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Anatomy 1B > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

What makes up the digestive system?

A

Digestive tract organs
Glands
Accessory sturcture

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2
Q

What are the functions of the digestive system?

A 
Ingestion
Mastication/chewing
Mixing and propulsion
Secretion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination
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3
Q

What are the two types of digestion?

A

Mechanical- physical disruption of food into smaller parts

Chemical- enzymes break into constituent parts

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4
Q

What is meant by the digestive tract?

A

Tubular pathway from oral cavity to anus/cloaca

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5
Q

What organs are in teh foregut?

A 
Oesophagus
Stomach
Liver
Gall bladder
Proximal duodenum
Pancreas
Spleen
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6
Q

What organs are in the midgut?

A 
Distal duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum
Caecum
Appendix
Ascending colon
2/3 transverse colon
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7
Q

What organs are in the hindgut?

A

1/3 transverse colon
Descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Rectum

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8
Q

What are the accessory organs in the digestive system and what are their roles?

A

Liver- degrade toxins, bile production
Gall bladder- store and concentrate bile
Pancreas- enzyme and hormone release
Spleen- lymphatic organ but shares digestive blood suply

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9
Q

Which aortic branches supply which regions of the GI system?

A

Coeliac trunk- foregut
Superior mesenteric artery- midgut
Inferior mesenteric artery- hindgut

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10
Q

How does blood drain from the GI system into the heart?

A

Into hepatic portal vein to the liver for detoxification then into inferior vena cava

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11
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation to the regions of the GI system?

A

Foregut- coeliac ganglion
Midgut- superior mesenteric ganglion
Hindgut- inferior mesenteric ganglion

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12
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation to the regions of the GI systmem?

A

Foregut and midgut- vagus nerve

Hindgut- pelvic splanchnic nerve

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13
Q

Describe the lymphatic drainage from the GI tract

A

Inferior mesenteric (hindgut), superior mesenteric (midgut) and coeliac (foregut) lymph nodes drain to cisterna chyli then thorax then thoracic duct

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14
Q

What makes up the superior boundary of the abdominal cavity?

A

Diaphragm

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15
Q

What is the inferior boundary of the abdominal cavity?

A

Continuous with pelvic cavity ending at pelvic inlet

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16
Q

What are the layers of the abdominal walls?

A 
Skin
Superficial fascia
Deep fascia
Muscle
Transversalis fascia
Parietal peritoneum
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17
Q

Which spinal nerves innervate abdominal walls?

A

T7-L1

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18
Q

What is the blood supply to abdominal walls?

A

Superior epigastric artery- branch of internal thoracic artery from subclavian artery
Inferior epigastric artery- branch of external iliac artery

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19
Q

What is the rectus sheath?

A

Aponeurosis/flat tendon sheet enclosing muscles

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20
Q

What is the function of abdominal wall muscles?

A

Enclose and protect viscera

Manage abdominal pressure

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21
Q

What are the posterior abdominal wall muscles?

A

Quadratus lumborum- connects pelvis with inferior ribs
Psoas muscle- from vertebral column to hind limbs
Iliacus muscle- from ileum to hind limb

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22
Q

What are the ventrolateral muscles in order of superficial to deep?

A

Rectus abdominis- down front of abdomen, linea alba lies down the centre and tendons cross at intersections
External obliques- inferomedial from ribs to aponeurosis
Internal obliques- superiomedial from pelvis to aponeurosis
Transversalis abdominis- from rectus abdominals to vertebrae

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23
Q

How is the abdomen split into quadrants?

A

Median and transumbilical planes through the umbilicus

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24
Q

Define the peritoneum

A

Single cell layer of serous tissue lining the abdominal cavity

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25
Q

What does the different parts of the peritoneum cover?

A

Parietal- abdominal walls

Visceral- organs

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26
Q

Define retroperitoneal

A

Covered in peritoneum but not surrounded fully, behind the peritoneum

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27
Q

Define intraperitoneal

A

Organs fully surrounded by peritoneum

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28
Q

Define subperitoneal

A

Structures below the peritoneum

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29
Q

How are organs connected to the abdominal walls?

