Urinary Reproductive Systems Flashcards
If the Kidney is dissected with a frontal plane - 3 regions are present
1) Cortex
2) Medulla
3) Pelvis
Renal Cortex
Superficial region
Renal Medulla
Inner region that has a pyramid shape
Renal Pelvis
Region that the calyxes and blood vessels are found
Renal columns
Extensions from the renal cortex, divide the interior region into cone-shaped sections
Renal Pyramids
Cone-shaped sections; consisting of tubules for transporting urine away from the cortex, the base of each pyramid face outwards towards the cortex. The point of the pyramid, called the RENAL PAPILLA, faces the hilum
Minor Calyx
The renal papilla extends into a cup called MINOR CALYX. The calyx collects urine leaving the papilla.
Major Calyx
Two or three minor calyces join together to form a major calyx.
Renal Pelvis
The major calyces converge to form the RENAL PELVIS, which receives urine from the major calyces. The renal pelvis continues as the URETER, a tube-like structure that channels urine to the urinary bladder.
Kidney - Nephron
- The nephrons are the structural and function unit of the kidney
- Lies in the kidney’s outer region, where they extend between the cortex and the medulla. Each nephron is well supplied with blood
- Each kidney contains over a 1 million nephrons
- The nephrons units are what filtered the blood and produce urine (Damage to the nephrons will cause kidney dysfunction)
- Nephrons are composed of two parts (Renal corpuscle, renal tubule and collecting duct)
Nephrons #1
In the cortex, a series of AFFERENT ARTERIOLES arise from the smaller arteries. Each afferent arteriole supplies blood to one nephron
Nephrons#2
Each afferent arteriole branches into a cluster of capillaries called a GLOMERULUS. The glomerulus is enclosed by BOWMAN’S CAPSULE.
Nephrons#3
Blood leaves the glomerulus through an EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
Nephrons#4
The efferent arteriole leads to a network of capillaries around the renal tubules called PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES. These capillaries pick up water and solutes reabsorbed by the renal tubules.
Nephrons#5
Blood flows from the peritubular capillaries into larger and larger veins that eventually feed into the renal vein.
Nephrons#6
the collecting duct, drains the urine toward the renal pelvis where it is collected into the minor and major calyxes which then drains urine into the ureters.
The three processes to urine formation
1) Glomerular filtration
2) Tubular reabsorption
3) Tubular secretion
Urine Formation
These processes allow for the production of filtrate, for the necessary substances to be reabsorbed back into the blood stream and tubular secretion allows for larger items to be passed into the renal tubules for excretion within the urine.
Ureters
- After the nephrons produce and concentrate the urine, the fluid passes from the collecting duct into the minor calyxes to the major calyxes to the renal pelvis to the ureters
- The ureters are muscular tubes that transport the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder
- Muscular tubes allow for urine to be transported no matter what position the body is in
- Peristaltic waves help propel urine from the renal pelvis toward the bladder.
Urinary Bladder
- A collapsible, muscular sac on the bottom of the pelvic floor that can store urine temporarily
- Just posterior to the pubic symphysis
- Bladder has three layers (smooth muscle) with the muscular layer being the thickest (Detrusor muscle)
Where do bladder infections mostly form?
The trigone area of the bladder is located on the inferior floor of the bladder and is formed from the two openings of the ureters and then the urethra opening, forming a triangle shaped area.
Internal Urethral sphincter
The point where the urethra leaves the bladder, a ring of smooth muscle forms. This sphincter contracts involuntarily to retain urine in the bladder.
External urinary sphincter
A second sphincter, exists where the urethra passes through the pelvic floor. This sphincter consists of skeletal muscle and is, therefore, under voluntary control
Urethra
a thin walled, muscular tube that conveys urine away from the bladder and out of the body. The opening of the urethra leading to the outside of the body is called the EXTERNAL URINARY MEATUS.
Male Reproduction System
- Testes
- Seminiferous tubules
- Epididymis
- Vas Deferens
- Seminal vesicle
- Prostate gland
- Bulbourethral gland
- Urethra
- Penis
Male Reproduction System
Located at the base of the bladder, a pair of SEMINAL VESICLES, (one for each vas deferens) secretes a thick, yellowish fluid into the ejaculatory duct. The fluid- which comprises about 60% of semen - contains fructose (an energy source for sperm motility) as well as other substances that nourish and ensure sperm motility
Prostate Gland
Sits just below the bladder, where it encircles both urethra and ejaculatory duct. It secreates a thin, milky fluid into the urethra; besides adding volume to semen (it comprises about 30% of the fluid portion of semen), the fluid also enhances sperm motility
Bulbourethral glands (also called Cowper’s glands)
Two pea-sized glands secrete a clear fluid into the penile portion of the urethra during sexual arousal. Besides serving as a lubricant for sexual intercourse, the fluid also neutralizes the acidity of residual urine in the urethra, which would harm the sperm.
