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Human Anatomy Unit 4 - Lecture > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

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1
Q

The reproductive system produces sex cells called….

A

gametes

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2
Q

What is the term for cell division resulting in 2 diploid body cells that each have 46 (2N) chromosomes?

A

mitosis

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3
Q

What do you call cell division resulting in 4 haploid gametes (sperm or egg cells) that each have 23 (N) chromosomes?

A

meiosis

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4
Q

What process results in 4 functional sperm cells?

A

spermatogenesis

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5
Q

What process results in 1 functional egg cell due to disproportionate cytoplasmic division?

A

oogenesis

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6
Q

Spermatogenesis occurs within ________ of the testes.

A

seminiferous tubules

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7
Q

Oogenesis occurs within follicles of the ________.

A

ovary

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8
Q

What structure is the skin enclosing testes, blood vessels and nerves, and muscles for temperature regulation?

A

scrotum

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9
Q

What are the 2 muscles found in the scrotum for temperature regulation?

A

dartos
cremaster

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10
Q

What structure produces sperm cells in seminiferous tubules?

A

testes

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11
Q

What structure produces hormones in interstitial cells surrounding the seminiferous tubules?

A

testes

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12
Q

What structure stores sperm cells for maturation?

A

epididymis

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13
Q

What structure is the lower abdominal area where testes descend into the scrotum?

A

inguinal canal

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14
Q

What structure transports sperm from epididymis to ejaculatory duct?

A

ductus deferens/vas deferens

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15
Q

What muscle movement in the vas deferens is uses in transportation of sperm from epididymis to the ejaculatory duct?

A

smooth muscle peristalsis

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16
Q

What structure within the penis has 2 dorsal portions and is made of columns of erectile tissue?

A

corpora cavernosa

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17
Q

What penile structure is a single ventral column of erectile tissue?

A

corpus spongiosum

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18
Q

What structure surrounds the glans penis as a sheath?

A

prepuce/foreskin

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19
Q

What penile structure transports urine and semen?

A

urethra

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20
Q

The penis is always described anatomically with respect to what position?

A

erect position

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21
Q

An ejaculate contains an average of ______ mL of semen.

A

2-5 mL

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22
Q

An ejaculate contains an average of _______ sperm.

A

300 million

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23
Q

What structure houses follicles that encase eggs?

A

ovary

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24
Q

What is the name of the blood clot that fills the follicle pit after ovulation?

A

corpus hemorrhagicum (CH)

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25
Q

What replaces the corpus hemorrhagicum (CH) in the ovaries?

A

corpus luteum

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26
Q

What is a white scar that is left when corpus luteum cells die?

A

corpus albicans

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27
Q

What structure transport the egg from the ovary to the uterus and serves as the site of fertilization?

A

uterine tubes aka. oviducts aka. fallopian tubes

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28
Q

The uterine tubes aka. oviducts aka. fallopian tubes are lined with what muscle?

A

smooth muscle

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29
Q

The uterine tubes aka. oviducts aka. fallopian tubes are lined with what epithelium?

A

ciliated columnar epithelium

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30
Q

The smooth muscle and epithelium within the uterine tubes aka. oviducts aka. fallopian tubes aid in…..

A

gamete transport

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31
Q

Is it dangerous if an embryo implants at the uterine tubes aka. oviducts aka. fallopian tubes?

A

yes

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32
Q

What is the inner lining of the uterus called?

A

endometrium

33
Q

What is the name of the walls of smooth muscle in the uterus?

A

myometrium

34
Q

What inferior structure is the opening to the vagina?

A

cervix

35
Q

What portion of the uterus superior portion?

A

fundus

36
Q

What is the name of the female sex orifice and birth canal?

A

vagina

37
Q

What muscle is found in the vagina?

A

smooth muscle

38
Q

The vagina is lined with what epithelium?

A

stratified squamous epithelium

39
Q

In the vulva what structure is part of the urinary system?

A

external urethral orifice

40
Q

In the vulva what structure is part of the reproductive system?

A

vaginal orifice

41
Q

What structure in the vulva is an erectile structure for sexual stimulation?

