keep water in the bloodstream
A
Albumin
22
Q
_______ help stem blood loss when a blood vessel is injured
A
Clotting proteins
23
Q
________ help protect the body from pathogens.
A
anti-bodies
24
Q
Besides transporting various substances around the body, plasma helps to distribute _________ evenly throughout the body.
A
body heat
25
a by-product of cellular metabolism
body heat
26
function primarily to ferry oxygen in blood to all cells of the body
erythrocytes or red blood cells
27
what is the difference between RBC from other blood cells?
RBC is enucleate, it does not have a nucleus.
28
an iron bearing protein
Hemoglobin
29
transports the bulk of the oxygen that is carried in the blood
Hemoglobin
30
what makes RBC very efficient oxygen transporter?
RBC lacks mitochondria, it makes ATP by anaerobic mechanism, hence, it does not use the oxygen it is transporting
31
______ are small, flexible cells shaped like biconcave discs— flattened discs with depressed center on both sides
Erythrocytes
32
what are the direct causes of the types of anemia?
•decrease in RBC number
•inadequate hemoglobin content in RBCs
•abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs
33
Generic defect leads to abnormal hemoglobin, which becomes sharp and sickle-shaped under
conditions of increased oxygen use by body; occurs mainly in people of African descent
direct cause: abnormal hemoglobin in RBCs
leading to: sickle cell anemia
34
Lack of iron in diet or slow/prolonged bleeding(such as heavy menstrual flow or bleeding ulcer), which depletes iron reserves needed to make hemoglobin; RBCs are small and pale because they lack hemoglobin
direct cause: Inadequate hemoglobin content in RBCs
leading to: iron-deficiency anemia
35
•Sudden hemorrhage
•Lysis of RBCs as a result of bacterial infections
•Lack of vitamin B12 (usually due to lack of intrinsic factor required for absorption of the vitamin; intrinsic factor is formed by stomach mucosa cells)
•Depression/destruction of bone marrow by cancer, radiation, or certain medications
direct cause: decrease in RBC number
leading to:
•hemorrhagic anemia
•hemolytic anemia
•pernicious anemia
•aplastic anemia
36
_______ is very tiny drop of blood, almost not enough to be seen
A cubic millimeter (mm3)
37
there are __________ per cubic millimeter of RBC in the blood
5 million cells
38
TRUE OR FALSE
A single red blood cell contains about 250 million hemoglobin molecules, each capable of binding 4 molecules of oxygen, so each of these tiny cells can carry about 1 billion molecules of oxygen.
TRUE
39
normal blood contains ______ grams of hemoglobin per _________ ml of blood.
12-18 grams;
100 ml
40
the hemoglobin content is slightly higher in men (______) than in women (_______)
men: 13-18 g/ml
women: 12-16 g/ml
41
A decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood
Anemia
42
those carrying just one sickling gene have ________
sickle cell trait
43
an excessive or abnormal increase in the number of erythrocytes
Polycythemia
44
aka bone marrow cancer
polycythemia vera
45
the air is thinner , and the less oxygen is available
secondary polycythemia
46
there are ________ to _________ WBC/mm3
4,800 to 10,800
47
________ are the only complete cells in blood; that is because they have a nuclei and usual organelles
WBC or Leukocytes
48
In addition, WBCs can locate areas of tissue damage and infection in the body by responding to certain chemicals that diffuse from the damaged cells. What is this capability called?
positive chemotaxis
49
the WBCs move through the tissue spaces by ___________ (they form flowing cytoplasmic extensions that help move them along)
amoeboid motion
50
By following the __________, they pinpoint areas of tissue damage and rally round in large numbers to destroy microorganisms and dispose of dead cells
diffusion gradient
51
A total WBC count above 11,000 cells/mm3 is referred to as ___________.
Leukocytosis
52
TRUE OR FALSE
Leukocytosis generally indicates that a bacterial or viral infection is stewing in the body.
TRUE
53
It is commonly caused by certain drugs, such as corticosteroids and anticancer agents.
