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Anatomy 1B > Control of body systems > Flashcards

Control of body systems Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the nervous system?

A

Receive sensory inputs, integrate information and produce and appropriate response

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2
Q

What response do sympathetic nerves produce?

A

Fight or flight response

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3
Q

Which number spinal nerves are sympathetic?

A

T1-L2

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4
Q

Where are sympathetic nerves ganglia located?

A

In paravertebral or prevertebral ganglia in the sympathetic chain

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5
Q

Where are the different sympathetic chain regions located?

A

Paravertebral- thoracic and lumbar spine

Prevertebral- clustered around the anterior aorta

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6
Q

What nervous system is responsible for rest and digest?

A

Parasympathetic

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7
Q

Which nerves are parasympatetic?

A

Cranial- 3, 7, 9, 10

Spinal- sacral spinal nerves

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8
Q

Where are ganglia located for parasympathetic nerves?

A

Close or within target organ

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9
Q

Which cranial nerves are sensory?

A

I
II
VIII

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10
Q

Which cranial nerves are motor?

A 
III
IV
VI
XI
XII
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11
Q

Which cranial nerves are both sensory and motor?

A

V
VII
IX
X

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12
Q

What is cranial nerve I and what is its role?

A

Olfactory

Smell

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13
Q

Which cranial nerve is optic and what is its role?

A

II

Vision

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14
Q

What is cranial nerve III and what is its role?

A

Oculomotor

Eye movement

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15
Q

What is cranial nerve IV and what is it responsible for?

A

Trochlear

Eye movement

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16
Q

Which cranial nerve is responsible for sensation and mastication and which number is it?

A

Trigeminal

V

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17
Q

What is cranial nerve VI and what is its role?

A

Abducens

Eye movement

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18
Q

Which cranial nerve is the facial nerve and what is its role?

A

VII

Facial expression and taste

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19
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for balance and hearing and what number is it?

A

Vestibulocochlear

VIII

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20
Q

What is cranial nerve IX and what does it do?

A

Glossopharyngeal

Taste, gag reflex

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21
Q

Which cranial nerve is the vagus nerve and what is it responsible for?

A

X

Soft palette, pharynx, larynx, and parasympathetics to thorax and abdomen

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22
Q

What cranial nerve is responsible for shoulder shrug and what number is it?

A

Accessory

XI

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23
Q

What is cranial nerve XII and what does it do?

A

Hypoglossal

Tongue movement

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24
Q

What are upper motor neurones?

A

Fully in CNS, cell bodies in cerebral cortex.
Initiate voluntary movement
Maintain muscle tone and posture

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25
Q

What do lower motor neurones do?

A

Innervate skeletal muscle via cranial or spinal nerves

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26
Q

What do descending tracts do?

A

Carry motor signals from the brain to lower motor neurones causing voluntary limb control and involuntary head movement, posture and balance

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27
Q

What is the pyramidal system responsible for?

A

Complex learned voluntary movement, fine motor control from medullary pyramids

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28
Q

What is the role of the extrapyramidal system?

A

Maintain posture, rhythmical activity (eg. locomotion) and semi-automatic processes (eg. feeding)

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29
Q

Which nerves are responsible for prehension?

A

Facial

Hypoglossal

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30
Q

Which nerve is responsible for mastication?

A

Trigeminal

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31
Q

How do facial and hypoglossal cranial nerves lead to slaviation?

A

Cause parasympathetic supply to salivary glands initiated by tactile stimulus in mouth, taste, food thoughts and hunger

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32
Q

How do the enteric nervous system plexi regulate digestion?

A

Myenteric plexus- motility and muscle action

Submucosal plexus- regulate fluid and hormone release

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33
Q

What nerves are involved in the gag reflex?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve picks up the sensation of food

Vagus nerve causes the action to prevent food entering the pharynx

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34
Q

How are gastric secretions regulated?

A

Cephalic phase causes vagus nerve to act on stomach increasing secretions and releasing hormones
The hormones have positive feedback on increasing secretions
Stomach distention increases vagus stimulation further increasing secretions

35
Q

How is bile secretion initiated?

A

Chyme in duodenum stimulates hormone release

Hormones and vagus nerve cause bile secretions and gall bladder contraction

36
Q

How does stomach distension and chyme in duodenum lead to defecation?

A

Stimulates movement of contents to rectum
Faeces distend rectum causing increased colon and rectal contractions
Local reflexes act on internal anal sphincter
Sensory signals get sent via pelvic nerve and descending tracts regulate defecation reflex
Pudendal nerve acts on external anal sphincter

37
Q

What nerve innervates to external urinary sphincter?

A

Pudendal nerve

38
Q

How does a musculocavernous penis become errect?

A

Thoughts or stimulation sends signals to sacral spinal cord

Parasympathetic nerves vasodilate arteries in erectile bodies and veins compress so blood flow out is reduced

39
Q

How does a fibroelastic penis become errect?

A

Decreased sympathetic tone casues relaxation of smooth muscle allowing sigmoid flexure to straighten

40
Q

How is hormone release initiated?

A

Metabolites, neuronal and hormonal stimuli

41
Q

How is hormone release regulated?

