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Anatomy 1B > Urinary System > Flashcards

Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

List the components of the urinary tract

A

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

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2
Q

What is the function of the urinary system?

A

Process plasma to excrete waste and maintain homeostasis of electrolytes, pH and blood volume

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3
Q

What shaped kindeys do humans, dogs, cats, sheep, goats and rabbit have?

A

Kidney bean shaped

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4
Q

Why are human kidneys covered in perirenal fat?

A

Protection from pressure, shock, trauma

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5
Q

How much perirenal fat do dog and cat kidneys have?

A

Very little

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6
Q

Which species has very little perirenal fat and visible veins running from the hilum?

A

Cat

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7
Q

Which species has large amounts of perirenal fat?

A

Sheep

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8
Q

What shaped kidneys do pigs have?

A

Dorsoventrally flattened/flat kidney bean

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9
Q

Describe the shape and position of cows kidneys

A

Lobed kidneys marked by fissures and connective tissue.

Twisted left kidney from development, pushed towards midline by rumen

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10
Q

What shapes are horses kidneys?

A

Left- kidney bean shaped

Right- love heart shaped

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11
Q

In horses which kidney is more cranial?

A

Right

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12
Q

Where are human kidneys positioned in the abdomen?

A

Posterior wall of superior abdomen between T12 and L2

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13
Q

Which kidney is slightly higher in humans?

A

Left

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14
Q

How are kidneys positioned in relation to the peritoneum?

A

Retroperitoneal

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15
Q

What are the relations of human kidneys?

A

Anterior- stomach, liver, start of small intestine
Superior- adrenal glands
Inferior- quadratus lumborum and psoas major muscles
Posterior- ribs and perineal fat

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16
Q

Where are domestic species kidneys typically positioned in relation to the vertebrae?

A

Left- L3-L4

Right- L1-L2

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17
Q

Which species has kidneys on the same level?

A

Pigs

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18
Q

Why is the left kidney of cats easier to palpate?

A

Less retroperitoneal so more mobile and easier to palpate

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19
Q

What is the functional unit of the kidney?

A

Nephron

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20
Q

What is the glomerulus and what does it do?

A

Tight capillary network to form filtrate from the blood

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21
Q

Where is the bowman’s capsule found?

A

Surrounding the glomerulus

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22
Q

Describe the role of the bowman’s capsule

A

Collect filtrate, produce ultrafiltrate and pass alone to proximal convoluted tubule

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23
Q

Where does the ultrafiltrate drain after being formed?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting ducts

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24
Q

What are renal lobes made of?

A

Medullary pyramid in individual cortex

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25
Q

What is within the hilus?

A

Renal vein
Renal artery
Renal nerve
Ureter

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26
Q

Why do the renal arteries arise from the aorta?

A

Allows filtering of huge amounts of blood

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27
Q

Where do the renal veins drain to?

A

Inferior vena cava

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28
Q

Why can’t human kidneys expand?

A

Surrounded by tough fibrous capsule

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29
Q

What is in the renal corpuscles and where are they found?

A

Glomerulus, Bowman’s capsule and convoluted tubules

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30
Q

What is in the kidneys medulla?

A

Loops of henle and collecting ducts

Renal pyramids and renal papillae

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31
Q

What is the role of renal papillae?

A

Where collecting ducts drain into papillary ducts

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32
Q

What are calyces?

A

Collect urine from renal papillae and drain into ureters

33
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

Space in centre of kidneys containing renal pelvis, fat and blood vessels

34
Q

What is the renal pelvis?

A

Extensions of ureters into kidney

35
Q

Name the type of kidneys found in different species.

A

Multipyramidal/multilobar
Multipapillate
Unipyramidal/unilobar

36
Q

What type of kidney is in dolphins and ox? Explain this type of kidney.

A

Multipyramidal/multilobar.
Cortex and medulla is divided by connective tissue. No renal pelvis as drain into individual calyces directly into ureter

37
Q

What type of kidney do humans and pigs have? Explain this type of kidney

A

Multipapilate.

Separated medulla and calyces but fused cortex and single pelvis

38
Q

What species have a unipyramidal/unilobar kidney? Explain this type of kidney.

A

Dogs, horses, sheep.

Fused cortex, medulla and one renal pelvis for papilla to empty into

39
Q

Why do some animals have longer loops of henle?

A

It allows water conservation as they can concentrate urine more easily

40
Q

What are ureters walls made of (muscle and epithelium type)?

A

Smooth muscle and urothelium/transitional epithelium

41
Q

Why does urine need to be move down the ureter by peristalsis?

