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PHARM 109 > hemostatis till the end of chal > Flashcards

hemostatis till the end of chal Flashcards

1
Q

Normally, blood flows smoothly past the ___________ of blood vessel walls.

A

intact lining (endothelium)

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2
Q

But if a blood vessel wall breaks, a series of reactions is set in motion to accomplish _________

A

hemostatis

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3
Q

stoppage of bleeding

A

hemostatis

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4
Q

This response, which is fast and local-ized, involves many substances normally present in plasma, as well as some that are released by platelets and injured tissue cells.

A

Hemostasis

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5
Q

Hemostasis involves three major phases, which occur in rapid sequence:

A

1) vascular spasms
2) platelet plug formation
3) coagulation or blood clotting

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6
Q

Blood loss at the site is permanently prevented when __________ grows into the clot and seals the hole in the blood vessel.

A

fibrous tissue

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7
Q

The immediate response to blood vessel injury is vasoconstric-tion, which causes that blood vessel to go into spasms. The spasms narrow the blood vessel at that point, decreasing blood loss until clotting can occur: (Other factors causing vessel spasms include direct injury to the smooth muscle cells, stimulation of local pain receptors, and release of serotonin by anchored platelets.)

A

Vascular Spams occur

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8
Q

The immediate response to blood vessel injury is _________.

A

vasoconstriction

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9
Q

causes that blood vessel to go into spasms.

A

vasoconstriction

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10
Q

The_________ narrow the blood vessel at that point, decreasing blood loss until clotting can occur:

A

spams

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11
Q

Platelets are repelled by an intact endothelium, but when it is broken so that the underlying collagen tibers are exposed, the platelets become “sticky” and cling to the damaged site. Anchored platelets release chemicals that enhance the vascular spasms and attract more platelets to the site. As more and more platelets pile up, a small mass called a platelet plug, or white thrombus, forms.

A

Platelet Plug forms

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12
Q

_______ are repelled by an intact endothelium, but when it is broken so that the underlying _______ are exposed, the platelets become “sticky” and cling to the damaged site.

A

Platelets;

collagen fibers

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13
Q

____________ release chemicals that enhance the vascular spasms and attract more platelets to the site.

A

Anchored platelets

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14
Q

As more and more platelets pile up, a small mass called a __________, or __________, forms.

A

platelet plug or white thrombus

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15
Q

At the same time, the injured tissues are releasing tissue factor (TF), which interacts with PF3, a phospholipid that coats the surfaces of the platelets. This combination interacts with other blood protein clotting factors and calcium ions (Ca?+) to form an activator that leads to the formation of thrombin, an enzyme. Thrombin then joins soluble fibrinogen (fi-brin’ o-jen) proteins into long, hairlike molecules of insoluble fibrin.
Fibrin forms a meshwork that traps the RBCs and forms the basis of the clot (Figure 10.7).
Within the hour, the clot begins to retract, squeezing serum (plasma minus the clotting proteins) from the mass and pulling the ruptured edges of the blood vessel closer together.

A

coagulation events occur

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16
Q

the injured tissues are releasing _________, which interacts with PF3

A

tissue factor (TF)

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17
Q

a phospholipid that coats the surfaces of the platelets.

A

PF3,

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18
Q

This combination interacts with other blood protein clotting factors and calcium ions (Ca?+) to form an activator that leads to the formation of _______, an enzyme.

A

thrombin

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19
Q

Thrombin then joins soluble ________ proteins into long, hairlike molecules of insoluble fibrin.

A

fibrinogen

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20
Q

Fibrin forms a meshwork that traps the ________ and forms the basis of the clot

A

RBCs

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21
Q

Within the hour, the clot begins to retract, squeezing ________ (plasma minus the clotting proteins) from the mass and pulling the ruptured edges of the blood vessel closer together.

A

serum

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22
Q

plasma minus the clotting proteins

A

serum

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23
Q

Normally, blood clots within ___ to ____ minutes.

A

3 to 6

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24
Q

Once these events of the clotting cascade were understood, it became clear that placing a _________ over a cut or applying _________ to a wound would speed up the clotting process.

A

sterile gauze
or
pressure

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25
Q

gauze provides a ________ to which the platelets can adhere, and the pressure _____ cells, increasing the release of tissue factor locally.

A

rough surface;
fractures

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26
Q

The two major disorders of hemosta-
sis— _______________ and ____________

A

undesirable clot formation
and
bleeding disorders

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27
Q

Despite the body’s safeguards against abnormal clotting, undesirable clots sometimes form in intact (unbroken) blood vessels, particularly in the ______.

A

legs

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28
Q

A clot that develops and persists in an unbroken blood vessel is called a _________

A

thrombus

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29
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

if the blockage forms in the blood vessels serving the heart (coronary thrombosis), the consequences may be death of heart muscle and a fatal heart attack.

A

TRUE

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30
Q

Smooth muscle contracts, causing _______.

A

vasoconstriction

31
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Injury to lining of vessel exposes collagen fibers; platelets adhere.