Leukopenia
54
______ is an abnormally low WBC count.
Leukopenia
55
literally “white blood”
Leukemia
56
In _______, the bone marrow becomes cancerous, and huge numbers of WBCs are turned out rapidly
Leukemia
57
WBCs are classified into two major groups _____ and _______
granulocytes
and
agranulocytes
58
Cytoplasm stains pale pink and contains fine granules, which are difficult to see; deep purple nucleus consists of three to seven lobes connected by thin strands of nucleoplasm
Neutrophils
59
Red coarse cytoplasmic granules; figure-8 or bilobed nucleus stains blue-red
Eosinophils
60
Cytoplasm has a few large blue-purple granules; U- or S-shaped nucleus with constrictions, stains dark blue
Basophils
61
Cytoplasm pale blue and appears as thin rim around nucleus; spherical (or slightly indented) dark purple-blue nucleus
Lymphocytes
62
Abundant gray-blue cytoplasm; dark blue-purple nucleus often kidney-shaped
Monocytes
63
Essentially irregularly shaped cell fragments; stain deep purple
Platelets
64
Salmon-colored biconcave disks; anucleate; literally, sacs of hemoglobin; most organelles have been ejected
Erythrocytes (RBC)
65
Transport oxygen bound to hemoglobin molecules; also transport small amount of carbon dioxide
Erythrocytes
66
Needed for normal blood clotting; initiate clotting cascade by clinging to torn area
Platelets
67
Kill parasitic worms by deluging them with digestive enzymes; play a complex role in allergy attacks
Eosinophils
68
Part of immune system; one group (B lymphocytes) produces antibodies; other group (T lymphocytes) involved in graft rejection, fighting tumors and viruses, via direct cell attacks
Lymphocytes
69
Active phagocytes that become macrophages in the tissues; long-term "cleanup team"; increase in number during chronic infections such as tuberculosis
Monocytes
70
Release histamine (vasodilator chemical), at sites of
inflammation; contain heparin, an anticoagulant
Basophils
71
Active phagocytes; number increases rapidly during short-term or acute infections
Neutrophils
72
The granules in the cytoplasm of granulocytes stain specifically with ________stain
Wright’s stain
73
_________ are the most numerous of the WBCs. They have a multilobed nucleus and very fine granules that respond to both acidic and basic stains. Consequently, the cytoplasm as a whole stains pink. _________ are avid phagocytes at sites of acute infection. They are particularly partial to bacteria and fungi, which they kill during a respiratory burst that deluges the phagocytized invaders with a potent brew of oxidizing substances (bleach, hydrogen per-oxide, and others).
Neutrophils
74
have a blue-red nucleus that resembles an old-fashioned telephone receiver and sport coarse, lysosome-like, brick-red cytoplasmic granules. Their number increases rapidly during infections by parasitic worms (flatworms, tapeworms, etc.) ingested in food (raw fish) or entering via the skin. When __________ encounter a parasitic worm prey, they gather around and release enzymes from their cytoplasmic granules onto the parasite's surface, digesting it away.
Eosinophils
75
_________ the rarest of the WBCs, have large histamine-containing granules that stain dark blue. Histamine is an inflammatory chemical that makes blood vessels leaky and attracts other WBCs to the inflammatory site.
Basophils
76
__________ is an inflammatory chemical that makes blood vessels leaky and attracts other WBCs to the inflammatory site.
Histamine
77
have a large, dark purple nucleus that occupies most of the cell volume.
Only slightly larger than RBCs, ________ tend to take up residence in lymphatic tissues, where they play an important role in the immune response. They are the second most numerous leukocytes in the blood.
lymphocytes
78
are the largest of the WBCs. Except for their more abundant cytoplasm and distinctive U- or kidney-shaped nucleus, they resemble large lymphocytes. When they migrate into the tissues, they change into macrophages with huge appetites. Macrophages are important in fighting chronic infections, such as tuberculosis.
Monocytes
79
are not cells in the strict sense.
Platelets
80
Platelets are fragments of bizarre multinucleate cells called _________, which pinch off thousands of anucleate platelet "pieces" that quickly seal themselves off from the surrounding fluids.
megakaryocytes
81
The _________ appear as darkly staining, irregularly shaped bodies scattered among the other blood cells.
platelets
82
The normal platelet count in blood is about __________.
300,000/ mm3
83
______ occurs in red bone marrow, or myeloid tissue.
Blood cell formation, or hematopoiesis
84
All the formed elements arise from a common type of stem cell, the ___________
hemocytoblast
85
blood cell former
hemocytoblast
86
which resides in the red bone marrow.
hemocytoblast
87
two types of descendants of hemocytoblast
lymphoid stem cell
and
myeloid stem cell
88
As they age, RBCs become more rigid and begin to fragment, or fall apart, in _____ to ______ days.
100 to 120
89
Suddenly, when enough hemoglobin has been accumulated, the nucleus and most organelles are ejected and the cell collapses inward. The result is the young RBC, called ________ because it still contains some rough endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
reticulocyte
90
Within ____ days of release, they have ejected the remaining ER and have become fully functioning erythro-cytes. The entire developmental process from hemocytoblast to mature RBC takes ___ to ___ days.
2;
3 to 5
91
The rate of erythrocyte production is controlled by a hormone called ________.
erythropoietin
92
although the liver produces some of this hormone, the kidneys play the major role in producing this hormone
erythropoietin
93
TRUE OR FALSE
An important point to remember is that it is not the relative number of RBCs in the blood that controls RBC production.
Control is based on their ability to transport enough oxygen to meet the body's demands.
TRUE