A

Ligaments

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30
Q

Define mesentary

A

Reflections of peritoneum surrounding blood vessels and nerves and holding intestines in place

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31
Q

Define omentum

A

Peritoneum connecting stomach to GI organs to hold everything in place

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32
Q

Explain the difference between the lesser and greater omentums

A

Lesser- stomach to liver

Greater- stomach to colon

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33
Q

What is the function of the oral cavity?

A

Mechanical digestion- mastication

Chemical digestion- salivary amylase

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34
Q

What are the boundaries of the oral cavity?

A

Roof- hard and soft palette
Floor- tongue
Anterior- Oral fissure and lips
Posterior- oropharyngeal istmus

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35
Q

What are the areas of the oral cavity?

A

Oral vestibule- space between the teeth and gums and lips and teeth
Oral cavity proper- cavity tongue is found

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36
Q

What are the components of the oral cavity?

A 
Lips
Soft palette
Hard palette
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
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37
Q

Describe the structure of the lips and their role

A

Musculofibrous folds surrounding the mouth

Close oral cavity, taking in food and communication

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38
Q

What is the orbicularis oris?

A

Sphincter of the mouth

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39
Q

What is the role of the soft palette?

A

Depresses to close opening to pharynx

Elevates to separate nasopharynx and oropharynx

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40
Q

What is the structure of the soft palette?

A

Muscle lined with mucosa

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41
Q

What is the structure of the tongue?

A

Muscular organ covered in mucus membrane of non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
Root attaches to hyoid bone and mandible and body sits in oral cavity

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42
Q

What does the intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the tongue do?

A

Intrinsic- changes tongue shape

Extrinsic- moves tongue around cavity

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43
Q

What is the role of the tongue in digestion?

A

Swallowing
Speech
Taste

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44
Q

What bones make up the oral cavity?

A

Maxilla- upper jaw

Mandible- lower jaw

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45
Q

What makes up the mandible?

A 
Condylar process- joint with upper jaw
Coronoid process- extension in front of condylar process
Ramus- vertical body
Angle- corner
Body- horizontal body
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46
Q

What makes up the hard palette?

A

Premaxilla (quadrupeds)
Maxilla
Palatine- centre and behind maxilla

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47
Q

What is the lining of the hard palette?

A

Thick mucosa with rugae

Keratinised in epithelium in herbivores

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48
Q

Describe the muscles of mastication

A

Temporalis- closes jaw by pulling up mandible
Masseter- closes jaw and allows lateral movement
Lateral pterygoid- opens jaw
Medial pterygoid- closes jaw

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49
Q

What is the nervous supply of the muscles of mastication?

A

Trigeminal nerve

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50
Q

What are the components of the teeth?

A

Enamel- protects tooth
Dentine
Pulp- contains nerve
Periodontal ligament- holds tooth in root

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51
Q

What are the different tooth positions?

A

Acrodont- emerge from jaw with no root
Pleurodont- rooted on one side
Thecodont- anchored in jaw on both sides of root

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52
Q

What is meant by diphyodonts and polyphodonts?

A

Di- animals with deciduous and permanent set of teeth

Poly- animals with multiple sets of teeth

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53
Q

What are the different shapes of teeth?

A

Incisors
Canines
Premolars
Molars

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54
Q

What are major and minor salivary glands?

A

Major- paired glands away from oral cavity, drain by long ducts
Minor- present throughout oral cavity mucosa

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55
Q

What is produced by salivary glands?

A

Produce watery secretions containing amylase and antimicrobial agents

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56
Q

Where are the different major salivary glands located?

A

Parotid- under and slightly below ear
Buccal- behind maxilla bone below eye
Sublingual- below tongue
Mandibular- behind mandible

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57
Q

What are the functions of the salivary glands and their secretions?

