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Anaphy Finals (Lecture) > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

Chemical responsible for the foul smell of urine

A

Ammonia

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2
Q

Chemical responsible for the yellow pigmentation of urine

A

Urobilin

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3
Q

When the urinary system regulates blood pH, it regulates the release of what?

A

Hydrogen ions

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4
Q

High concentration of dissolved substances in blood means what?

A

More viscous blood

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5
Q

Low concentration of dissolved substances in blood means what?

A

Less viscous blood

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6
Q

Refers to the active form of Vitamin D

A

Calcitriol

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7
Q

Refers to the protein essential for blood production

A

Erythropoietin

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8
Q

Urinary organ where blood is cleaned and filtered

A

Kidney

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9
Q

Vertebral reference point of the kidneys

A

Between T12 to L3

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10
Q

Refers to the attachment point of the kidneys to the ureter, veins, and arteries

A

Renal Hilum

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11
Q

Layer of fat used for insulation and protection of the kidney

A

Adipose Capsule

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12
Q

The outermost covering of the kidney that contains dense connective tissue which helps maintain the shape of the kidney

A

Renal Capsule

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13
Q

The “bark” of the kidney

A

Renal Cortex

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14
Q

The deeper portion of the kidney underneath the cortex

A

Renal Medulla

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15
Q

A normal kidney houses up to how many minor calyxes?

A

8

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16
Q

A normal kidney houses up to how many major calyxes?

A

2-3

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17
Q

Organ that brings the fluid from the kidneys to the bladder

A

Ureters

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18
Q

Ureters use what type of movement to move the fluid down to the bladder and to avoid back flow?

A

Peristaltic movement

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19
Q

T or F: When the bladder increases in size, the ureters begin to open more

A

False (they close to avoid more fluid coming into the bladder)

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20
Q

Organ that acts as the reservoir for urine

A

Bladder

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21
Q

Part of the bladder that allows it to expand and increase surface area

A

Rugae

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22
Q

Triangular portion of the bladder where the ureteral openings connect

A

Trigone

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23
Q

What is the involuntary muscle that squeezes the urine out to the urethra?

A

Detrussor Muscles

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24
Q

T or F: Detrussor muscles are involuntary

A

True

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25
Q

T or F: The internal urethral sphincter is voluntary while the external is involuntary

A

False

Internal sphincter - involuntary
External sphincter - voluntary

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26
Q

It is the functional unit of the kidneys; where filtration and reabsorption occurs

A

Nephrons

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27
Q

Type of nephron that is found in the cortex, it also contains the majority of the nephrons (80-85%)

A

Cortical Nephrons

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28
Q

T or F: Cortical Nephrons have long loops

A

False (they have short loops)

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29
Q

Type of nephron that is found in the medulla, it also makes up 15-20% of nephrons in the kidneys

A

Juxtamedullary Nephrons

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30
Q

Ball-shaped part connecting to the nephrons where waste products are filtered and become urine

A

Renal Corpuscle

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31
Q

Refers to the filtration membrane of the renal corpuscle

A

Podocyte cell processes

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32
Q

Part of the renal corpuscle where blood plasma filtration mainly happens

A

Glomerulus

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33
Q

The renal tubule loop which has both a thin and thick part

A

Descending Loop of Henle

34
Q

Refers to the movement of materials across the filtration membrane into the glomerulus

A

Filtration

35
Q

What percentage of plasma becomes filtrate?

A

19%

36
Q

On average, how many liters of filtrate are produced each day?

A

180L

37
Q

What percentage of filtrate becomes urine?

A

Only 1% (1.8L)

38
Q

Describes the movement of fluids from the filtration membranes into the Bowman’s Capsule

A

Total filtration pressure

39
Q

Formula for total filtration pressure

A

Glomerular Filtration Pressure - Bowman’s Capsular Pressure - Colloid Osmotic Pressure

GFP - BCP - COP

40
Q

The blood pressure within the glomerulus which moves the fluid towards the Bowman’s capsule

A

Glomerular Filtration Pressure

41
Q

The blood pressure that moves the fluid inside the Bowman’s capsule towards the blood vessels inside the glomerulus

A

Bowman’s Capsular Pressure

42
Q

The blood pressure that moves the fluid from the capsule into the blood by a concentration difference in proteins via osmosis

A

Colloid Osmotic Pressure

43
Q

Refers to when solutes are reabsorbed across the nephron walls into the interstitial fluid

A

Tubular Reabsorption

44
Q

What percentage of filtrate is reabsorbed?

