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ANAPHY > URINARY SYSTEM > Flashcards

URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards

1
Q

the kidneys are situated at the level of the __________

A

T12 TO L3
VERTEBRAE

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2
Q

the kidneys are situated against the dorsal body wall in a ___________

A

RETROPERITONEAL POSITION

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3
Q

a medial indentation where several structures enter or exit the kidney

A

RENAL HILUM

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4
Q

three protective layers enclose the kidney

A
  • FIBROUS CAPSULE encloses each kidney
  • PERIRENAL FAT CAPSULE surrounds the kidney and cushions against blows
  • RENAL FASCIA is the most superficial layer that anchors the kidney and adrenal gland to surrounding structures
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5
Q

three regions

A
  • RENAL CORTEX
  • RENAL MEDULLA
  • RENAL PELVIS
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6
Q

three regions

A
  • RENAL CORTEX
  • RENAL MEDULLA
  • RENAL PELVIS
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7
Q

each kidney contains approximately 1 to 1.5 million functional units
called _________

A

NEPHRONS

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8
Q

makes up approximately 85% of
nephrons; they are responsible primarily for removal of waste products
and reabsorption of nutrients

A

CORTICAL NEPHRONS

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9
Q

have longer loops of Henle that
extend deep into the medulla of the kidney. Their primary
function is the concentration of the urine

A

JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS

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10
Q

renal functions:

A

▪ RENAL BLOOD FLOW
▪ GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
▪ TUBULAR REABSORPTION
▪ TUBULAR SECRETION

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11
Q

blood enters the capillaries of the nephron through the __________

it then flows through the ________
and into the ___________

A

AFFERENT
ARTERIOLE

GLOMERULUS

EFFERENT ARTERIOLE

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12
Q

blood from the efferent arteriole enters
the ___________

A

PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES AND THE VASA RECTA

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13
Q

each nephron consists of two main structures:

A
  1. RENAL CORPUSCLE
  2. RENAL TUBULE
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14
Q

renal corpuscle consists of:

A
  • GLOMERULUS
  • GLOMERULAR (BOWMAN’S) CAPSULE
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15
Q

a knot of capillaries made of podocytes

A

GLOMERULUS

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16
Q

is a cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus

A

GLOMERULAR (BOWMAN’S) CAPSULE

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17
Q

the subdivisions of the renal tubule are:

A
  1. PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (PCT)
  2. NEPHRON LOOP (LOOP OF HENLE)
  3. DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (DCT)
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18
Q

water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced
through glomerular capillary walls

A

GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

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19
Q

the peritubular capillaries reabsorb useful substances
from the renal tubule cell

A

TUBULAR REABSORPTION

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20
Q

most reabsorption occurs in the _______

A

PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED
TUBULE

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21
Q

reabsorption in reverse
/ some materials move from the blood of the peritubular
capillaries into the renal tubules to be eliminated in filtrate

A

TUBULAR SECRETION

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22
Q

end product of protein breakdown

A

UREA

23
Q

results from nucleic acid metabolism

A

URIC ACID

24
Q

associated with creatine metabolism in
muscles

A

CREATININE

25
Q

contains everything that blood plasma does

A

FILTRATE

26
Q

is what remains after the filtrate has lost most of its water, nutrients, and necessary ions through reabsorption

A

URINE

27
Q

yellow color is normal and due to the pigment

A

UROCHROME

28
Q

solutes normally found in urine:

A

• SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IONS
• UREA, URIC ACID, CREATININE
• AMMONIA
• BICARBONATE IONS

29
Q

slender tubes 25–30 cm (10–12 inches) attaching the kidney to
the urinary bladder

A

URETER

30
Q

aids gravity in urine transport

A

PERISTALSIS

31
Q

stores urine temporarily

A

URINARY BLADDER

32
Q

triangular region of the urinary bladder base based
on three openings

A

TRIGONE

33
Q

wall of the urinary bladder /
three layers of smooth muscle collectively called _________

A

DETRUSOR MUSCLE

34
Q

thin-walled tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to
the outside of the body by peristalsis

A

URETHRA

35
Q

involuntary and made of smooth muscle

A

INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER

36
Q

sensitive cells in the hypothalamus that
become more active in reaction to small changes in plasma
solute concentration

A

OSMORECEPTORS

37
Q

prevents excessive water loss in the urine and increases water reabsorption

A

ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

38
Q

helps regulate blood
composition and blood volume by acting on the kidney

A

ALDOSTERONE

39
Q

most important trigger for aldosterone release

A

RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN MECHANISM

40
Q

most important trigger for aldosterone release
/ mediated by the _________

A

JUXTAGLOMERULAR (JG) APPARATUS

41
Q

causes vasoconstriction and aldosterone
release

A

ANGIOTENSIN II

42
Q

are proton (H+) donors

A

ACIDS

43
Q

are proton (H+) acceptors

A

BASES

44
Q

three major chemical buffer systems:

A
  1. BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEM
  2. PHOSPHATE BUFFER SYSTEM
  3. PROTEIN BUFFER SYSTEM
45
Q

mixture of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and sodium bicarbonate
(NaHCO3)

A

BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEM

46
Q

respiratory rate can rise, and fall depending on changing
blood pH to retain CO2
(decreasing the blood pH) or
remove CO2
(increasing the blood pH)

A

RESPIRATORY MECHANISMS

47
Q

a bacterium, accounts for 80
percent of UTIs

A

ESCHERICHIA COLI (E. COLI)

48
Q

feeling that it is necessary to void

A

URGENCY

49
Q

frequent voiding of small amounts of urine

A

FREQUENCY

50
Q

need to get up during the night to urinate

A

NOCTURIA

51
Q

loss of control

A

INCONTINENCE

52
Q

common in males, often the result of hypertrophy of the prostate gland

A

URINARY RETENTION

53
Q

mucosa made of

A

TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM

ANAPHY (7 decks)

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