A 
Digestion
Mineralisation of teeth
Antimicrobial roles
Lubrication
Agglutination of bacteria
Taste
Hydration detection
58
Q

Which salivary gland is only present in quadrupeds?

A

Buccal

59
Q

Describe the components of the pharynx

A

Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Combined respiratory and digestive tract

60
Q

What are the pharynx regions lined by?

A

Nasopharynx- respiratory epithelium

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx- non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

61
Q

What is the purpose of the oesophagus?

A

Carry food from pharynx to stomach

62
Q

What is the oesophagus lined with?

A

Stratified squamous epithelium mucosa

63
Q

What are the muscles or the oesophagus?

A

Inner circular- constricts lumen

Outer longitudinal- shortens tract

64
Q

List the functions of the stomach

A

Food storage
Mechanical digestion by churning
Chemical digestion

65
Q

List the anatomical parts of stomach structure?

A

Lower oesophageal sphincter
Lesser curvature
Greater curvature
Pyloric sphincter

66
Q

What are the regions of the stomach?

A

Cardia- small area under oesophageal sphincter
Fundus- area above oesophageal sphincter
Body- main bulk of the stomach
Pylorus- tapered end of the stomach

67
Q

What muscle types are present in the stomach?

A

Circular
Longitudinal
Oblique

68
Q

What allows stomach distension?

A

Rugae

69
Q

Describe the stomach lining of horses

A

Glandular and non-glandular lining separated by margo plicatus

70
Q

Describe the avian stomach

A

Oesophagus joins glandular proventriculus which connects to muscular ventriculus/gizzard where ingested pebbles aid digestion

71
Q

What is foregut fermentation?

A

Specialised ruminant stomach for cellulose digestion by commensal bacteria

72
Q

Why is the stomach enlarged in foregut fermentors?

A

Increased surface area for bacteria and absorption of free fatty acids produced by bacteria

73
Q

What is the ruminoreticula grove?

A

Adaptation in young ruminants to allow ingested milk to skip fermentation and rumen as closes when suckling and connect oesophagus directly to omasum

74
Q

What are the chambers of foregut fermenters stomach and their order from oesophagus to duodenum?

A

Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum

75
Q

What is the function and structure of the rumen?

A

Receive, hold and ferment swallowed food
Lots of bacteria present
Regurgitation, remastication and reswallowing
Distinctive papillated mucosa lining

76
Q

What is the structure and function of the reticulum?

A

Small accessory chamber with distinctive honey comb mucosa

Very contractile to slosh chyme back and forth with rumen

77
Q

What is the structure and function of the omasum?

A

Epithelium folded in laminae

Pumps food into abomasum

78
Q

What is the structure and function of the abomasum?

A

Simple columnar glandular epithelium lightly folded

Enzymatic digestion of protein and fat, highly acidic

79
Q

What marks the foregut-midgut divide?

A

Major duodenal papilla- where common bile duct and main pancreatic duct drain into duodenum

80
Q

What are the different parts of the pancreas?

A

Exocrine- digestive enzyme production

Endocrine- regulate blood sugars by producing hormones

81
Q

What is the gall bladders structure and lining?

A

Pear shaped sac under right lobe of liver

Lined with simple columnar epithelium

82
Q

Describe how bile travels from the liver

A

Ducts collect bile from left and right lobes of liver which connect and drain into gall bladder
Then drains into duodenum

83
Q

Describe the anatomical lobes of the liver from anterior and posterior views

A

Anterior view- right and left lobes separated by falciform ligament
Inferior view- right and left lobes, quadrate lobe close to gall bladder, caudate lobe close to inferior vena cava

84
Q

Explain the role of bile

A

Emulsifies fat making it easier for enzymes to digest

85
Q

What is the portal triad?

A

Found in centre of the four lobes containing hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery and common bile duct

86
Q

What is meant by a lobule of the liver and what is it made up of?

A

Functional unit of the liver
Central hepatic venule going to hepatic vein surrounded by hepatic sinusoids, portal veins, bile ductules and hepatic arteries

87
Q

What are lobules separated by?

