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T1 Physiology > Urinary, Reproductive, Stress and Excercise > Flashcards

Urinary, Reproductive, Stress and Excercise Flashcards

1
Q

The maintenance of normal body _______ levels is important for:
• maintaining normal cell volume
• normal function of the cardiovascular system

A

Fluid

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2
Q

retaining water a) blood pressure

eliminating water b) blood pressure

A

a) increases

b) decreases

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3
Q

Enzyme secretion (_______) results in water retention

A

Renin

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4
Q

many functions of the body are very sensitive to ___ therefore it must be maintained within strict homeostatic limits

A

pH

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5
Q

the kidneys play a key role in regulating the body’s _________ balance

A

acid-base

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6
Q

the kidneys regulate the body’s pH by excreting a) and reabsorbing b)

A

a) hydrogen ions (H+)

b) bicarbonate

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7
Q

Hormone secreted by kidneys that stimulates red blood cell production

A

erythropoietin (EPO)

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8
Q

Hormone secreted by kidneys that’s the active form of vitamin D

A

Calcitriol

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9
Q

An enzyme that activates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (helps in the regulation of blood pressure and Na+ and K+ balance)

A

Renin

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10
Q

waste products from protein metabolism

A

ammonia and urea

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11
Q

waste product from the breakdown of hemoglobin

A

bilirubin

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12
Q

waste product from the breakdown of nucleic acids

A

uric acid

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13
Q

waste product from skeletal muscle

A

creatinine

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14
Q

With ____________, kidneys can produce and release glucose into the blood stream

A

hypoglycemia

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15
Q

The kidneys are located between vertebra a) and b), partially protected by ribs c) and d)

A

a) T12
b) L3
c) 11
d) 12

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16
Q

Superficial layer of the kidney

A

Renal cortex

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17
Q

Inner portion of the kidney

A

Renal medulla

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18
Q

The functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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19
Q

the kidneys get ___% of resting CO

A

20-25%

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20
Q

Blood enters the kidney through the __________

A

Renal artery

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21
Q

A tangled ball-like network of capillaries within the kidney.

A

Glomerulus

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22
Q

At the level of the glomerulus, 1) in blood plasma are filtered through the 2), into the 3) (Bowman’s) capsule space and into the 4)

A

1) water and solutes
2) capillary walls
3) glomerular
4) renal tubule

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23
Q

__________ arteriole leads into the glomerulus

A

Afferent

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24
Q

Blood flows out of the glomerulus into the __________ arteriole

A

Efferent

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25
Q

The efferent arteriole leads to another capillary network – the _____________ capillaries

A

peritubular

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26
Q

The peritubular capillaries merge to ultimately form the _______ vein which leaves the kidney

A

renal

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27
Q

The fluid that enters the capsular space of the kidney is called the ________________

A

Glomerular filtrate

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28
Q

T/F: as filtered fluid moves along the renal tubule and collecting duc most of the water and useful solutes are reabsorbed and returned to the blood in the peritubular capillaries.

A

True

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29
Q

Wastes are drawn from the peritubular capillaries and are secreted into the fluid for removal from the body. What is this fluid called?

A

Urine

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30
Q

The amount of filtrate formed per minute in the kidneys. Indicator of kidney function.

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

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31
Q

T/F: increased GFR = increased urine production

A

True

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32
Q

In general, the body will regulate _______ by:
• adjusting blood flow into and out of the glomerulus
• altering the capillary surface area available for filtration

A

Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)

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33
Q

What mechanism is described below?

An increase in BP increases renal blood flow which increases GFR and stretches the walls of the afferent arterioles. This stretching triggers the contraction of smooth muscle in the walls of the afferent arterioles and vasoconstriction reduces blood flow and reduces GFR to previous level.

A

The myogenic mechanism (for Auto-Regulation of GFR)

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34
Q

What is described below?

An increase in BP increases renal blood flow which increases GFR and increases the Na+, Cl-, and water in tubular fluid. The increased Na+, Cl-, and water in tubular fluid triggers vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole which reduces blood flow and decreases GFR to the previous level.

A

Tubuloglomerular feedback (for Auto-Regulation of GFR)

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35
Q

With increasing _______ activation, vasoconstriction of the afferent arteriole is greater which decreases GFR.

