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Anaphy Finals (Lecture) > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical responsible for the foul smell of urine

A

Ammonia

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2
Q

Chemical responsible for the yellow pigmentation of urine

A

Urobilin

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3
Q

When the urinary system regulates blood pH, it regulates the release of what?

A

Hydrogen ions

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4
Q

High concentration of dissolved substances in blood means what?

A

More viscous blood

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5
Q

Low concentration of dissolved substances in blood means what?

A

Less viscous blood

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6
Q

Refers to the active form of Vitamin D

A

Calcitriol

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7
Q

Refers to the protein essential for blood production

A

Erythropoietin

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8
Q

Urinary organ where blood is cleaned and filtered

A

Kidney

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9
Q

Vertebral reference point of the kidneys

A

Between T12 to L3

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10
Q

Refers to the attachment point of the kidneys to the ureter, veins, and arteries

A

Renal Hilum

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11
Q

Layer of fat used for insulation and protection of the kidney

A

Adipose Capsule

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12
Q

The outermost covering of the kidney that contains dense connective tissue which helps maintain the shape of the kidney

A

Renal Capsule

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13
Q

The “bark” of the kidney

A

Renal Cortex

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14
Q

The deeper portion of the kidney underneath the cortex

A

Renal Medulla

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15
Q

A normal kidney houses up to how many minor calyxes?

A

8

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16
Q

A normal kidney houses up to how many major calyxes?

A

2-3

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17
Q

Organ that brings the fluid from the kidneys to the bladder

A

Ureters

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18
Q

Ureters use what type of movement to move the fluid down to the bladder and to avoid back flow?

A

Peristaltic movement

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19
Q

T or F: When the bladder increases in size, the ureters begin to open more

A

False (they close to avoid more fluid coming into the bladder)

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20
Q

Organ that acts as the reservoir for urine

A

Bladder

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21
Q

Part of the bladder that allows it to expand and increase surface area

A

Rugae

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22
Q

Triangular portion of the bladder where the ureteral openings connect

A

Trigone

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23
Q

What is the involuntary muscle that squeezes the urine out to the urethra?

A

Detrussor Muscles

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24
Q

T or F: Detrussor muscles are involuntary

A

True

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25
T or F: The internal urethral sphincter is voluntary while the external is involuntary
False Internal sphincter - involuntary External sphincter - voluntary
26
It is the functional unit of the kidneys; where filtration and reabsorption occurs
Nephrons
27
Type of nephron that is found in the cortex, it also contains the majority of the nephrons (80-85%)
Cortical Nephrons
28
T or F: Cortical Nephrons have long loops
False (they have short loops)
29
Type of nephron that is found in the medulla, it also makes up 15-20% of nephrons in the kidneys
Juxtamedullary Nephrons
30
Ball-shaped part connecting to the nephrons where waste products are filtered and become urine
Renal Corpuscle
31
Refers to the filtration membrane of the renal corpuscle
Podocyte cell processes
32
Part of the renal corpuscle where blood plasma filtration mainly happens
Glomerulus
33
The renal tubule loop which has both a thin and thick part
Descending Loop of Henle
34
Refers to the movement of materials across the filtration membrane into the glomerulus
Filtration
35
What percentage of plasma becomes filtrate?
19%
36
On average, how many liters of filtrate are produced each day?
180L
37
What percentage of filtrate becomes urine?
Only 1% (1.8L)
38
Describes the movement of fluids from the filtration membranes into the Bowman’s Capsule
Total filtration pressure
39
Formula for total filtration pressure
Glomerular Filtration Pressure - Bowman's Capsular Pressure - Colloid Osmotic Pressure GFP - BCP - COP
40
The blood pressure within the glomerulus which moves the fluid towards the Bowman’s capsule
Glomerular Filtration Pressure
41
The blood pressure that moves the fluid inside the Bowman’s capsule towards the blood vessels inside the glomerulus
Bowman's Capsular Pressure
42
The blood pressure that moves the fluid from the capsule into the blood by a concentration difference in proteins via osmosis
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
43
Refers to when solutes are reabsorbed across the nephron walls into the interstitial fluid
Tubular Reabsorption
44
What percentage of filtrate is reabsorbed?
99%
45
Where is the primary site of reabsorption?
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
46
Where is the site of filtrate concentration?
Descending Loop of Henle
47
T or F: The descending loop is impermeable to water
False (the descending loop is permeable which allows water to freely diffuse there while the ascending loop is impermeable)
48
What percentage of water and solutes are reabsorbed from the distal tubule and collecting ducts?
19%
49
Refers to when metabolism waste products are taken out from the nephron
Tubular Secretion
50
Which chemical passively diffuses into the lumen of the nephron?
Ammonia
51
What chemicals actively diffuse into the lumen of the nephron?
Histamine and Creatinine
52
What is formed when kidney reabsorption cannot keep up with the supersaturation of ions in the blood?
Kidney stones
53
What percentage of nephron function declares a person having kidney failure?
Less than 15%
54
During kidney failure, what protein metabolism waste accumulates in the blood?
Creatinine
55
This acts as an artificial kidney which filters the waste material in the urinary system
Hemodialysis Machine
56
RAAS stands for?
Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System
57
The RAAS is a regulation response to what?
Low Blood Pressure
58
Angiotensin 2 helps in raising the BP by inducing what?
Vasoconstriction
59
What is the effect on the filtration rate when aldosterone gets released?
Increases the active transport of Na ions into the tubules
60
Net effect of the RAAS system
Increased BP and BV but decreased urine output
61
ADH stands for?
Anti Diuretic Hormone
62
The ADH is a regulation response to what?
Low blood pressure
63
ADH is released by what gland?
Posterior pituitary
64
Net effect of ADH
Increased water retention (maintained BP and BV) but decreased urine output
65
T or F: Higher ADH levels cause the release of concentrated urine
True
66
T or F: Lower ADH levels cause the release of highly concentrated urine
False (lower ADH levels mean that water retention is weak therefore more water gets mixed into the urine producing a more dilute substance)
67
ANH stands for?
Anti Natriuretic Hormone
68
The ANH mechanism is a regulation response to?
High Blood pressure
69
Where is ANH secreted from?
Cardiac muscle cells in the right atrium
70
Net effect of the ANH mechanism?
Decreased BP and BV but increased urine output
71
T or F: If sodium molecules are absorbed, water will not
False ("water follows sodium molecules”)
72
The ureters and urinary bladder are lined with what kind of epithelium?
Transitional
73
The bladder can hold up to how many liters of urine?
1L
74
T or F: Only males possess the internal urinary sphincter
True
75
An automatic reflex that is activated by the stretch of the urinary bladder wall
Micturition Reflex
76
T or F: The bladder contracts due to sympathetic action potentials
False (parasympathetic)
77
T or F: Alcohol and Coffee increase ADH levels
False (these substances make you urinate more because they decrease ADH levels)
78
T or F: Females are the most common demographic to develop UTIs
True (due to shorter urethras which makes it more susceptible to bacterial infections)
79
T or F: Prostatic hypertrophy doesn't affect the urethral openings
False (it can press down on the urethra which causes pain during urination)
80
T or F: Urine should contain protein, glucose, and RBCs
False (it should NOT contain any of these)
81
Normal urine should range from this pH scale
4.5 to 8
82
The presence of bacteria in the urine should only be up to what value per HPF?
10

Anaphy Finals (Lecture) (4 decks)

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