A

Interlobular connective tissue

88
Q

What is the function of the liver?

A

Produce and secrete bile

Detoxify blood from GI tract

89
Q

What is the role of the different parts of the spleen?

A

Red pulp- removes particles from circulation including old erythrocytes
White pulp- lymphocyte production and immune response

90
Q

Where is the spleen located in relation to other structures in the abdomen?

A

Under diaphragm and behind stomach

91
Q

What are the functions of the small intestine?

A

Chemical digestion by pancreatic and intestinal juice

Absorption of fat, protein and carbohydrates

92
Q

Where is the duodenum located?

A

Encircling pancreas, fixed in position by short messentary

93
Q

What is the purpose of bruners glands in the duodenum?

A

Secrete alkaline mucus to neutralise digestive contents from stomach

94
Q

Where is the jejunum and ileum located?

A

Jejunum- mainly in upper left quadrant
Ileum- mainly in lower right quadrant
Both mobile from long mesentery

95
Q

What is the structure of the jejunum?

A

Highly folded lining, plicae circularis covered in villi and microvilli
Thin mesentery with simple blood supply

96
Q

Describe the structure of the ileum?

A

Thin walls with peyers patches and gut associated lymphoid tissue
Thick fat filled mesentery with complex blood supply

97
Q

What is the caecum?

A

Saclike structure at start of colon with connection to ileum called ileocecal junction

98
Q

Where is the appendix and what species dont have one?

A

Connected to inferior caecum

Horse, dog or ox

99
Q

What is meant by midgut fermentation?

A

Cellulose digestion by commensal bacteria in hugely expanded caecum and ascending colon

100
Q

How do commensal bacteria aid midgut fermentation?

A

Produce enzymes that breakdown cellulose to volatile fatty acids with them being absorbed by the caecum and ascending colon

101
Q

Describe the stomachs of midgut fermentors

A

Single chambered with no rumination

102
Q

How does midgut fermentation compare to foregut?

A

Faster but less efficient so need constant grazing

Soluble sugars are absorbed before fermentation

103
Q

What is caecotrophy?

A

Form of midgut fermentation where caecotrophs are produced in caecum and proximal colon

104
Q

Explain the process of caecotroph production

A

Fusus coli regulates colonic contraction and segmental and haustral contractions separate ingesta into solids and liquids
Caecotrophs are eaten from the anus, swallowed and redigested allowing maximun nutrient absorption

105
Q

Explain the structure of the colon

A

Taeniae coli- longitudinal muscles along length of colon pulls to form haustra/bulges

106
Q

Explain the different arrangements of the colon in pigs and cows

A

Spiral loop
Pigs- conical
Cows- flat

107
Q

Describe the lining of the colon

A

Smooth mucosa to absorb salt and water

Walls contain intestinal glands

108
Q

What is the role of the levator ani muscle in the pelvic floor and what muscles make it up?

A

Pulls up anus and supports rectum

Iliococoygeus, pubococcygeus and puborectalis muscles

109
Q

What is the function of puborectalis muscle?

A

Wraps around rectum causing it to bend, tonicly contracted and further contracts to prevent defecation, relaxes to straighten rectum allowing defecation

110
Q

Describe the structure of the cloaca

A

Coprodeum- entry of colon
Urodeum- entry of ureters
Proctodeum- entry of reproductive system

111
Q

What is the purpose of the rectum?

A

Store faecal mass before defecation

112
Q

Describe the relations of the rectum

A

Superior- peritoneum and abdominal viscera
Posterior- sacrum, coccyx and pelvic floor
Anterior- vagina/prostate and bladder
Inferior- anus

113
Q

What is the innervation of external anal sphincter?

A

Pudendal nerve

114
Q

What is the innervation of the internal anal sphincter?

A

Splanchnic nerve

115
Q

What is the pectinate line?