A

Bladder is at higher pressure than the kidneys

42
Q

What arteries does the blood supply for ureters come from?

A

Renal, gonadal, common iliac and internal iliac

43
Q

How does the entry of dogs ureters differ from humans?

A

Enter at oblique angle due to being partially in broad ligament, closely associated with uterine horns

44
Q

How does the horseshoe kidney abnormality come about? Does this have any effect on function?

A

kidneys fuse in inferior pole.

Normal function but prone to stones

45
Q

What is unilateral renal hypoplasis?

A

One kidney over developed and one kidney underdeveloped, possibly non-functioning

46
Q

What condition is due to 2 renal pelvises per kidney?

A

Bifid renal pelvis

47
Q

What is bifid ureters?

A

2 ureters per kidney

48
Q

What are the stages of kidney development in the embryo?

A

Pronephros- develop near neck with pronephric duct
Mesonephros- develops in middle of embryo, has mesonephric duct
Metanephros- final kindey, develops from mesonephric duct

49
Q

What is the ureteric bud in developing embryo and where does it originate?

A

Originates from mesonephric duct to become ureter, calyces, collecting duct and collecting tubule

50
Q

What is the purpose of salt glands in marine vertebrates and birds?

A

Supplement kidney function to remove excess salt to prevent dehydration

51
Q

What are the relations of the bladder in humans?

A

Anterior- pubic symphysis
Superior- uterus/intestines and peritoneum
Inferior and lateral- pelvic floor/prostate gland
Posterior- vagina/seminal vesicles, ductus deferens and rectum

52
Q

What is a vestible?

A

Common structure in domestic females where urethra joins the vagina

53
Q

What type of muscle walls does the bladder have to allow voiding of urine under autonomic control?

A

Smooth detrusor muscle

54
Q

What is the bladder lining made of?

A

Mucosa folded into rugae and lined with urothelium

55
Q

What prevents urine traveling back to kidneys from bladder?

A

Ureters enter at oblique angle to act as spincter

56
Q

What nerve supplies the external urethral sphincter? What is its function when the nerve is active on the sphincter?

A

Pudendal nerve contracts the sphincter when its active

57
Q

What is the arterial blood supply to the bladder?

A

Internal iliac branching into superior and inferior caudal vesical arteries

58
Q

Where does blood from the bladder drain to?

A

Internal iliac vein

59
Q

Where is the trigone points found?

A

Urinary orifices and internal urethral meatus

60
Q

What is the function of the trigone?

A

Prevent over expansion as can’t distend as much as the rest of the bladder

61
Q

What germ layer does the urinary tract derive from?

A

Endoderm

62
Q

When does the cloaca develop into 3 separate tracts in the embryo?

A

5-6 weeks

63
Q

What is the allantosis?

A

Part of developing urinary tract going through umbilical cord to the placenta, develops into urachus

64
Q

Where does the urogenital systems develop from?

A

Urogenital sinus

65
Q

When does the gut tube and and urogenital systems separate in the embryo?

A

7-8 weeks

66
Q

What is the patent urachus abnormality?

A

Urachus doesn’t close so urine also exists via umbilicus

67
Q

What is urachal diverticuli?

A

Urachus half closes forming a pouch holding urine

68
Q

What are the 3 sections of the male urethra?

A

Prostatic
Membranous
Penile

69
Q

Is the bladder under autonomic or somatic control?

A

Autonomic

70
Q

How is retrograde ejaculation prevented?

A

Internal urethral sphincter

71
Q

What lines the urethras smooth muscle?

A

Urothelium transitioning to stratified squamous

72
Q

What is the positioning of the cats urethra?

A

Backwards with right angle turn

73
Q

What is the difference in positioning of female and male dogs urethra?

A

Males- abdominally placed, mainly straight line

Females- caudally along pelvic floor opening ventrally into vestibule

74
Q

Where is the sensory bladder innervation and what are the nerves?

A

General visceral afferents mostly in trigone

75
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the bladder?

A

Pelvic splanchnic nerves contract detrusor muscle

76
Q

What innervates the internal urethral sphincter to relax and contract?

A

Relax- pelvic splanchnic nerve

Contract- hypogastric nerve

77
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the bladder?

A

Hypogastric nerve relaxes detrusor muscle

78
Q

What causes micturition?

A

Visceral afferents go to sacral spine in pelvic splanchnic nerves then to brain

79
Q

What are the causes of incontinence?

A

Overflow- urethral blockage, pressure pushes some urine out
Stress- relaxed pelvic floor so abdominal pressure causes leakage
Urge- oversensitive bladder when little urine present to void

Anatomy 1B (5 decks)

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