Urinary, Reproductive, Stress and Excercise Flashcards
The maintenance of normal body _______ levels is important for:
• maintaining normal cell volume
• normal function of the cardiovascular system
Fluid
retaining water a) blood pressure
eliminating water b) blood pressure
a) increases
b) decreases
Enzyme secretion (_______) results in water retention
Renin
many functions of the body are very sensitive to ___ therefore it must be maintained within strict homeostatic limits
pH
the kidneys play a key role in regulating the body’s _________ balance
acid-base
the kidneys regulate the body’s pH by excreting a) and reabsorbing b)
a) hydrogen ions (H+)
b) bicarbonate
Hormone secreted by kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production
erythropoietin (EPO)
Hormone secreted by kidneys that’s the active form of vitamin D
Calcitriol
An enzyme that activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (helps in the regulation of blood pressure and Na+ and K+ balance)
Renin
waste products from protein metabolism
ammonia and urea
waste product from the breakdown of hemoglobin
bilirubin
waste product from the breakdown of nucleic acids
uric acid
waste product from skeletal muscle
creatinine
With ____________, kidneys can produce and release glucose into the blood stream
hypoglycemia
The kidneys are located between vertebra a) and b), partially protected by ribs c) and d)
a) T12
b) L3
c) 11
d) 12
Superficial layer of the kidney
Renal cortex
Inner portion of the kidney
Renal medulla
The functional unit of the kidney
Nephron
the kidneys get ___% of resting CO
20-25%
Blood enters the kidney through the __________
Renal artery
A tangled ball-like network of capillaries within the kidney.
Glomerulus
At the level of the glomerulus, 1) in blood plasma are filtered through the 2), into the 3) (Bowman’s) capsule space and into the 4)
1) water and solutes
2) capillary walls
3) glomerular
4) renal tubule
__________ arteriole leads into the glomerulus
Afferent
Blood flows out of the glomerulus into the __________ arteriole
Efferent
The efferent arteriole leads to another capillary network – the _____________ capillaries
peritubular
The peritubular capillaries merge to ultimately form the _______ vein which leaves the kidney
renal
The fluid that enters the capsular space of the kidney is called the ________________
Glomerular filtrate
T/F: as filtered fluid moves along the renal tubule and collecting duc most of the water and useful solutes are reabsorbed and returned to the blood in the peritubular capillaries.
True
Wastes are drawn from the peritubular capillaries and are secreted into the fluid for removal from the body. What is this fluid called?
Urine
The amount of filtrate formed per minute in the kidneys. Indicator of kidney function.
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
T/F: increased GFR = increased urine production
True
In general, the body will regulate _______ by:
• adjusting blood flow into and out of the glomerulus
• altering the capillary surface area available for filtration
Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)
What mechanism is described below?
An increase in BP increases renal blood flow which increases GFR and stretches the walls of the afferent arterioles. This stretching triggers the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the afferent arterioles and vasoconstriction reduces blood flow and reduces GFR to previous level.
The myogenic mechanism (for Auto-Regulation of GFR)
What is described below?
An increase in BP increases renal blood flow which increases GFR and increases the Na+, Cl-, and water in tubular fluid. The increased Na+, Cl-, and water in tubular fluid triggers vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole which reduces blood flow and decreases GFR to the previous level.
Tubuloglomerular feedback (for Auto-Regulation of GFR)
With increasing _______ activation, vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole is greater which decreases GFR.
Sympathetic Nervous System
Strong vasoconstrictor hormone (both afferent and efferent), effective in reducing GFR.
Angiotensin II
Hormone released by the heart in response to atrial stretching (i.e. increased blood volume) which increases GFR.
Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)
5 hormones affect the ________ and _________ of water and ions by the renal tubules:
1) angiotensin II
2) aldosterone
3) ANP
4) ADH
5) PTH
Re-absorbtion and Secretion
Decreased BP -> kidneys secrete ______ (an enzyme)
Renin
Renin converts angiotensinogen (made by the liver) into _____________
angiotensin I
Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II at the lungs by _________________
angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
Which hormone is responsible for the following:
• Decreased GFR (afferent arteriole vasoconstriction)
• Increased re-absorption of Na+ and Cl- ions and water
• stimulates the release of aldosterone
Angiotensin II
Which hormone increases re-absorption of Na+, Cl- , & water?
Aldosterone
Which hormone increases excretion of sodium and water?
ANP
Which hormone increases water reabsorption?
ADH
Which hormone increases re-absorption of calcium?
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Collecting ducts (which receive urine from several nephrons), collect and form larger and larger pathways to the level of the _________ (1 from each kidney)
ureter
___________________ in the ureter move urine to the bladder
Peristaltic contractions
the bladder is a hollow muscular organ that sits 1) to the pubic symphysis, 2) to the rectum, and in females sits 3) to the uterus
1) posterior
2) anterior
3) inferior
Structure that controls the flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra.
Internal urethral sphincter
The tube from the floor of the bladder to the exterior
Urethra
Part of the pelvic floor mm., controls the flow of urine out of the urethra
External urethral sphincter
micturition/urination/voiding: the discharge of ________
Urine
pressure within the bladder stimulates stretch receptors which initiate a reflex via the ___________ – the bladder contracts, the internal sphincter relaxes.