Testes
- Internally, each testicle is divided into about 250 lobules
- Each lobule contains about 1-4 coiled tubes called Seminiferous Tubules
- Within the seminiferous tubules is where the gametes - sperm cells are produced
- Outside of seminiferous tubules is where testosterone production occurs
- There are cells called Sertoli cells that assist in the production and maturation of the sperm cells
- There are cells outside of the seminiferous tubules that then produce the testosterone and these cells are called interstitial cells otherwise known as Leydig cells.
Epididymis
- Located on the posterior side of each testicle
- 20 foot tube that is tightly coiled up
- Serves 2 primary functions
1) allows sperm to fully maturate as they pass through
2) Stores sperm at the tail of the epididymis. - From the epididymis - sperm passes into the vas deferens
Spermatic Ducts
- The vas deferens carries the sperm into the pelvic cavity and connects to the ejaculatory duct
- Ejaculatory duct passes through the prostate gland and connects to the urethra
- During an orgasm, the sperm and spermatic fluids will be ejaculated from the penis through the urethra
Tubules
Coiled within each lobule are one to three seminiferous tubules; tiny ducts in which sperm are produced. Several layers of cells line the walls of tubules, each layer containing GERM CELLS in the process of becoming cell (a germ cell is a cell that gives rise to gametes). Also contained in the wall of the tubule are cylindrical cells called SERTOLI CELLS. These cells promote the development of sperm by supplying nutrients, removing waste, and secreting the hormone inhibin, which plays a role in the maturation and release of sperm. Lying between the seminiferous tubules are clusters of INSTERSTITILA CELLS - also called LEYDIG CELLS - that produce testosterone
Spermatic Ducts
Sperm continues to mature as they follow a specific path through spermatic ducts.
1)
A network of vessels called the RETE TESTIS leads away from the seminiferous tubules; these vessels provide a location in which sperm partially mature
2)
EFFERENT DUCTULES conduct immature sperm away from the testis to epididymis
3)
Sperm pass into the EPIDIDYMIS, which attached to the posterior side of the testies (note that the epididymis is outside of the testis but still inside the scrotum. Sperm move from the head of the epididymis to the tail, maturing as they go. They are then stored in the tail of the epidymous, where they remain fertile for 40-60 days. After that, unless they are ejaculated, the aging sperm disintegrate and are reabsorbed by the epididymis
4
Sperm leave the tail of the epididymis and pass into the Vas Deferens
5
The vas deferens travels up the spermatic cord, through the inguinal canal, and into the pelvic cavity. It loops over the ureter and descends along the posterior bladder wall
6
As the vas deferens turns downward, it widens into an ampulla and ends by joining the SEMINAL VESICLE to form the EJACULATORY DUCT. (Remember that there are two ejaculatory ducts: one for each testis) The ejaculatory ducts pass through the prostate and empty into the urethra.
Male Accessory Glands: Seminal vesicles
- Yellowish, alkaline fluid that contains fructose, coagulating enzyme and other substances
- About 60% of the semen volume
Male Accessory Glands: Prostate Gland
- Milky white secretion that contains nutrients for the sperm and various other enzymes
- About 30% of the semen volume
Male Accessory Glands: Bulbourethral Glands
Produces clear fluid for lubrication
Penis
-Consists of an attached root and shaft
-Shaft ends in an enlarged tip called the glans penis
-Foreskin, or prepuce, forms around the glans of the penis
-Erectile tissue is a spongy network of connective tissue and smooth muscle
(During sexual arousal, these erectile tissues fill up with blood allowing an erection)
Male Gamete: Sperm
The HEAD contains the nucleus which is packed with genetic material. Topping the head of the sperm is a cap called an ACROSOME. The acrosome contains enzymes that help the sperm penetrate the egg during fertilization
- The MIDDLE PIECE contains numerous mitochondria that supply the sperm with the energy it needs to migrate up the female reproductive tract.
