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A&P of Cells, Tissues & Organs > Respiratory and Digestive Systems > Flashcards

Respiratory and Digestive Systems Flashcards

1
Q

All the structures of the Upper respiratory system are classified part of the respiratory zone and include:

A
  • Located outside the thoracic cavity
    1) Nose and nasal cavity
    2) Paranasal sinuses
    3) Pharynx (Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Larngopharynx)
    4) Larynx
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2
Q

What is the primary function of the upper respiratory?

A

Primary function is to warm, moisten, filter the incoming air and provide a pathway for air to the lungs. Other structures allow for voice production (larynx) and olfaction or sense of smell in nose

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3
Q

What does the lower respiratory system consist of?

A
  • Located inside the thoracic cavity
    1) Trachea
    2) Bronchi and Bronchioles
    3) Lungs
    4) Alveolar Sacs
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4
Q

What are the alveoli

A

Wrapped in a fine mesh of capillaries. The extremely thin walls of alveoli, and the closeness of the capillaries, allow for efficient gas exchange.

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5
Q

What is the Respiratory membrane

A

The exchange of air occurs here. Consists of alveolar epithelium, the capillary endothelium and their joined basement membranes.

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6
Q

Alveolar Sacs

A

Look like grape clusters

-Composed of individual structures called alveoli

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7
Q

Right Lung

A
  • Shorter and broader and larger than the left

- Handles 55% of gas exchange

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8
Q

Three lobes of right lung

A

1)Superior, middle and inferior

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9
Q

Two fissures of right lung

A

1) Horizontal fissure

2) Oblique fissure

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10
Q

Where does the base of the lung rest

A

The base of each lung rests on the diaphragm

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11
Q

What is the apex of the lungs

A

The top, the apex of each lung extends about 1/2” above the first rib.

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12
Q

Left Lung

A

Contains two lobes
(Superior and inferior)
-One fissure (Oblique fissure)
-Smaller because the heart extends towards the left

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13
Q

Inspiration

A
  • For air to travel into the lungs, the intrapulmonary pressure must become lower then the atmospheric pressure
  • The lung volume must increase to reduce the overall pressure within the lungs
  • The respiratory muscles create this increase volume (Diaphragm and intercostal muscles)
  • When these muscles contract, they pull on the pleura of the lungs and cause the lung tissue to expand in the thoracic cavity (Causes an increase of lung volume)
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14
Q

What is Boyles Law

A

An increase of volume with gases will cause a decrease in the pressure within the volume.

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15
Q

Expiration

A
  • For air to travel out of the lungs, the intrapulmonary pressure must become higher than the atmospheric pressure
  • The respiratory muscles relax, causing the lungs to recoil back to their original size
  • The volume decreases causing an increase of intrapulmonary pressure higher than atmospheric pressure
  • Air is forced out of lungs
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16
Q

Air inhaled

A

Low pressure in lungs

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17
Q

Air exhaled

A

High pressure in lungs to squeeze the air out

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18
Q

Parts of GI Tract

A

1) Mouth
2) Pharynx
3) Esophagus
4) Stomach
5) Small intestine
6) Large intestine
7) Rectum
8) Anus

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19
Q

Accessory organ of GI tract

A
  • Teeth
  • Tongue
  • Salivary glands
  • Liver
  • Pancreas
  • Gallbladder
20
Q

Esophagus

A
  • Muscular tube about 10” in length that connects the mouth/pharynx to the stomach
  • Epiglottic covers larynx and directs food to esophagus
  • Esophagus connects to stomach and is surrounded by gastroesophageal sphincter
21
Q

Stomach

A
  • Can be thought as a muscular sac that stores and primarily mechanically digests food
  • Food is mechanically broken down into a substance called chyme (Creamy thick paste)
  • Stomach is composed of the four layers of the alimentary canal
  • Divided into four regions
22
Q

Oblique Muscles in stomach

A

The addition of the oblique muscle gives the muscles of the stomach wall a crisscross pattern; this allows the stomach to contract and churn vigorously as it processes food

23
Q

What is Rugae

A

When the stomach is empthy, the mucosa and submucosa are wrinkled into folds called rugae. As the stomach fills with food the rugae flatte and the stomach flattens out.

