URINARY SYSTEM Flashcards
the kidneys are situated at the level of the __________
T12 TO L3
VERTEBRAE
the kidneys are situated against the dorsal body wall in a ___________
RETROPERITONEAL POSITION
a medial indentation where several structures enter or exit the kidney
RENAL HILUM
three protective layers enclose the kidney
- FIBROUS CAPSULE encloses each kidney
- PERIRENAL FAT CAPSULE surrounds the kidney and cushions against blows
- RENAL FASCIA is the most superficial layer that anchors the kidney and adrenal gland to surrounding structures
three regions
- RENAL CORTEX
- RENAL MEDULLA
- RENAL PELVIS
three regions
- RENAL CORTEX
- RENAL MEDULLA
- RENAL PELVIS
each kidney contains approximately 1 to 1.5 million functional units
called _________
NEPHRONS
makes up approximately 85% of
nephrons; they are responsible primarily for removal of waste products
and reabsorption of nutrients
CORTICAL NEPHRONS
have longer loops of Henle that
extend deep into the medulla of the kidney. Their primary
function is the concentration of the urine
JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS
renal functions:
▪ RENAL BLOOD FLOW
▪ GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
▪ TUBULAR REABSORPTION
▪ TUBULAR SECRETION
blood enters the capillaries of the nephron through the __________
it then flows through the ________
and into the ___________
AFFERENT
ARTERIOLE
GLOMERULUS
EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
blood from the efferent arteriole enters
the ___________
PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES AND THE VASA RECTA
each nephron consists of two main structures:
- RENAL CORPUSCLE
- RENAL TUBULE
renal corpuscle consists of:
- GLOMERULUS
- GLOMERULAR (BOWMAN’S) CAPSULE
a knot of capillaries made of podocytes
GLOMERULUS
is a cup-shaped structure that surrounds the glomerulus
GLOMERULAR (BOWMAN’S) CAPSULE
the subdivisions of the renal tubule are:
- PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (PCT)
- NEPHRON LOOP (LOOP OF HENLE)
- DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (DCT)
water and solutes smaller than proteins are forced
through glomerular capillary walls
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
the peritubular capillaries reabsorb useful substances
from the renal tubule cell
TUBULAR REABSORPTION
most reabsorption occurs in the _______
PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED
TUBULE
reabsorption in reverse
/ some materials move from the blood of the peritubular
capillaries into the renal tubules to be eliminated in filtrate
TUBULAR SECRETION
end product of protein breakdown
UREA
results from nucleic acid metabolism
URIC ACID
associated with creatine metabolism in
muscles
CREATININE
contains everything that blood plasma does
FILTRATE
is what remains after the filtrate has lost most of its water, nutrients, and necessary ions through reabsorption
URINE
yellow color is normal and due to the pigment
UROCHROME
solutes normally found in urine:
• SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IONS
• UREA, URIC ACID, CREATININE
• AMMONIA
• BICARBONATE IONS
slender tubes 25–30 cm (10–12 inches) attaching the kidney to
the urinary bladder
URETER
aids gravity in urine transport
PERISTALSIS
stores urine temporarily
URINARY BLADDER
triangular region of the urinary bladder base based
on three openings
TRIGONE
wall of the urinary bladder /
three layers of smooth muscle collectively called _________
DETRUSOR MUSCLE
thin-walled tube that carries urine from the urinary bladder to
the outside of the body by peristalsis
URETHRA
involuntary and made of smooth muscle
INTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER
sensitive cells in the hypothalamus that
become more active in reaction to small changes in plasma
solute concentration
OSMORECEPTORS
prevents excessive water loss in the urine and increases water reabsorption
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)
helps regulate blood
composition and blood volume by acting on the kidney
ALDOSTERONE
most important trigger for aldosterone release
RENIN-ANGIOTENSIN MECHANISM
most important trigger for aldosterone release
/ mediated by the _________
JUXTAGLOMERULAR (JG) APPARATUS
causes vasoconstriction and aldosterone
release
ANGIOTENSIN II
are proton (H+) donors
ACIDS
are proton (H+) acceptors
BASES
three major chemical buffer systems:
- BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEM
- PHOSPHATE BUFFER SYSTEM
- PROTEIN BUFFER SYSTEM
mixture of carbonic acid (H2CO3) and sodium bicarbonate
(NaHCO3)
BICARBONATE BUFFER SYSTEM
respiratory rate can rise, and fall depending on changing
blood pH to retain CO2
(decreasing the blood pH) or
remove CO2
(increasing the blood pH)
RESPIRATORY MECHANISMS
a bacterium, accounts for 80
percent of UTIs
ESCHERICHIA COLI (E. COLI)
feeling that it is necessary to void
URGENCY
frequent voiding of small amounts of urine
FREQUENCY
need to get up during the night to urinate
NOCTURIA
loss of control
INCONTINENCE
common in males, often the result of hypertrophy of the prostate gland
URINARY RETENTION
mucosa made of
TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
