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Human Anatomy Unit 4 - Lecture > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What organ system filters 200 liters of blood daily, removing toxins, metabolic wastes, excess ions, etc.?

A

urinary system

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2
Q

What organ system regulates volume and chemical makeup of the blood?

A

urinary system

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3
Q

What organ system maintains the proper balance between water and salts, and acids and bases?

A

urinary system

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4
Q

The urinary system is an important system for _________.

A

excretion

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5
Q

What is the term for the process of removing cellular waste from the body?

A

excretion

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6
Q

Excretion is also performed by other system such as the ________.

A

respiratory system

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7
Q

The respiratory system excretes….

A

CO2

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8
Q

The urinary system excretes….

A

urine

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9
Q

Is gluconeogenesis part of the renal function?

A

yes

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10
Q

Gluconeogensis occurs during…..

A

prolonged fasting

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11
Q

A renal function of production of renin increases…….

A

blood pressure and erythropoietin

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12
Q

What is the function of erythropoietin?

A

stimulate RBC production

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13
Q

Is activation of Vitamin D a renal function?

A

yes

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14
Q

Activation of vitamin D forms ________ to increase blood calcium.

A

calcitrol

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15
Q

What organ forms urine from blood substances and transports it to the ureters?

A

kidneys

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16
Q

What kidney structure prevents infection?

A

surrounding fibrous capsule

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17
Q

What structure transports urine from the kidneys to the bladder by peristalsis?

A

ureters

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18
Q

What organ stores urine?

A

urinary bladder

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19
Q

What structure transports urine from the bladder to outside the body?

A

urethra

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20
Q

Is the urinary system retroperioneal?

A

yes

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21
Q

What organ is a collapsible, smooth muscle sac?

A

urinary bladder

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22
Q

What muscle is the urinary bladder made of?

A

detrusor muscle

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23
Q

What epithelium is the urinary bladder lined with?

A

transitional epithelium

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24
Q

What area of the urinary bladder is a triangular area outlined by the openings for the ureters and the urethra?

A

trigone

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25
Q

What area of the urinary bladder is clinically important because infections tend to persist in this region?

A

trigone

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26
Q

Approximately _________ of systemic cardiac output flows through the kidneys each minute.

A

one-fourth (1200 mL)

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27
Q

Arterial flow into and ________ flow out of the kidneys follow similar paths.

A

venous

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28
Q

________ are only found on the nephron loop of juxtamedullary nephrons.

A

vasa recta

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29
Q

What structure in the kidney dips far down into the medulla and includes the vasa recta?

A

juxtamedullary nephrons

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30
Q

What is the name of the structural and functional unit that forms uine?

A

nephron

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31
Q

The nephron consists of what 2 major structures?

A

glomerulus
glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)

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32
Q

What nephron structure is a tuft of capillaries associated with a renal tubule?

A

glomerulus

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33
Q

What nephron structure is a cup-shaped end of a renal tubule that completely surrounds the glomerulus?

A

glomerular capsule (Bowman’s capsule)

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34
Q

What nephron structure includes the glomerulus and its bowman’s capsule (the combination)?

A

renal corpuscle

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35
Q

What is a fenestrated endothelium that allows solute-rich, virtually protein-free filtrate to pass from the blood into the glomerular capsule?

A

glomerular endothelium of the nephron

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36
Q

What do you call the filter that lies between the blood and the interior of the glomerular capsule?

A

nephron filtration membrane

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37
Q

The nephron filtration membrane is composed of how many layers?

A

3

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38
Q

The fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries is a part of the….

A

nephron filtration membrane

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39
Q

The visceral membrane of the glomerular capsule (podocytes) is a layer of the….

A

nephron filtration membrane

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40
Q

The basement membrane composed of fused basal laminae of the other layers is part of the….

A

nephron filtration membrane

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41
Q

Name the 3 parts of the nephron renal tubule.

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)
nephron loop (loop of Henle)
distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

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42
Q

What nephron structure is composed of cuboidal cells with numerous microvilli and mitochondria?

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

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43
Q

What nephron structure reabsorbs water and solutes from filtrate and secretes substances into it?

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

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44
Q

What nephron structure is a hairpin-shaped loop of the renal tubule?

A

nephron loop (loop of Henle)

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45
Q

The proximal part of the nephron loop is similar to the…..

A

proximal convoluted tubule (PCT)

46
Q

The proximal part of the nephron loop is followed by the thin segment made of….

A

simple squamous cells

47
Q

The proximal part of the nephron loop is followed by the thick segment made of….

A

cuboidal to columnar cells

48
Q

The descending limb of the nephron loops allows for…..

A

water reabsorption

49
Q

The ascending limb of the nephron loop allows for…..

A

NaCl reabsorption

50
Q

What nephron structure is made of cuboidal cells without microvilli that function more secretion than reabsorption?

A

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

51
Q

What structure in the kidneys forms urine?