24
Q

Three muscles in stomach

A

1) Longitudinal muscle
2) Circular muscle
3) Oblique muscle

25
Q

Small Intestine

A
  • The small and large intestine are a continuation of the alimentary canal
  • Consists of 4 layers
  • Mucosa is uniquely different in each region
  • Small intestine allows for the completion of chemical digestion and nearly all nutrient absorption occurs here
26
Q

Three regions of Small intestine

A

1) Duodenum
2) Jejunum
3) Illeum

27
Q

1)Duodenum

A
  • About 10” - connected to the stomach
  • Pancreatic juices and biles enter here
  • Stomach acids are neutralized and pancreatic enzymes begin the task of chemical digestion
  • More digestive processes occur here than in any other part of the intestine
28
Q

2)Jejunum

A
  • About 8 feet in length
  • Suspended by the mesentery
  • Many large, closely spaced folds and millions of microscopic projections give an enormous surface area
  • idea for nutrition absorption
  • Walls are thick and muscular with a rich blood supply
29
Q

3)Ileum

A

-About 1-4 feet in length
-Joins the large intestine at the ileocecal valve
-Wall is thinner and has less blood supply
Clusters of lymphatic nodules called PEYER’S PATCHES are scattered throughout the ileum

30
Q

Large Intestine

A
  • Found in the small intestine

- Large refers to its diameter - about 2.5-3.0 inches but length is only about 5 feet in length

31
Q

What are the main functions of the large intestine?

A
  • Absorb remaining water within indigestible material/food
  • Store the indigestible material/food for a brief time
  • Eliminate the indigestible material/food as feces
32
Q

Large Intestine

A

Begins in a blind pouch called the CECUM. Attached to the lower end of the cecum is a tubular organ called the APPENDIX. The appendix contains masses of lymphoid tissue and serves as a source for immune cells. At the point where the ileum meets the large intestine is the ILEOCECAL VALVE, which helps insure that material moves in a forward direction only

33
Q

2 Large Intestine

A

The ASCENDING COLON extends up toward the liver. The colon makes a sharp turn a the RIGHT COLIC (HEPATIC) FLEXURE.

34
Q

3 Large Intestine

A

The TRANSVERSE COLON passes below the liver, stomach, and spleen. The colon turns sharply downward at the LEFT COLIC (SPLENIC) FLEXURE

35
Q

4 Large Intestine

A

The DESCENDING COLON extends downward along the left side of the abdominal cavity

36
Q

5 Large Intestines

A

The SIGMOID COLON forms an S shape down to the rectum

37
Q

6 Large Intestines

A

The RECTUM is the last 7-8 inches of intestine. The mucosa of the rectum forms longitudinal folds called anal columns

38
Q

7 Large Intestines

A

The ANAL CANAL, which makes up the last inch of the rectum, opens to the exterior through the ANUS. The anus contains two sphincters; an INTERNAL SPHINCTER (composed of involuntary smooth muscle) and an EXTERNAL SPHINCTER (composed of voluntary skeletal muscles)

39
Q

Accessory Organs

A
  • The liver, gallbladder and pancreas play a vital role in the digestive system
  • Technically not part of alimentary or digestive canal
40
Q

Liver and Gallbladder

A

The liver is about 3-4 lbs and plays a number of roles within the body’s ability to maintain homeostasis

  • Including detoxification of the blood, protein synthesis, creation of various hormones and molecules
  • Focus on its digestive roles
  • Liver’s function within digestive system is to produce bile.
41
Q

What is the hepatic artery?

A

Delivers oxygenated blood from the aorta to the liver

42
Q

What is the Portal vein

A

Carries oxygen-poor but nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs and spleen to the liver

43
Q

Pancreas

A

-Has an endocrine (secretion of insulin/glucagon) role and exocrine role (secretion of digestive enzymes) role
-Focus on its exocrine role and how it relates to digestive system
-Creates and secreates pancreatic juice
(Water, digestive enzymes, electrolytes-mainly bicoarbonate ions)

44
Q

HEPATOPANCREATIC AMPULLA (AMPULLA OF VATER)

A

The bile duct merges with the duct of the pancrease to form the hepatopancreatic ampulla

45
Q

Major Duodenal papilla

A

The ampulla enters the duodenum at a raised area

46
Q

Hepatopancreatic Sphincter (Sphincter of Oddi)

A

Controls the flow of bile and pancreatic juice into the duodenum

47
Q

Bile Passage

A

Bile reaches the gallbladder through a series of ducts. It leaves the liver by the RIGHT AND LEFT HEPATIC DUCTS. These two ducts converge to form the COMMON HEPATIC DUCT, which goes on to become the COMMON BILE DUCT. Bile from the liver first fills the common bile duct before backing up into the gallbladder through the CYSTIC DUCT.

A&P of Cells, Tissues & Organs (5 decks)

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