A

Sympathetic Nervous System

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36
Q

Strong vasoconstrictor hormone (both afferent and efferent), effective in reducing GFR.

A

Angiotensin II

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37
Q

Hormone released by the heart in response to atrial stretching (i.e. increased blood volume) which increases GFR.

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP)

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38
Q

5 hormones affect the ________ and _________ of water and ions by the renal tubules:

1) angiotensin II
2) aldosterone
3) ANP
4) ADH
5) PTH

A

Re-absorbtion and Secretion

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39
Q

Decreased BP -> kidneys secrete ______ (an enzyme)

A

Renin

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40
Q

Renin converts angiotensinogen (made by the liver) into _____________

A

angiotensin I

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41
Q

Angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II at the lungs by _________________

A

angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)

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42
Q

Which hormone is responsible for the following:
• Decreased GFR (afferent arteriole vasoconstriction)
• Increased re-absorption of Na+ and Cl- ions and water
• stimulates the release of aldosterone

A

Angiotensin II

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43
Q

Which hormone increases re-absorption of Na+, Cl- , & water?

A

Aldosterone

44
Q

Which hormone increases excretion of sodium and water?

A

ANP

45
Q

Which hormone increases water reabsorption?

A

ADH

46
Q

Which hormone increases re-absorption of calcium?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

47
Q

Collecting ducts (which receive urine from several nephrons), collect and form larger and larger pathways to the level of the _________ (1 from each kidney)

A

ureter

48
Q

___________________ in the ureter move urine to the bladder

A

Peristaltic contractions

49
Q

the bladder is a hollow muscular organ that sits 1) to the pubic symphysis, 2) to the rectum, and in females sits 3) to the uterus

A

1) posterior
2) anterior
3) inferior

50
Q

Structure that controls the flow of urine from the bladder into the urethra.

A

Internal urethral sphincter

51
Q

The tube from the floor of the bladder to the exterior

A

Urethra

52
Q

Part of the pelvic floor mm., controls the flow of urine out of the urethra

A

External urethral sphincter

53
Q

micturition/urination/voiding: the discharge of ________

A

Urine

54
Q

pressure within the bladder stimulates stretch receptors which initiate a reflex via the ___________ – the bladder contracts, the internal sphincter relaxes.

A

Parasympathetic Nervous System

55
Q

____________ gives a sensation of fullness before the micturition reflex occurs

A

Bladder filling

56
Q

The lack of voluntary control over micturition

A

Incontinence

57
Q

Substances (including medications) that decrease the reabsorption of water.

A

Diuretics

58
Q

Artificial cleansing of the blood

A

Dialysis

59
Q

A specialized branch of medicine concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of diseases of the female reproductive system

A

Gynecology

60
Q

Male and female urinary systems and male reproductive system

A

Urology

61
Q

Germ cells (sperm in males, egg in females) that combine to form the offspring

A

Gamete

62
Q

The developing organism from fertilization to the end of 8 weeks

A

Embryo

63
Q

The developing organism (in utero) from 9 weeks to birth

A

Fetus

64
Q

A sac of loose skin and CT that supports the testes – contains muscles that contract in response to cold to elevate the testes (or relax to lower them)

A

Scrotum

65
Q

site of sperm production – within the testes are cells that produce testosterone

A

Testes

66
Q

A temporary storage site for immature sperm – it covers the posterior and superior testis

A

Epididymis

67
Q

The tube that sperm travel through – it runs from

epididymis into the pelvic cavity, over and behind the bladder to the urethra

A

Ductus deferens (vas deferens)

68
Q

Located at the base of the bladder, they produce seminal fluid which nourishes sperm

A

Seminal vesicles

69
Q

Normally about the size of a golf ball, it encircles the urethra just below the bladder – it functions to secrete fluid into the urethra that supports sperm function

A

Prostate

70
Q

Below the prostate, they secrete mucous to lubricate the urethra and an alkaline fluid to neutralize acids from urine in the urethra

A

Bulbourethral glands

71
Q

On either side of the uterus, they produce eggs and hormones – ligaments hold them in place

A

Ovaries

72
Q

Extending laterally from the uterus, they receive the ovum and provide a site for fertilization

A

Fallopian Tubes

73
Q

How are ovum transported to the uterus?