A

99%

45
Q

Where is the primary site of reabsorption?

A

Proximal Convoluted Tubule

46
Q

Where is the site of filtrate concentration?

A

Descending Loop of Henle

47
Q

T or F: The descending loop is impermeable to water

A

False (the descending loop is permeable which allows water to freely diffuse there while the ascending loop is impermeable)

48
Q

What percentage of water and solutes are reabsorbed from the distal tubule and collecting ducts?

A

19%

49
Q

Refers to when metabolism waste products are taken out from the nephron

A

Tubular Secretion

50
Q

Which chemical passively diffuses into the lumen of the nephron?

A

Ammonia

51
Q

What chemicals actively diffuse into the lumen of the nephron?

A

Histamine and Creatinine

52
Q

What is formed when kidney reabsorption cannot keep up with the supersaturation of ions in the blood?

A

Kidney stones

53
Q

What percentage of nephron function declares a person having kidney failure?

A

Less than 15%

54
Q

During kidney failure, what protein metabolism waste accumulates in the blood?

A

Creatinine

55
Q

This acts as an artificial kidney which filters the waste material in the urinary system

A

Hemodialysis Machine

56
Q

RAAS stands for?

A

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System

57
Q

The RAAS is a regulation response to what?

A

Low Blood Pressure

58
Q

Angiotensin 2 helps in raising the BP by inducing what?

A

Vasoconstriction

59
Q

What is the effect on the filtration rate when aldosterone gets released?

A

Increases the active transport of Na ions into the tubules

60
Q

Net effect of the RAAS system

A

Increased BP and BV but decreased urine output

61
Q

ADH stands for?

A

Anti Diuretic Hormone

62
Q

The ADH is a regulation response to what?

A

Low blood pressure

63
Q

ADH is released by what gland?

A

Posterior pituitary

64
Q

Net effect of ADH

A

Increased water retention (maintained BP and BV) but decreased urine output

65
Q

T or F: Higher ADH levels cause the release of concentrated urine

A

True

66
Q

T or F: Lower ADH levels cause the release of highly concentrated urine

A

False (lower ADH levels mean that water retention is weak therefore more water gets mixed into the urine producing a more dilute substance)

67
Q

ANH stands for?

A

Anti Natriuretic Hormone

68
Q

The ANH mechanism is a regulation response to?

A

High Blood pressure

69
Q

Where is ANH secreted from?

A

Cardiac muscle cells in the right atrium

70
Q

Net effect of the ANH mechanism?

A

Decreased BP and BV but increased urine output

71
Q

T or F: If sodium molecules are absorbed, water will not

A

False (“water follows sodium molecules”)

72
Q

The ureters and urinary bladder are lined with what kind of epithelium?

A

Transitional

73
Q

The bladder can hold up to how many liters of urine?

A

1L

74
Q

T or F: Only males possess the internal urinary sphincter

A

True

75
Q

An automatic reflex that is activated by the stretch of the urinary bladder wall

A

Micturition Reflex

76
Q

T or F: The bladder contracts due to sympathetic action potentials

A

False (parasympathetic)

77
Q

T or F: Alcohol and Coffee increase ADH levels

A

False (these substances make you urinate more because they decrease ADH levels)

78
Q

T or F: Females are the most common demographic to develop UTIs

A

True (due to shorter urethras which makes it more susceptible to bacterial infections)

79
Q

T or F: Prostatic hypertrophy doesn’t affect the urethral openings

A

False (it can press down on the urethra which causes pain during urination)

80
Q

T or F: Urine should contain protein, glucose, and RBCs

A

False (it should NOT contain any of these)

81
Q

Normal urine should range from this pH scale

A

4.5 to 8

82
Q

The presence of bacteria in the urine should only be up to what value per HPF?

A

10

Anaphy Finals (Lecture) (4 decks)

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