A

nephrons

52
Q

How many nephrons (filtering stations) are found per kidney?

A

over 1 million

53
Q

What portion of the kidney is the location of blood filtration for blood coming in from the renal atery/arterioles?

A

renal corpuscle

54
Q

What is the term for filtration of blood plasma by the glomerular capillaries?

A

glomerular filtration

55
Q

Nephron filtrate will be modified to become….

A

urine

56
Q

Nephron filtrate is similar to blood plasma but lacks…..

A

large proteins

57
Q

What is the term for selective body reabsorption of substances such as water, amino acids, glucose etc. byt he kidney tubule back to blood?

A

tubular reabsorption

58
Q

In the nephron water is reabsorbed by….

A

osmosis

59
Q

All substances aside from water are reabsorbed by the nephron via….

A

diffusion
passive transport
active transport

60
Q

What is the term for rapid removal of toxins from blood plasma to the kidney tubule for removal through urine?

A

tubular secretion

61
Q

Ammonia and hydrogen ions are removed at the nephron via….

A

tubular secretion

62
Q

Ammonia is a byproduct of……

A

protein processing

63
Q

The liver detoxifies ammonia to form…

A

urea

64
Q

Urea is filtered out by the….

A

kidneys

65
Q

Urine flows from the renal pyramid via the …..

A

renal cortex and renal medulla

66
Q

Urine flows from the renal pyramid to the….

A

minor calyx

67
Q

Urine flows from the minor calyx to the….

A

major calyx

68
Q

Urine flows from the major calyx to the….

A

renal pelvis

69
Q

Urine flows from the renal pelvis to the….

A

ureter

70
Q

Urine flows from the ureter to the….

A

urinary bladder

71
Q

Urine flows from the urinary bladder to the….

A

urethra

72
Q

What is another term for urination?

A

micturition or diuresis

73
Q

Urination is a reflex controlled by the…..

A

spinal cord and pons

74
Q

How long is the male urethra?

A

~18 vm

75
Q

How long is the female urethra?

A

~4 cm

76
Q

The male urethra is a ____________ tube from urinary bladder to end of the penis.

A

fibromuscular

77
Q

The male urethra is lined with….

A

mucous membrane

78
Q

In the male, the nearby __________ may affect urination.

A

prostate gland

79
Q

The male internal urethral sphincter is made of what muscle?

A

smooth muscle

80
Q

In the male, the internal urethral sphincter is found at the….

A

base of the bladder

81
Q

The external urethral sphincter is made of what muscle?

A

skeletal muscle

82
Q

The external urethral sphincter is found at the…..

A

base of prostate gland

83
Q

Is the female urethra shorter than that of the male?

A

yes

83
Q

Can the location of the female urethra vary?

A

yes

83
Q

Can the female urethral opening be slightly inside the vaginal opening?

A

yes

84
Q

In the female, the internal urethral sphincter is found at the….

A

base of the bladder

85
Q

In the female, the external urethral sphincter is located….

A

about halfway down the urethra

86
Q

How much urine is excreted per day?

A

0.6-2.5 liters

87
Q

Is more than typical urine excreted with diuretics?

A

yes

88
Q

What is the normal color of urine?

A

clear to amber

89
Q

What is another term for the color of urine?

A

urochrome pigment

90
Q

What kind of odor does urine have?

A

acidic

91
Q

What is the normal pH range of urine?

A

4.5-8.0

92
Q

What is the average pH range of urine?

A

5.5-6.5

93
Q

The wide range of urine pH may prevent….

A

kidney stones (renal calculi)

94
Q

What bodily fluid is composed of water, urea, salts & minerals; very small amounts of albumin protein and blood or body cells?

A

urine

95
Q

Should a healthy person be dumping nutrients or any other substances that are needed by the body into urine?

A

no

96
Q

Where does the hormone aldosterone originate from?

A

adrenal glands

97
Q

Aldosterone causes reabsorption of….

A

Na+ and corresponding water

98
Q

When reabsorbing Na+ and corresponding water due to aldosterone in the kidneys this occurs at the….

A

distal convoluted tubule (DCT)

99
Q

What hormone increases blood pressure and results in concentrated (darker) urine?

A

aldosterone

100
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) originates from the…..

A

pituitary gland

101
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the DCT and collecting duct to cause…

A

water reabsorption

102
Q

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) acts on the DCT and collecting duct to prevent…

A

dehydration

103
Q

Does action of the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) result in concentrated urine?

A

yes

104
Q

Dark urine is an indication of ________ in the body.

A

dehydration

105
Q

The interlobular artery/vein can also be called…

A

cortical radiate artery/vein

106
Q

What does the term fenestrated mean?

A

That something has holes in it.

107
Q

Define reabsorption (as referring to the kidneys).

A

Moving substances from filtrate to blood

108
Q

Define secretion (as referring to the kidneys).

A

Moving substances from blood to filtrate.

109
Q
A

Human Anatomy Unit 4 - Lecture (5 decks)

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