hemostatis till the end of chal

Question 1

Normally, blood flows smoothly past the ___________ of blood vessel walls.

Answer 1

intact lining (endothelium)

Question 2

But if a blood vessel wall breaks, a series of reactions is set in motion to accomplish _________

Answer 2

hemostatis

Question 3

stoppage of bleeding

Answer 3

hemostatis

Question 4

This response, which is fast and local-ized, involves many substances normally present in plasma, as well as some that are released by platelets and injured tissue cells.

Answer 4

Hemostasis

Question 5

Hemostasis involves three major phases, which occur in rapid sequence:

Answer 5

1) vascular spasms
2) platelet plug formation
3) coagulation or blood clotting

Question 6

Blood loss at the site is permanently prevented when __________ grows into the clot and seals the hole in the blood vessel.

Answer 6

fibrous tissue

Question 7

The immediate response to blood vessel injury is vasoconstric-tion, which causes that blood vessel to go into spasms. The spasms narrow the blood vessel at that point, decreasing blood loss until clotting can occur: (Other factors causing vessel spasms include direct injury to the smooth muscle cells, stimulation of local pain receptors, and release of serotonin by anchored platelets.)

Answer 7

Vascular Spams occur

Question 8

The immediate response to blood vessel injury is _________.

Answer 8

vasoconstriction

Question 9

causes that blood vessel to go into spasms.

Answer 9

vasoconstriction

Question 10

The_________ narrow the blood vessel at that point, decreasing blood loss until clotting can occur:

Answer 10

spams

Question 11

Platelets are repelled by an intact endothelium, but when it is broken so that the underlying collagen tibers are exposed, the platelets become “sticky” and cling to the damaged site. Anchored platelets release chemicals that enhance the vascular spasms and attract more platelets to the site. As more and more platelets pile up, a small mass called a platelet plug, or white thrombus, forms.

Answer 11

Platelet Plug forms

Question 12

_______ are repelled by an intact endothelium, but when it is broken so that the underlying _______ are exposed, the platelets become “sticky” and cling to the damaged site.

Answer 12

Platelets;

collagen fibers

Question 13

____________ release chemicals that enhance the vascular spasms and attract more platelets to the site.

Answer 13

Anchored platelets

Question 14

As more and more platelets pile up, a small mass called a __________, or __________, forms.

Answer 14

platelet plug or white thrombus

Question 15

At the same time, the injured tissues are releasing tissue factor (TF), which interacts with PF3, a phospholipid that coats the surfaces of the platelets. This combination interacts with other blood protein clotting factors and calcium ions (Ca?+) to form an activator that leads to the formation of thrombin, an enzyme. Thrombin then joins soluble fibrinogen (fi-brin’ o-jen) proteins into long, hairlike molecules of insoluble fibrin.
Fibrin forms a meshwork that traps the RBCs and forms the basis of the clot (Figure 10.7).
Within the hour, the clot begins to retract, squeezing serum (plasma minus the clotting proteins) from the mass and pulling the ruptured edges of the blood vessel closer together.

Answer 15

coagulation events occur

Question 16

the injured tissues are releasing _________, which interacts with PF3

Answer 16

tissue factor (TF)

Question 17

a phospholipid that coats the surfaces of the platelets.

Answer 17

PF3,

Question 18

This combination interacts with other blood protein clotting factors and calcium ions (Ca?+) to form an activator that leads to the formation of _______, an enzyme.

Answer 18

thrombin

Question 19

Thrombin then joins soluble ________ proteins into long, hairlike molecules of insoluble fibrin.

Answer 19

fibrinogen

Question 20

Fibrin forms a meshwork that traps the ________ and forms the basis of the clot

Answer 20

RBCs

Question 21

Within the hour, the clot begins to retract, squeezing ________ (plasma minus the clotting proteins) from the mass and pulling the ruptured edges of the blood vessel closer together.

Answer 21

serum

Question 22

plasma minus the clotting proteins

Answer 22

serum

Question 23

Normally, blood clots within ___ to ____ minutes.

Answer 23

3 to 6

Question 24

Once these events of the clotting cascade were understood, it became clear that placing a _________ over a cut or applying _________ to a wound would speed up the clotting process.

Answer 24

sterile gauze
or
pressure

Question 25

gauze provides a ________ to which the platelets can adhere, and the pressure _____ cells, increasing the release of tissue factor locally.

Answer 25

rough surface; fractures

Question 26

The two major disorders of hemosta- sis— _______________ and ____________

Answer 26

undesirable clot formation and bleeding disorders

Question 27

Despite the body's safeguards against abnormal clotting, undesirable clots sometimes form in intact (unbroken) blood vessels, particularly in the ______.

Answer 27

legs

Question 28

A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel is called a _________

Answer 28

thrombus

Question 29

TRUE OR FALSE if the blockage forms in the blood vessels serving the heart (coronary thrombosis), the consequences may be death of heart muscle and a fatal heart attack.

Answer 29

TRUE

Question 30

Smooth muscle contracts, causing _______.

Answer 30

vasoconstriction

Question 31

TRUE OR FALSE Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers; platelets adhere.

Answer 31

TRUE

Question 32

_______ release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky; platelet plug forms.

Answer 32

Platelets

Question 33

Clotting factors present in plasma and released by injured tissue cells interact with Ca? to form ________

Answer 33

thrombin

Question 34

the enzyme that catalyzes joining of fibrinogen molecules in plasma to fibrin

Answer 34

thrombin

Question 35

_______ forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming the clot.

Answer 35

Fibrin

Question 36

If a thrombus breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the blood-stream, it becomes an _______

Answer 36

embolus

Question 37

An ________ is usually no problem unless or until it lodges in a blood vessel too narrow for it to pass through.