A

Inhibitory and excitatory feedback mechanisms

42
Q

What connects the pituitary gland to the hypothalamus?

A

Infundidium

43
Q

Which part of the pituitary gland is neuronal and which part is hormonal

A

Posterior- neuronal

Anterior- hormonal

44
Q

How does the posterior pituitary release hormones?

A

Stimuli increases/decreases action potentials in hypothalamic neurones
Action potentials travel to posterior pituitary
Hormones in axon terminals get released into bloodstream

45
Q

What are examples of hormones released by the pituitary gland?

A

Posterior- ADH , oxytocin

Anterior- LH, FSH, thryroid stimulating hormone

46
Q

How does the anterior pituitary release hormones?

A

Hypothalmic neurone release inhibitory/releasing hormones
Hormones flow in blood to anterior pituitary
Hormones pass into pituitary cells to stimulate/inhibit hormone release into the blood

47
Q

What are the different cells present in the testes roles?

A

Leydig cells- secrete testosterone
Sertoli cells- support developing germ cell
Germ cell- mature as reach the lumen

48
Q

What is the structure of the thyroid?

A 
2 lobes connected by isthmus
Highly vascular
Walls are follicular cells/simple cuboidal epithelium
Filled with thyroglobulin
Parafollicular cells between follicles
49
Q

What do the different cells in the thyroid release?

A

Follicular cells- T3 and T4

Parafollicular cells- calcatonin

50
Q

Where is the thymus?

A

Neck and superior thorax

51
Q

What is the role of the thymus?

A

Release thymosin

Immune development

52
Q

What is the role of the pineal gland?

A

Produce and release melatonin to control sleep cycles and seasonal breeding by affecting LH and FSH release

53
Q

How is melatonin release regulated?

A

Light enters eye stimulating hypothalamus
Impulses sent to pineal via sympathetic nerves
More light causes less impulses and less melatonin production

54
Q

Where are parathyroid glands?

A

4 on posterior surface of thyroid gland

55
Q

What do parathyroid glands do?

A

Secrete parathyroid hormone to increase Ca2+ into blood

56
Q

What do the different adrenal gland regions release?

A

Cortex- steroid hormones

Medulla- adrenaline and noradrenaline

57
Q

What do the different types of pancreas release?

A

Endocrine- digestive hormones

Exocrine- digestive enzymes secreted by acini cells

58
Q

What observations about muscles can be used to predict their actions?

A

Origin
insertion
Joint muscle crosses
Muscle fibre direction

59
Q

What action does the anterior compartment of upper arm have?

A

Elbow flexors

60
Q

What action does the anterior compartment of the forearm have?

A

Carpal and digit flexors

61
Q

What action does the posterior compartment of the upper arm have?

A

Elbow extensors

62
Q

What action does the posterior compartment of the forearm have?

A

Carpal and digit extensors

63
Q

What action does the anterior compartment of the thigh have?

A

Knee externsor

64
Q

What action does the medial compartment of the thigh have?

A

Thigh adductor

65
Q

What action does the posterior compartment of the thigh have?

A

Knee flexor

66
Q

What action does the anterior compartment of the lower leg have?

A

Dorsiflex ankle and extend digits

67
Q

What action does the posterior compartment of the leg have?

A

Plantarflex ankle and flex digits

68
Q

What supplies dermatomes and myotomes?

A

Somatic spinal nerves

69
Q

Where does the spinal cord have intumescence and why?

A

Cervical and lumbosacral regions

Supply limbs so high amounts of inputs and outputs

70
Q

Name the plexuses that supply the limbs

A

Brachial- upper limbs

Lumbosacral- lower limbs

71
Q

What are motor cortices?

A

Brain and spinal regions C6-T2 that initiate and control movement

72
Q

(Anterior to posterior) Name the motor cortices regions in the brains and their role

A

Prefrontal area- motivation and foresight to plan and initiate movement
Premotor area- organise motor function before initiation
Primary motor cortex- initiate and control voluntary movement

73
Q

Name the roles of the cerebellum

A 
Posture
Muscle tone
Balance
Fine motor coordination
Movement modification
Planning complex actions
74
Q

Define basal nuclei

A

Collection of nerve cell bodies in the brain

75
Q

What is the role of basal nuclei?

A

Planning, organising and coordinating movement

Posture

76
Q

Where are intercostal nerves loctaed?

A

Between ribs

77
Q

Explain the role of musculocutaneous nerve

A

Elbow flexor

Sensory innervation of skin in area

78
Q

What does the radial nerve innervate?

A

Elbow extensors

Carpal and digit extensors

79
Q

What does the median/ulnar nerve innervate?

A

Carpus and digit flexors

80
Q

What does the obturator nerve innervate?

A

Thigh adductor

81
Q

What does the femoral nerve innervate?

A

Knee extensor

82
Q

What movement does the sciatic nerve innervate?

A

Knee flexor

83
Q

What does the fibular nerve innervate?

A

Hock flexor

Digit extensors

84
Q

What does the tibial nerve innervate?

A

Hock extensor

Digit flexor

Anatomy 1B (5 decks)

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