A

clitoris

42
Q

What structure within the vulva covers and protects the external genitalia?

A

labia majora

43
Q

What structure within the vulva covers the clitoris?

A

labia minora

44
Q

What structure stretches (or tears) during birth to accommodate passage of the child?

A

perineum tissue

45
Q

What structure may be cut by a physician to during childbirth to avoid uneven tearing of skin, which is difficult to stitch?

A

perineum tissue

46
Q

What is the term for the procedure in which a physician cuts the perineum?

A

episiotomy

47
Q

During fertilization sperm fertilizes the egg in the oviduct, typically in the ______

A

ampulla

48
Q

Fertilization occurs near day ______ of the menstrual cycle in a typical 28-day cycle.

A

14

49
Q

What structure is gelatinous and noncelullar, and immediately surrounds the egg?

A

zona pellucia

50
Q

An egg has about 3000 diploid cells surrounding the egg and zona pellucida, these cells are called…

A

corona radiata cells

51
Q

Sperm ____ releases chemicals to penetrate the layers of the egg.

A

acrosome

52
Q

What chemical destroys the corona radiata in sperm but requires involvement of many sperm?

A

hyaluronidase

53
Q

What chemical penetrates the zona pellucia only in a successful sperm cell?

A

acrosin

54
Q

What kind of twins come from 2 different eggs that are released & fertilized separately, usually due to high hormone levels?

A

fraternal aka. dizygotic

55
Q

What kind of twins come from a single embryo what splits, usually at the time of uterine implantation due to a weak zona pellucia?

A

identical aka. monozygotic

56
Q

How many milk ducts open at the nipple?

A

15-20

57
Q

Does breast size predict mulk production rates?

A

no

58
Q

Milk production & release is controlled by what 2 hormones?

A

prolactin
oxytocin

59
Q

In females, what hormone stimulates
ovarian follicle (egg) production and estrogen release?

A

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

60
Q

In males, what hormone stimulates sperm production?

A

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone)

61
Q

Fraternal twins are often a result of hight female…..

A

FSH (Follicle Stimulating Hormone) levels

62
Q

What hormone, in females, stimulates
follicle production, estrogen release, egg release into Fallopian tubes, and progesterone release?

A

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

63
Q

What hormone, in males, stimulates
testosterone secretion?

A

LH (Luteinizing Hormone)

64
Q

What hormones are considered a “male hormones”, but is found in small amounts in females?

A

androgens

65
Q

What hormones cause secondary sex
characteristics, as well as bone and muscle maintenance?

A

andreogens

66
Q

Testosterone produced in the testes while other androgens come from the…..

A

liver and adrenal glands

67
Q

Are androgens potentially dangerous when used for muscle enhancement?

A

yes

68
Q

Estrogens are also known as…

A

Estradiols

69
Q

What hormone group is known as “female hormones”, but males have small
amounts of them?

A

Estrogens aka. Estradiols

70
Q

What hormones cause secondary sex
characteristics, menstrual cycling, are involved in bone and muscle maintenance, blood clotting, fat storage?

A

Estrogens aka. Estradiols

71
Q

What hormone levels are decreased after
menopause?

A

Estrogens aka. Estradiols

72
Q

What female hormone is involved in the menstrual cycle and prepares for and maintains pregnancy?

A

progesterone

73
Q

What hormone prevents uterine contracitons?

A

progesterone

74
Q

The sudden drop of what hormone causes pregnancy and causes miscarriage?

A

progesterone

75
Q

During what days of the menstrual cycle are all hormones low, and blood and tissue is discharged from the uterus?

A

days 1-7

76
Q

During what days of the menstrual cycle is characterized by estrogen levels increase, follicle and uterine lining development?

A

days 7-14

77
Q

What day of the menstrual cycle is characterized by LH peaks that cause ovulation, and a decline in estrogen?

A

day 14

78
Q

What days of the menstrual cycle is characterized by LH decline, and estrogen and progesterone increase?

A

days 14-21

79
Q

What days of the menstrual cycle are characterized by a decline in all hormones?

A

days 21-28

Human Anatomy Unit 4 - Lecture (5 decks)

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