A

Separates the visceral and parietal parts of the anus

116
Q

What are the origins, innervation and blood supply of the anus above the pectinate line?

A

Endoderm derived epithelium
Visceral motor and sensory innervation
Blood drains to hepatic portal vein

117
Q

What are the origin, innervation and blood supply of the anus below the pectinate line?

A

Ectoderm derived keratinised squamous epithelium
Somatic motor and sensory innervation
Blood drains to systemic circulation

118
Q

What germ layer does the primitive gut tube arise from?

A

Endoderm

119
Q

How does the primitive gut tube fold in the embryo?

A

Lateral folding- lateral sides of embryo roll in to form primitive gut tube
Longitudinal folding- way of establishing foregut, midgut and hindgut, reduces connection of gut tube to yolk sac to a small connection

120
Q

Describe the development of the midgut

A

Rapidly lengthens to exceed capacity of abdominal cavity
Forms U-shaped loop that leaves the cavity
Top of loop becomes jejunum and upper ileum, bottom becomes the rest of the midgut
Counter clockwise 90 degree rotation brings lower loop to embryos left side
As embryo grows cavity gets bigger allowing gut tube to return to abdomen
180 degree rotation brings appendix to upper right quadrant before growth forces it to lower right quadrant

121
Q

How does the cloaca become separated into the genital, urinary and anal tracts?

A

Urorectal septum divides cloaca into urogenital sinus and dorsally into rectoanal canal

122
Q

Describe the development of the stomach

A

Fusiform dilation of foregut embryo
90 degree rotation brings left side ventrally and right side dorsally
Differential growth establishes greater and lesser curvatures as left side grows more quickly
Craniocaudal rotation tips pylorus superiorly

123
Q

Describe how the liver develops

A

Foregut endoderm adjacent to septum becomes liver under signals from the heart and septum transversum
Made up of endoderm buds surrounded by mesoderm

124
Q

Explain how the pancreas develops

A

2 outgrowths caudal to forming liver become ventral and dorsal pancreatic ducts

125
Q

Explain how the oesophagus is developed

A

2 tracheoesophageal folds divide cranial foregut into trachea and oesophagus
Lengthens as embryo grows

126
Q

Explain the congenital abnormality of a stenosis

A

Oesophagus becomes filled in so needs to recanalize before birth, failure causes regurgitation after feeding

127
Q

Explain the congenital hiatal hernia

A

Oesophagus doesn’t lengthen properly so stomach gets pulled up through oesophageal hiatus making hiatus weak and other structures move into thorax

128
Q

Describe the midline incision

A

Cut from xiphoid process to pubis, entering through rectus sheath

129
Q

What are suprapubic incisions used for?

A

Gynaecological or pregnancy operations

130
Q

What does the subcostal incisions allow access to?

A

Liver, biliary tree and spleen

131
Q

What incision should you use for exploratory procedures?

A

Longitudinal

132
Q

What is the incision for appendectomy?

A

McBurneys

133
Q

When are flank incisions used?

A

Rumenectomy

134
Q

What is the benefits of laparoscopic procedures?

A

Less pain
Complications
Better recovery

135
Q

Define a gastrointestinal anastomoses

A

Reduction of stomach capacity and absorptive region of small intestine using jejunum as a graft

136
Q

What is a gastric sleeve?

A

Portion of stomach removed creating tube like stomach

137
Q

What is a gastric bypass?

A

Small amount of stomach connected to retracted small intestine to bypass digestion, grafted to cardia

138
Q

What is a jejunal anastomoses?

A

Reduction in jejunum length

139
Q

What is the name for a gall bladder removal?

A

Cholecystectomy

140
Q

What is a whipple procedure?

A

Removal of head of pancreas, duodenum, gall bladder and bile duct with remaining organs reattached to allow normal digestion

141
Q

Where does pain from organs refer to?

A

Foregut- epigastric/upper centre of abdomen
Midgut- umbilicus/ middle of abdomen
Hindgut- pubic region/lower abdomen

Anatomy 1B (5 decks)

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