Parasympathetic Nervous System
____________ gives a sensation of fullness before the micturition reflex occurs
Bladder filling
The lack of voluntary control over micturition
Incontinence
Substances (including medications) that decrease the reabsorption of water.
Diuretics
Artificial cleansing of the blood
Dialysis
A specialized branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system
Gynecology
Male and female urinary systems and male reproductive system
Urology
Germ cells (sperm in males, egg in females) that combine to form the offspring
Gamete
The developing organism from fertilization to the end of 8 weeks
Embryo
The developing organism (in utero) from 9 weeks to birth
Fetus
A sac of loose skin and CT that supports the testes – contains muscles that contract in response to cold to elevate the testes (or relax to lower them)
Scrotum
site of sperm production – within the testes are cells that produce testosterone
Testes
A temporary storage site for immature sperm – it covers the posterior and superior testis
Epididymis
The tube that sperm travel through – it runs from
epididymis into the pelvic cavity, over and behind the bladder to the urethra
Ductus deferens (vas deferens)
Located at the base of the bladder, they produce seminal fluid which nourishes sperm
Seminal vesicles
Normally about the size of a golf ball, it encircles the urethra just below the bladder – it functions to secrete fluid into the urethra that supports sperm function
Prostate
Below the prostate, they secrete mucous to lubricate the urethra and an alkaline fluid to neutralize acids from urine in the urethra
Bulbourethral glands
On either side of the uterus, they produce eggs and hormones – ligaments hold them in place
Ovaries
Extending laterally from the uterus, they receive the ovum and provide a site for fertilization
Fallopian Tubes
How are ovum transported to the uterus?
Peristalsis and the movement of the cilia
The uterus is located in the pelvis between the _________ and the __________
Between the bladder and the rectum
Which reproductive structure is supported by ligaments (broad ligament, round ligament anteriorly, uterosacral ligament posteriorly)?
The uterus
The thick wall of the uterus has 3 layers – the inner layer is the ___________ which is the site of implantation of the embryo – without pregnancy, it sloughs off as part of the menstrual cycle
Endometrium
Type of glands located in breast tissue to pectoralis major and serratus anterior and are attached to them by a layer of deep CT
Mammary glands
Mammary glands are supported by __________ ligaments which anchor skin to the deep CT
Cooper’s ligaments
The synthesis and ejection of milk
Lactation
female sex hormones (primarily __________) increase mammary gland size at puberty
Estrogens
These are definitions for __________:
“the non-specific response of the body to any demand for change”
“physical, mental, or emotional strain or tension”
“a condition or feeling experienced when a person perceives that demands exceed the personal
and social resources the individual is able to mobilize”
Stress
‘good’ stress
Eustress
‘bad’ stress
Distress
The wide-ranging set of bodily changes, triggered by a stressor that gears the body to meet an emergency
The Stress Response
Any stimulus that produces a stress response
Stressors
Contemporary stress is more insidious because it is more ____________ than physically driven
Psychologically
The following are examples of _____________s
• increased HR • increased fluid retention • increased BP • redirection of blood flow (increased to brain, heart, lungs, skeletal muscles – decreased to viscera, skin) • bronchodilation • mobilization of energy substrates
Stress Responses
short lived stage of stress in which hypothalamus increases SyNS firing and mobilizes resources to relevant organs (brain, skeletal muscles, heart) for immediate activity.
The Alarm Stage – a.k.a. Fight or Flight
What does the adrenal medulla secrete during the Alarm Stage?
Epinephrine and norepinephrine
Which bodily systems are inhibited in the the Alarm Stage – a.k.a. Fight or Flight?
digestive, urinary, reproductive systems are inhibited
Longer lasting stage of stress response initiated by hypothalamus. Enhances and prolongs the effects of the SyNS and helps get us through a stressful phase.
The Resistance Stage (a.k.a. Resistance Reaction)
Increases blood glucose during Resistance Stage of stress.
Glucagon
Increases glucose utilization during Resistance Stage of stress.
TSH
Stage of stress response in which resources get depleted and can’t support resistance. Prolonged elevated cortisol levels can lead to muscle wasting, immune suppression, ulceration, pancreatic beta cell failure. Resistance reactions may persist even after the stressor is removed
Exhaustion Phase
How the body responds to a single bout of exercise
Acute Exercise Response
How the body responds over time to the stress of repeated bouts of exercise
Training Adaptations
The ability contractile tissue to generate tension (contract)
Muscular strength
The ability of the neuromuscular system to generate and control forces during functional activities
Functional strength
The ability to produce low-intensity repeated activities over prolonged time frames
Muscular Endurance
The ability of a joint or series of joints to move through a full range of motion (ROM) without injury
Flexability
Initial strength gains are due primarily to _________________ (often rapid – within 4-8 weeks)
neural adaptation
motor learning, increased motor unit recruitment, increased rate and synchronization of firing
neural adaptation
____________ comes after the initial gains and is from increased protein content (i.e. actin, myosin)
hypertrophy
In terms of Parameters of Exercise, what does FITT indicate?
frequency – how often the exercise is performed per day or per week
intensity – how hard someone is working
time – how long the activity is performed
type – what is the activity being performed
‘the partial or complete loss of training-induced adaptations’
Detraining
muscle tenderness, pain on palpation, stiffness after exercise
Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)