A

Peristalsis and the movement of the cilia

74
Q

The uterus is located in the pelvis between the _________ and the __________

A

Between the bladder and the rectum

75
Q

Which reproductive structure is supported by ligaments (broad ligament, round ligament anteriorly, uterosacral ligament posteriorly)?

A

The uterus

76
Q

The thick wall of the uterus has 3 layers – the inner layer is the ___________ which is the site of implantation of the embryo – without pregnancy, it sloughs off as part of the menstrual cycle

A

Endometrium

77
Q

Type of glands located in breast tissue to pectoralis major and serratus anterior and are attached to them by a layer of deep CT

A

Mammary glands

78
Q

Mammary glands are supported by __________ ligaments which anchor skin to the deep CT

A

Cooper’s ligaments

79
Q

The synthesis and ejection of milk

A

Lactation

80
Q

female sex hormones (primarily __________) increase mammary gland size at puberty

A

Estrogens

81
Q

These are definitions for __________:
“the non-specific response of the body to any demand for change”
“physical, mental, or emotional strain or tension”
“a condition or feeling experienced when a person perceives that demands exceed the personal
and social resources the individual is able to mobilize”

A

Stress

82
Q

‘good’ stress

A

Eustress

83
Q

‘bad’ stress

A

Distress

84
Q

The wide-ranging set of bodily changes, triggered by a stressor that gears the body to meet an emergency

A

The Stress Response

85
Q

Any stimulus that produces a stress response

A

Stressors

86
Q

Contemporary stress is more insidious because it is more ____________ than physically driven

A

Psychologically

87
Q

The following are examples of _____________s

• increased HR
• increased fluid retention
• increased BP
• redirection of blood flow (increased to brain, heart, lungs, skeletal muscles – decreased to
viscera, skin)
• bronchodilation
• mobilization of energy substrates
A

Stress Responses

88
Q

short lived stage of stress in which hypothalamus increases SyNS firing and mobilizes resources to relevant organs (brain, skeletal muscles, heart) for immediate activity.

A

The Alarm Stage – a.k.a. Fight or Flight

89
Q

What does the adrenal medulla secrete during the Alarm Stage?

A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

90
Q

Which bodily systems are inhibited in the the Alarm Stage – a.k.a. Fight or Flight?

A

digestive, urinary, reproductive systems are inhibited

91
Q

Longer lasting stage of stress response initiated by hypothalamus. Enhances and prolongs the effects of the SyNS and helps get us through a stressful phase.

A

The Resistance Stage (a.k.a. Resistance Reaction)

92
Q

Increases blood glucose during Resistance Stage of stress.

A

Glucagon

93
Q

Increases glucose utilization during Resistance Stage of stress.

A

TSH

94
Q

Stage of stress response in which resources get depleted and can’t support resistance. Prolonged elevated cortisol levels can lead to muscle wasting, immune suppression, ulceration, pancreatic beta cell failure. Resistance reactions may persist even after the stressor is removed

A

Exhaustion Phase

95
Q

How the body responds to a single bout of exercise

A

Acute Exercise Response

96
Q

How the body responds over time to the stress of repeated bouts of exercise

A

Training Adaptations

97
Q

The ability contractile tissue to generate tension (contract)

A

Muscular strength

98
Q

The ability of the neuromuscular system to generate and control forces during functional activities

A

Functional strength

99
Q

The ability to produce low-intensity repeated activities over prolonged time frames

A

Muscular Endurance

100
Q

The ability of a joint or series of joints to move through a full range of motion (ROM) without injury

A

Flexability

101
Q

Initial strength gains are due primarily to _________________ (often rapid – within 4-8 weeks)

A

neural adaptation

102
Q

motor learning, increased motor unit recruitment, increased rate and synchronization of firing

A

neural adaptation

103
Q

____________ comes after the initial gains and is from increased protein content (i.e. actin, myosin)

A

hypertrophy

104
Q

In terms of Parameters of Exercise, what does FITT indicate?

A

frequency – how often the exercise is performed per day or per week
intensity – how hard someone is working
time – how long the activity is performed
type – what is the activity being performed

105
Q

‘the partial or complete loss of training-induced adaptations’

A

Detraining

106
Q

muscle tenderness, pain on palpation, stiffness after exercise

A

Delayed Onset Muscle Soreness (DOMS)

T1 Physiology (6 decks)

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