Answer 37

embolus

Question 38

TRUE OR FALSE Undesirable clotting may be caused by anything that roughens the endothelium of a blood vessel and encourages clinging of platelets, such as severe burns, physical blows, or an accumulation of fatty material.

Answer 38

TRUE

Question 39

___________, or __________, is another risk factor, especially in immobilized patients.

Answer 39

Slowly flowing blood or blood pooling

Question 40

True or False A number of anticoagulants, the most important of which are aspirin, heparin, and dicumarol, are used clinically for thrombus-prone patients.

Answer 40

TRUE

Question 41

TRUE OR FALSE The most common causes of abnormal bleeding are platelet deficiency (thrombocytopenia) and deficits of some of the clotting factors, such as might result from impaired liver function or certain genetic conditions.

Answer 41

TRUE

Question 42

results from insufficient number of circulating platelets

Answer 42

thrombocytopenia

Question 43

TRUE OR FALSE even small movements cause spontaneous bleeding from small blood vessels

Answer 43

TRUE

Question 44

small purplish blotches that evidenced thrombocytopenia

Answer 44

petechiae

Question 45

Thrombocytopenia can arise from any condition that suppresses the ________, such as bone marrow cancer, radiation, or certain drugs

Answer 45

bone marrow

Question 46

(needed by the liver cells to produce the clotting factors)

Answer 46

vitamin K

Question 47

_________ applies to several different hereditary bleeding disorders that result from a lack of any of the factors needed for clotting.

Answer 47

hemophilia

Question 48

Commonly called "bleeder's disease”

Answer 48

hemophilia

Question 49

TRUE OR FALSE When a bleeding episode occurs, hemophiliacs are given a transfusion of fresh plasma or injections of the purified clotting factor they lack.

Answer 49

TRUE

Question 50

AIDS

Answer 50

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Question 51

_______ is a condition of depressed immunity

Answer 51

AIDS

Question 52

Losses of _______ percent lead to pallor and weakness.

Answer 52

15 to 30

Question 53

Loss of ______ percent causes severe shock, which can be fatal.

Answer 53

over 30

Question 54

_________ are routinely given to replace substantial blood loss and to treat severe anemia or thrombocytopenia.

Answer 54

Whole blood transfusions

Question 55

The usual blood bank procedure involves collecting blood from a donor and mixing it with an ________ to prevent _______.

Answer 55

anticoagulant; clotting

Question 56

The treated blood can be stored (refrigerated at _____, or _____) for about _____ until needed.

Answer 56

4°C or 39.2°F; 35 days

Question 57

True or False The plasma membranes of RBCs, like those of all other body cells, bear genetically determined proteins (antigens), which identify each person as unique.

Answer 57

TRUE

Question 58

__________ is a substance that the body recognizes as foreign; it stimulates the immune system to release antibodies or use other means to mount a defense against it.

Answer 58

An antigen

Question 59

Binding of the antibodies causes the foreign RBCs to clump, a phenomenon called ______

Answer 59

agglutination

Question 60

a phenomenon which leads to the clogging of small blood vessels throughout the body.

Answer 60

agglutination

Question 61

*The RBC antigens that promote this clumping are sometimes called__________, and the antibodies that bind them together are called __________

Answer 61

agglutinogens; agglutinins

Question 62

TRUE OR FALSE There are over 30 common RBC antigens in humans, so each person's blood cells can be classified into several different blood groups. However, it is the antigens of the ABO and Rh blood groups that cause the most vigorous transfusion reactions. We describe these two blood groups here.

Answer 62

TRUE

Question 63

the ______ blood groups are based on which of two antigens, type A or type B, a person inherits.

Answer 63

ABO blood groups

Question 64

TRUE OR FALSE Absence of both antigens results in type O blood, presence of both antigens leads to type AB, and the presence of either A or B antigen yields type A or B blood, respectively.

Answer 64

TRUE

Question 65

TRUE OR FALSE In the ABO blood group, antibodies form during infancy against the ABO antigens not present on your own RBCs. As shown in the table, a baby with neither the A nor the B antigen (group 0) forms both anti-A and anti-B antibod-ies; those with type A antigens (group A) form anti-B antibodies, and so on.

Answer 65

TRUE

Question 66

The Rh blood groups are so named because one of the eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) was originally identified in _____________.

Answer 66

Rhesus monkeys

Question 67

rupture of RBCs

Answer 67

hemolysis

Question 68

In situations in which the fetal RBCs are destroyed at such a rapid rate that the immature infant liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products in the bile fast enough, the infant becomes _______

Answer 68

jaundiced

Question 69

This type of jaundice (sa baby) generally causes no major problems and is referred to as _________

Answer 69

physiologic jaundice

Question 70

_________ is especially common in women because of their monthly blood loss during menses.

Answer 70

Iron-deficiency anemia

Question 71

The young and the old are particularly at risk for ________

Answer 71

leukemia

Question 72

The elderly are particularly at risk for ______ because the stomach mucosa (which produces intrinsic factor) atrophies with age)

Answer 72

pernicious anemia

Question 73

helps treat severe anemia and thrombocytopenia

Answer 73

whole blood transfusion