Endocrine System Flashcards by Kchianna Coronel

Body parts that secrete chemicals directly into the blood stream

Endocrine glands

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Refers to molecules released from one location that move to another to produce a response

Chemical signals

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Type of chemical signal wherein it is produced in one cell and moves to another part of the same cell

Intracellular

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Type of intracellular movement where signals released by cells have a local effect on the same cell type

Autocrine

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Type of intracellular movement where signals released by cells have an effect to cell types in close proximity

Paracrine

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Refers to nerve cells

Neurotransmitters and Neuromodulators

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Refers to cells that modify the behavior and physiology of other individuals within the same species

Pheromones

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Chemicals secreted into the blood and bind to receptor sites to target certain tissues

Hormones and Neurohormones

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Type of chemical signal released from one cell and binds to another cell via receptors

Extracellular

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A cell part where a hormone binds/locks

Receptor site

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Group of cells that respond to specific hormones

Target tissue

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Characteristic of specific hormones binding to specific receptor sites

Specificity

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Type of hormone that cannot penetrate the plasma membrane and would need a membrane-bound receptor

Water-soluble hormones

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T or F: Water soluble hormones do not need to enter the nucleus as the response will occur in the cytoplasm

True

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Type of hormone that directly penetrates the phospholipid bilayer because it recognizes the plasma membrane due to its lipid bilayer composition

Lipid-soluble hormones

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T or F: Lipid-soluble hormones only need to bind to nuclear receptors as the response needs to occur in the nucleus

False (they can also bind to cytoplasmic receptors as an intermediate step before binding to nuclear receptors)

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The MASTER gland located in the brain which is controlled by the hypothalamus

Pituitary Gland

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T or F: The anterior pituitary lobe is made up of glandular tissue while the posterior pituitary lobe is made up of nervous tissue

True

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What is the percentage of hormones produced in the anterior lobe?

75%

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T or F: Nervous tissue (posterior) can also produce hormones

False (they mainly store it from the hypothalamus and only release when needed)

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The only gland that is directly controlled by the nervous system

Adrenal Gland (epinephrine and norepinephrine)

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The two hormones secreted by the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland

ADH and Oxytocin

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This hormone targets most tissue and is responsible for stimulating bone, muscle, and organ growth

Growth Hormone (hGH)

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This hormone targets the thyroid gland and regulates thyroid secretions

Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

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This hormone targets the ovaries for females and the testes for males for the development of secondary sex characteristics

Luteinizing Hormone (LH)

This hormone targets the ovarian follicles for females and the seminiferous tubules for males

Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH)

This hormone targets the mammary glands and ovaries to induce milk production

Prolactin

This hormone targets the kidneys and is responsible for conserving water

Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

Medical condition which refers to low ADH levels and increased urine production resulting to dehydration and thirst

Diabetes Insipidus

This hormone targets the uterus to increase contractions during labor

Oxytocin

One of the largest glands in the body that requires iodine to function

Thyroid gland

Chemical that targets bones and functions to decrease calcium levels in the blood

Calcitonin

Calcitonin is released by what type of cells?

C Cells (parafollicular)

The 2 major metabolic iodine-containing hormones

Triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4)

T or F: T3 must be converted to T4 first before targeting tissues

True

Condition characterized by: → decreased metabolism → weight gain, reduced appetite, and fatigue → low temperature and pulse → dry and cold skin

Hypothyroidism

Hypothyroidism is called as what in infants?

Cretinism

Hypothyroidism is called as what in adults?

Myxedema

Condition characterized by: → increased metabolism → weight loss, increased appetite, and nervousness → higher temperature and pulse → warm and flushed skin

Hyperthyroidism

Hyperthyroidism can increase the chances of developing what disease?

Graves' Disease (can lead to goiter)

Gland that is found posteriorly to the thyroid gland and produces parathormones which target the bones and kidneys

Parathyroid gland

T or F: If calcium is low, osteoclasts will break down bone matrix so that more calcium circulates the body

True

T or F: If calcium is high, osteoclasts will break down bone matrix so that less calcium circulates the body

False (it does not breakdown bone matrix because it doesn't need anymore calcium)

Glands found on top of the kidneys

Adrenal/Suprarenal glands

The adrenal medulla produces what 2 hormones needed for the fight or flight response of the body?

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine

The adrenal cortex releases what three types of hormones?

- Mineralocorticoids - Glucocorticoids - Androgens

The main type of mineralocorticoid which targets the kidneys so that water and sodium can be retained

Aldosterone

The main type of glucocorticoid which targets fat and muscle to increase lipid breakdown for energy use and for inflammation reduction

Cortisol

The secondary sex characteristic for males and the sex driver for females

Androgen

Gland used for the regulation of blood sugar

Pancreas

Hormone secreted by the beta cells of the Islets of Langerhans when glucose levels are too high

Insulin

Extra glucose is stored as what?

Glycogen

Condition referring to having too little insulin or faulty insulin receptors

Diabetes Mellitus

Type of diabetes mellitus that is insulin dependent as daily injections are required since it is genetic

Type 1

Type of diabetes mellitus that is insulin independent and often found in obese people but can be treated with diet and hypoglycemic agents

Type 2

This hormone is secreted by the alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans which increases glucose levels in the body

Glucagon

Glucagon breaks down glycogen into glucose through a process called?

Glycogenolysis

This gland produces estrogen and progesterone

Ovaries

This hormone is characterized as being produced by Graafian follicles (placenta) as it stimulates secondary female characteristic development

Estrogen

This hormone is characterized as being produced by the corpus luteum as it acts with estrogen to induce the menstrual cycle

Progesterone

This gland produces testosterone where it contains Leydig cells

Testes

This gland lies posterior to the sternum as it is the largest in infants and children

Thymus Gland

T or F: The thymus gland degenerates in adults

True

This hormone targets immune system tissues and promotes immune system development and function

Thymosin

This gland is found situated at the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone

Pineal Gland

This hormone targets the hypothalamus and plays a role in the onset of puberty and circadian rhythm control

Melatonin

Other name for the pituitary gland

Hypophysis/Hypophyseal gland

The connection of the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus

Infundibulum

Other name for the anterior pituitary lobe

Adenohypophysis

Other name for the posterior pituitary lobe

Neurohypophysis

Other name for the Human Growth Hormone

Somatotropin

Other name for the Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone

Thyrotropin

This hormone targets the adrenal cortex to stimulate the secretion of cortisol

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)

T or F: The function of oxytocin is unknown for males and non-pregnant women

True

Other name for Anti Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

Vasopressin

T or F: Usually the pyramidal lobe of the thyroid gland is non-existent

True

T or F: More calcitonin = more calcium

False (More calcitonin = less calcium)

The parathyroid hormone promotes the formation of an active form of vitamin D called?

Calcitriol

T or F: Calcitriol and Calcitonin are antagonistic to each other

True (Calcitriol increases blood Ca levels while Calcitonin decreases it)

This segment of the adrenal cortex is where aldosterone comes from

Zona Glomerulosa

This segment of the adrenal cortex is where cortisol comes from

Zona Fasciculata

This segment of the adrenal cortex is where androgen comes from

Zona Reticularis

Main hormone of androgen is called?

Dehydroepiandrosterone or DHEA

The functional unit of the pancreas is called?

Acinus

This ovarian hormone increases pubic bone flexibility and dilates the cervix during labor

Relaxin

This hormone inhibits secretion of FSH from the anterior pituitary

Inhibin

This pancreatic hormone is produced by the delta cells which inhibits the secretion of both insulin and glucagon

Somatostatin

These polypeptides are produced by the F cells

Pancreatic Polypeptides