A

TRUE

32
Q

_______ release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky; platelet plug forms.

A

Platelets

33
Q

Clotting factors present in plasma and released by injured tissue cells interact with Ca? to form ________

A

thrombin

34
Q

the enzyme that catalyzes joining of fibrinogen molecules in plasma to fibrin

A

thrombin

35
Q

_______ forms a mesh that traps red blood cells and platelets, forming the clot.

A

Fibrin

36
Q

If a thrombus breaks away from the vessel wall and floats freely in the blood-stream, it becomes an _______

A

embolus

37
Q

An ________ is usually no problem unless or until it lodges in a blood vessel too narrow for it to pass through.

A

embolus

38
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Undesirable clotting may be caused by anything that roughens the endothelium of a blood vessel and encourages clinging of platelets, such as severe burns, physical blows, or an accumulation of fatty material.

A

TRUE

39
Q

___________, or __________, is another risk factor, especially in immobilized patients.

A

Slowly flowing blood
or
blood pooling

40
Q

True or False

A number of anticoagulants, the most important of which are aspirin, heparin, and dicumarol, are used clinically for thrombus-prone patients.

A

TRUE

41
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

The most common causes of abnormal bleeding are platelet deficiency (thrombocytopenia) and deficits of some of the clotting factors, such as might result from impaired liver function or certain genetic conditions.

A

TRUE

42
Q

results from insufficient number of circulating platelets

A

thrombocytopenia

43
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

even small movements cause spontaneous bleeding from small blood vessels

A

TRUE

44
Q

small purplish blotches that evidenced thrombocytopenia

A

petechiae

45
Q

Thrombocytopenia can arise from any condition that suppresses the ________, such as bone marrow cancer, radiation, or certain drugs

A

bone marrow

46
Q

(needed by the liver cells to produce the clotting factors)

A

vitamin K

47
Q

_________ applies to several different hereditary bleeding disorders that result from a lack of any of the factors needed for clotting.

A

hemophilia

48
Q

Commonly called “bleeder’s disease”

A

hemophilia

49
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

When a bleeding episode occurs, hemophiliacs are given a transfusion of fresh plasma or injections of the purified clotting factor they lack.

A

TRUE

50
Q

AIDS

A

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

51
Q

_______ is a condition of depressed immunity

A

AIDS

52
Q

Losses of _______ percent lead to pallor and weakness.

A

15 to 30

53
Q

Loss of ______ percent causes severe shock, which can be fatal.

A

over 30

54
Q

_________ are routinely given to replace substantial blood loss and to treat severe anemia or thrombocytopenia.

A

Whole blood transfusions

55
Q

The usual blood bank procedure involves collecting blood from a donor and mixing it with an ________ to prevent _______.

A

anticoagulant;
clotting

56
Q

The treated blood can be stored (refrigerated at _____, or _____) for about _____ until needed.

A

4°C or 39.2°F;
35 days

57
Q

True or False

The plasma membranes of RBCs, like those of all other body cells, bear genetically determined proteins (antigens), which identify each person as unique.

A

TRUE

58
Q

__________ is a substance that the body recognizes as foreign; it stimulates the immune system to release antibodies or use other means to mount a defense against it.

A

An antigen

59
Q

Binding of the antibodies causes the foreign RBCs to clump, a phenomenon called ______

A

agglutination

60
Q

a phenomenon which leads to the clogging of small blood vessels throughout the body.

A

agglutination

61
Q

*The RBC antigens that promote this clumping are sometimes called__________, and the antibodies that bind them together are called __________

A

agglutinogens;
agglutinins

62
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

There are over 30 common RBC antigens in humans, so each person’s blood cells can be classified into several different blood groups. However, it is the antigens of the ABO and Rh blood groups that cause the most vigorous transfusion reactions.
We describe these two blood groups here.

A

TRUE

63
Q

the ______ blood groups are based on which of two antigens, type A or type B, a person inherits.

A

ABO blood groups

64
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

Absence of both antigens results in type O blood, presence of both antigens leads to type AB, and the presence of either A or B antigen yields type A or B blood, respectively.

A

TRUE

65
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

In the ABO blood group, antibodies form during infancy against the ABO antigens not present on your own RBCs. As shown in the table, a baby with neither the A nor the B antigen (group 0) forms both anti-A and anti-B antibod-ies; those with type A antigens (group A) form anti-B antibodies, and so on.

A

TRUE

66
Q

The Rh blood groups are so named because one of the eight Rh antigens (agglutinogen D) was originally identified in _____________.

A

Rhesus monkeys

67
Q

rupture of RBCs

A

hemolysis

68
Q

In situations in which the fetal RBCs are destroyed at such a rapid rate that the immature infant liver cannot rid the body of hemoglobin breakdown products in the bile fast enough, the infant becomes _______

A

jaundiced

69
Q

This type of jaundice (sa baby) generally causes no major problems and is referred to as _________

A

physiologic jaundice

70
Q

_________ is especially common in women because of their monthly blood loss during menses.

A

Iron-deficiency anemia

71
Q

The young and the old are particularly at risk for ________

A

leukemia

72
Q

The elderly are particularly at risk for ______ because the stomach mucosa (which produces intrinsic factor) atrophies with age)

A

pernicious anemia

73
Q

helps treat severe anemia and thrombocytopenia

A

whole blood transfusion

PHARM 109 (6 decks)

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