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Human Anatomy Unit 4 - Lecture > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

The endocrine system is composed of __________ that secrete hormones (chemical messengers) into the internal body.

A

ductless glands

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2
Q

Hormones released by the ductless glands of the endocrine system act on very specific receptors of ___________.

A

target cells

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3
Q

The hormones produced by the endocrine system help regulate ___________.

A

metabolic processes

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4
Q

Do hormones produced by the endocrine system have longer effects than the nervous system?

A

Yes

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5
Q

When hormones are secreted by the endocrine system they pass through ____________ into the bloodstream.

A

membranes

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6
Q

Is hormone secretion in the endocrine system precisely regulated?

A

yes

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7
Q

Hormones secreted by the endocrine system are continually excreted in ________ and broken down by certain enzymes.

A

urine

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8
Q

Name the 2 main types of hormones.

A

steroids (lipid)
peptides (protein)

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9
Q

What type of hormone is a complex, ring shaped lipid molecule derived from cholesterol?

A

steroid (lipid)

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10
Q

Steroid-type hormones enter the nucleus of target cells to __________.

A

activate genes

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11
Q

Activation of genes by hormones is also called…..

A

direct gene activation

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12
Q

What type of hormone involves
larger molecules that bind to receptors on the target cell membrane without entering
cell?

A

peptide (protein)

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13
Q

Peptide (protein) hormones cause second messengers within cells to make ___________.

A

functional changes

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14
Q

In the endocrine system, what within the cell initiates molecular reactions that change the physiological state of the cell?

A

second messengers

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15
Q

Are hormones first or second messengers of the endocrine system?

A

first

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16
Q

What is the name of the 3rd type of hormone category that can also be a neurotransmitter?

A

biogenic amine

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17
Q

What category of hormones includes epinephrine, norepinephrine and thyroid hormone?

A

biogenic amine

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18
Q

Biogenic amines are made of…..

A

modified amino acids

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19
Q

Do many biogenic amines function in the nervous system as neurotransmitters?

A

yes

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20
Q

What 2 systems control blood levels of hormones?

A

negative feedback systems
positive feedback systems

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21
Q

Does the negative feedback or positive feedback system control most hormones?

A

negative feedback system

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22
Q

Which feedback system controls only a few hormones?

A

positive feedback system

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23
Q

Within the negative feedback system blood hormone levels vary within a _________ desirable range.

A

narrow

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24
Q

In which feedback system is hormone release decreased when hormone level is high in the blood?

A

negative feedback system

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25
Q

Which feedback system allows for great range of variation in hormone blood levels?

A

positive feedback system

26
Q

In what feedback system is hormone release increased when hormone level is high in the blood?

A

positive feedback system

27
Q

What brain structure regulates most endocrine activity?

A

hypothalamus

28
Q

The hypothalamus regulates the _________ gland.

A

pituitary

29
Q

The hypothalamus sends a chemical stimulus to the ____________

A

anterior pituitary

30
Q

Hypothalamic releasing hormones stimulate the synthesis and release of ______________

A

pituitary hormones

31
Q

Hypothalamic inhibiting hormones shit off the synthesis and release of _________

A

pituitary hormones

32
Q

What is another name for the pituitary gland?

A

hypophysis

33
Q

What organ is a two-lobed organ in the brain that secretes nine major hormones?

A

pituitary gland

34
Q

Which pituitary gland lobe is the posterior lobe and the infundibulum?

A

neurohypophysis

35
Q

The posterior lobe of the pituitary gland is made of….

A

neural tissue

36
Q

The infundibulum of the pituitary gland is the……

A

stem

37
Q

What lobe of the pituitary gland receives, stores, and releases 2 hormones from the hypothalamus?

A

neurohypophysis

38
Q

What is the name of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

adenohypophysis

39
Q

What lobe of the pituitary gland is made up of glandular tissue?

A

adenohypophysis

40
Q

What lobe of the pituitary gland synthesizes and secretes 7 hormones that regulate other endocrine glands?

A

adenohypophysis

41
Q

What is the largest endocrine gland?

A

thyroid

42
Q

Which endocrine gland is located in the anterior neck?

A

thyroid

43
Q

The thyroid hormone, the body’s major metabolic hormone, secreted by the thyroid gland consists of……

A

T3 & T4

44
Q

The thyroid is stimulated by the _________ through the anterior pituitary gland.

A

hypothalamus

45
Q

What hormone stimulates the thyroid?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

46
Q

What structure is located on the posterior side of the thyroid gland?

A

parathyroid gland

47
Q

What hormone is released by the parathyroid glands?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH) aka. parathormone

48
Q

What is the function of parathyroid hormone (PTH) aka. parathormone?

A

regulation of blood calcium

49
Q

What is the parathyroid gland stimulated by?

A

low blood calcium levels

50
Q

What hormone stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone and move calcium to the blood?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH) aka. parathormone

51
Q

What hormone stimulates the kidneys to prevent calcium loss in the urine?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH) aka. parathormone

52
Q

What hormone stimulates the intestines to absorb calcium from food?

A

parathyroid hormone (PTH) aka. parathormone

53
Q

What endocrine structure is a paired, pyramid-shaped organ on top of the kidneys that deal with stress?

A

adrenal glands

54
Q

The cortex of what organ produces corticosteroids that control sugar, salt, and sex hormone levles?

A

adrenal glands

55
Q

The medulla of the adrenal glands produces what 2 hormones?

A

adrenaline (epinephrine)
noradrenaline (norepinephrine)

56
Q

What endocrine organ is located posterior to the stomach?

A

pancreas

57
Q

What, within the pancreas, produces hormones to modify blood sugar?

A

pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

58
Q

What is the pancreas simulated by?

A

sugar levels within the blood

59
Q

What other (5) organ groups secrete additional hormones (aside from the major endocrine organs)?

A

reproductive organs
digestive organs
cardiovascular organs
lymphatic organs
urinary organs

60
Q

Do organs of the reproductive, digestive, cardiovascular, lymphatic, and urinary organs help regulate blood contents, blood pressure, sexual development/functions, immune functions, digestive functions, metabolism, etc.?

A

yes

61
Q

What gland is also known as the “master gland”?

A

pituitary gland

Human Anatomy Unit 4 - Lecture (5 decks)

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