Integument, Skeletal & Muscular Flashcards
Keratinocytes
-Most of the skin cells in the epidermis
-Produced by stem cells near basement membrane
-Cells grow flat, fill with vesicles of keratin and die
(Produces the waxy, waterproof protective barrier)
-Takes 30-40 days to reach outer layer and gets flaked off-dander
Melanocytes
- Produce the pigment Melanin (Determines skin color)
- Environmental and physiological factors also influence production of melanin
What is apoptosis?
Cellular death
What is the deepest layer of skin?
Dermis
What is dermis composed of?
Mainly connective tissue mostly but muscular and nervous tissue too. -Collagen fibers and elastic fibers -Blood vessels -Separated into two regions (-Papillary region (superficial)) (-Reticular region (deep))
Bone Tissue: Cells
What are osteogenic cells?
Stem cells that give rise to other bone cells
Bone Tissue: Cells
What are Osteocytes?
Former osteoblasts that become trapped in matrix they deposited
-They reside in tiny cavities called lacunae which, are connected together by narrow channels called canliculi
Bone Tissue: Cells
What are Osteoblasts?
Bone matrix forming cells - Stimulate bone matrix formation
B for blast and B for build
Bone Tissue: Cells
What are Osteoclasts?
-Bone matrix dissolving cells found on the bone surface
-Release minerals (Calcium) into bloodstream
C for clasts and C for chew
Compact Bone & Spongy Bone
- Both contain the four categories of bone cells
- Both contain the same extracellular matrix
- Difference is that the extracellular matrix is arranged differently
Two Types of bone marrow
- Red bone marrow
2. Yellow bone marrow
What is red bone marrow?
- Fills the space in spongy bone of long bones and flat bones
- produces the three types of blood cells
What is hematopoiesis
Producing blood cells
What is yellow bone marrow
- Fills the medullary cavity of the diaphysis of long bones and is composed of lipids (mainly triglycerides (in adults)
- Lipid storage
How many bones do you have?
270 at birth and 206 in adulthood.
Identify 20 bones:
- Skull
- Pectoral Girdle
- Thoracic cage
- Pelvis
- Patella
- Tarsals
- Parietal bone
- Occipital bone
- Mandible
- Clavicle
- Scapula
- Humerus
- Os Coxae
- Ulna
- Radius
- Femur
- Fibula
- Tibia
- Metatarsals
- Phalanges
Spinal bones, curves & Region:
What are the 5 regions?
- Cervical region
- Thoracic region
- Lumbar region
- Sacrum region
- Coccyx region
Each region of the spine has a specific and normal curve to it
Thoracic Cage & Region:
What does it consist of?
- 12 sets of ribs (2 floating)
- Sternum
Thoracic Cage & Region: The sternum has 3 regions
1) Manubrium
2) Body
3) Xiphoid Process
What is the Manubrium?
This is the broadest portion; the Suprasternal notch (at the top of the manubrium between the two clavicles) is easily palpated.
What is the body of the sternum?
This is the longest portion; it joins the manubrium at the sternal angle (also called the angle of Louis(which is also the location of the second rib)
What is the xiphoid process?
An important landmark for CPR; the xiphoid process provides an attachment point for some abdominal muscles.
Which ribs are the true ribs?
Ribs 1-7; They attach to the sternum by a strip of hyaline cartilage called costal cartilage.
What is Costal Cartilage?
A strip of hyaline cartilage that attaches the ribs to the sternum.
What are false ribs?
Ribs 8-12
Which are the floating ribs and why?
Ribs 11 and 12 because they do not attach to any part of the anterior thoracic cage
What is the costal margins?
The lower edges of the thoracic cage.
- They meet at the xiphoid process forming the costal angle.
- The angle should be less than 90 degrees with exception to pregnancy and certain lung disease which increase the angle.
What is the humerus?
The long bone of the upper arm. Consists of: -The head -Olecranon fossa -Olecranon process
What is the head of the humerus?
The enlarged end of this long bone is covered with articular cartilage; it articulates with the glenoid cavity of the scapula.
What is the Olecranon fossa of the humerus?
This is a depression on the posterior side of the humerus.
What is the Olecranon process?
This is the bony point of the elbow; it slides in the olecranon process when the arm is extended.
What is the styloid processes of the radius and ulna?
The bony bumps that can be felt at the wrist.
What is the radius?
One of the two bones of the lower arm; located on the same side as the thumb
Consists of:
-the proximal head
-radial tuberosity
What is the proximal head of the radius?
A distinctive disc rotates on the humerus when the palm is turned backwards and forwards.
What is the Radial Tuberosity?
Where the bicep muscles attaches to the bone.
What is the ulna?
The other bone of the lower arm; longer than the radius.
What is the ilium?
A large, flaring section you can feel under the skin.
What is the ischium?
The lower posterior portion of the hip bones.
What is the pubis?
The most anterior portion that joins with the other pubis at the symphysis pubis; a disc of cartilage that separates the two bones
What is the Olecranon process?
This is the bony point of the elbow; it slides in the olecranon process when the arm is extended.
What is the styloid processes of the radius and ulna?
The bony bumps that can be felt at the wrist.
What is the radius?
One of the two bones of the lower arm; located on the same side as the thumb
Consists of:
-the proximal head
-radial tuberosity
What is the proximal head of the radius?
A distinctive disc rotates on the humerus when the palm is turned backwards and forwards.
What is the Radial Tuberosity?
Where the bicep muscles attaches to the bone.
What is the ulna?
The other bone of the lower arm; longer than the radius.
What is the ilium?
A large, flaring section you can feel under the skin.
What is the ischium?
The lower posterior portion of the hip bones.
What is the pubis?
The most anterior portion that joins with the other pubis at the symphysis pubis; a disc of cartilage that separates the two bones