- The TAIL Is a flagellum whose beating, whip likem ovements propel sperm forward
Female Reproductive System
Consists of internal and external genitalia
Internal Genitalia
- Ovaries
- Ovarian tubes (fallopian tubes)
- Uterus
- Vagina
External Genitalia
- Mons pubis
- Clitoris
- Labia Majora
- Labia Minora
Ovaries
-Considered to be the primary sex organs or the gonads of the female reproductive system
-Responsible for the production of:
(Ova (eggs); gametes & Sex hormones; estrogen and progesterone)
-Both ovaries are located in the lower abdominal cavity, slightly laterally and inferior to the naval
-Each ovary is almond shape, are actually about twice the size of a almond and each are covered by the TUNICA ALBUGINEA- the fibrous connective tissue protective covering
Uterine Tubes
- Also called fallopian tubes or oviducts
- Each uterine tube is about 4 inches long and connect the ovary to the uterus
- Ovulated eggs are drawn up into the uterine tubes and fertilize of the ovum will occur within the uterine tubes
- Consists of the isthmus, ampulla, infundibulum with the fimbriae.
- The isthmus is the region of the uterine tubes that connects with the uterus. The ampulla is the distal end of the uterine tube that curves back toward the ovary, Which opens up into the infundibulum, which has a funnel like shape that contains these finger-like ciliated extensions called fimbriae.
Isthmus
A narrow isthmus is the portion of the fallopian tube closest to the uterus
Ampulla
The middle portion of the tube, the usual site of egg fertilization, cilia line the inside of the tube. Their beating movements, combined with peristaltic contractions of the tube, propel an egg toward the uterus
INFUNDIBULUM
The distal funnel-shaped end of the fallopian tube
FIMBRIAE
The fallopian tube does not attach directly to the ovary instead, finger like projections fan over the ovary
Vagina
A muscular tube about 3 inches long. Serves as a receptacle for the peis and sperm, a route for the discharge of menstrual blood, and the passageway fort he birth of a baby. The smooth muscle walls of the vagina and expand greatly during childbirth.
-The lower end of the vagina contain ridges that help stimulate the penis during intercourse and allow for expansion during childbirth
Hymen
A fold of mucous membrane partially covers the entrance to the vagina. During the first intercourse, the hymen ruptures.
Fornices
The vagina extends slightly beyond the cervix, creating pockets
Fundus
The curved upper portion of the uterus is called the fundus. The upper two corners of the uterus connect with the fallopian tubes
Body
The central region of the uterus
Cervix
The inferior end is the cervix. a passageway through the cervix, called the cervical canal. Links the uterus to the vagina. Glands within the cervical canal secrete thick mucus; during ovulation, the mucis thins to allow sperm to pass
Uterus
- Uterus functions to serve as a place to receive, allow for implantation, retain and nourish a fertilized egg
- CHanges occur to the uterine inner layer during the mentstrual cycle
The walls of the uterus is composed of 3 layers:
1) Perimetrium
2) Myometrium - Majority of the uterine wall
3) Endometrium
Vagina
-Thin walled tube that is about 4 inches long
(commonly called the birth canal)
-Positioned between the rectum and bladder
-Extends from the cervix external os to the exterior body
-The vagina’s function is to receive the penis and sperm during sexual intercourse and to allow for discharge of uterus lining
Vaginal Vestibule
The exterior portion of the body
Female Gamete - Ovum
1) Primordial follicles
2) Primary follicles
3) Secondary follicle
4) Mature Follicle
5) Ovulated oocyte
6) Corpus Luteum
7) Corpus albicans
Ovarian Cycle
-Events that occur in the ovaries
Follicle development, ovulation and corpus luteum development
Two cycles of ovarian cycle
1) Follicular phase
- Lasts from day 1-14
- Dominant follicle matures and secretes large amounts of estrogen
- Ovulation occurs on day 14
2) Luteal phase
- Lasts from day 14-28
- Activity of the corpus luteum
Uterine Cycle
-Also called the menstrual cycle
-Uterine cycle involves the changes that occur to its inner lining called the endometrium
(It becomes thick for the possibility of implantation)
(If fertilization does not occur, the lining is sloughed off and released from the body)
Four phases to the uterine cycle
1) Menstrual phase
2) Proliferative Phase
3) Secretory phase
4) Premenstrual phase
Follicular Phase
The ovaries are preparing follicles and eventually one is chosen to become fully maturated and eventually become the egg that is ovulated from the ovary typically half way through the ovarian cycle. Follicle development is stimulated by FSH and ovulation is stimulated by LH.
Luteal Phase
Consists of the remaining portion of the ovulated egg within the ovary called the corpus luteum secretes the hormone progesterone.
