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T1 Physiology > Test #1 > Flashcards

Test #1 Flashcards

1
Q

ultramicroscopic building blocks of matter, containing a nucleus (protons and neutrons) and surrounding electrons

A

atoms

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2
Q

when two or more atoms bond to form a stable structure

A

molecule

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3
Q

a substance made of different atoms (e.g., H2S, CH4)

A

compound

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4
Q

a substance made entirely of the same atoms

A

element

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5
Q

an atom with an unequal number of protons and electrons (it therefore has a positive or negative charge)

A

ion

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6
Q

an atom or molecule with an unpaired electron

A

free radical

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7
Q

there is energy stored in the bonds between atoms and molecules. when these bonds are formed or are broken, it is called a _______________

A

chemical reaction

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8
Q

the sum of all chemical reactions occurring in the body

A

metabolism

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9
Q

the building phase of metabolism in which simple molecules are combined to make more complex ones and energy is consumed

A

anabolism

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10
Q

the breaking phase of metabolism in which complex molecules are broken down into simpler ones and energy is released

A

catabolism

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11
Q

the ‘energy currency’ of the body

A

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

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12
Q

the energy stored in ATP is ‘spent’ to perform many (very important) body functions. what were the four examples of how ATP is spent.

A

▪ muscle contraction
▪ cell division
▪ movement of some substances across cell membranes ▪ making large molecules out of smaller ones

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13
Q

how does the body regain ATP?

A

breaking down (i.e. catabolizing) food

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14
Q

which three energy substrates are used to reform ATP (attach P back on to ADP)?

A

carbohydrates, fats, and proteins

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15
Q

depending on the cell, the demand for energy, and the energy substrate available, different substrates will be used. this is called _______________

A

Cellular Preference

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16
Q

what do we call the series of reactions that transfer energy from food to ATP

A

cellular respiration

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17
Q

cellular respiration that happens without oxygen present/being used is called ___________-

A

anaerobic

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18
Q

cellular respiration that happens with oxygen present/being used is called ____________

A

aerobic

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19
Q

the preferred energy substrate of the human body is

A

carbohydrates

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20
Q

the process of making ATP from glucose occurs in the cell cytoplasm and is called

A

glycosis

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21
Q

glucose stored in the blood is called

A

glycogen

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22
Q

through glycolysis, a molecule of glucose is broken into_____ and ________

A

2 molecules of pyruvic acid and 2 ATP

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23
Q

what effect does oxygen have on glycosis (aerobic)?

A

pyruvic acid enters the mitochondria and a series of reactions yield 26-28 more ATP

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24
Q

in this version of glycosis, pyruvic acid does not go into the mitochondria – it is converted into lactic acid which quickly converts to lactate.

A

anaerobic

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25
Q

what needs to be present for fat to be used to make ATP?

A

oxygen

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26
Q

the breakdown of stored fat (use of glycerol and fatty acids to make ATP) is called

A

lipolysis

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27
Q

the # of ATP generated by fat cells depends on what?

A

the size of the fat

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28
Q

what kinds of cells make ketone bodies which are used by other cells (esp. heart, nervous system, kidneys) to make ATP

A

liver cells (hepatocytes)

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29
Q

to make ATP, proteins are broken down into _________

A

amino acids

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30
Q

True or False: using amino acids to generate ATP is efficient and generates little waste

A

False. It takes longer than other energy substrates and generates extra wastes. only small amounts of proteins/amino acids are used to generate ATP

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31
Q

substances needed for body structure and function

A

nutrients

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32
Q

compounds that contain no carbon, such as water, many salts, acids, bases, are called

A

inorganic compounds

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33
Q

In a solution, the __________ dissolves into the ___________

A

solute dissolves into the solvent

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34
Q

what is it called when inorganic acids, bases, or salts dissolve in water, separate into ions and become surrounded by water molecules

A

dissociation

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35
Q

a substance that dissociates into one or more hydrogen ions (H+) is a(n)

A

acid

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36
Q

a substance that dissociates into one or more hydroxide ions (OH-)

A

base

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37
Q

a substance that dissociates into positive and negative ions (no H+ or OH-)

A

salt

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38
Q

the more hydrogen ions (H+) dissolved in a solution, the more _______ it is

A

acidic

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39
Q

the more hydroxide ions (OH-) dissolved in solution, the more ___________ it is

A

base (alkaline)

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40
Q

acidity or alkalinity is expressed on the ________ scale. what is the range of the scale, and what is neutral

A

the pH scale. the range is 0-14, and 7 is neutral

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41
Q

True or False: the body handles significant changes in pH well

A

False

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42
Q

compounds that contain carbon, such as ATP, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, are called

A

Organic compounds

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43
Q

large, complex molecules structures made up of amino acids are called

A

proteins

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44
Q

type of protein that suggests a framework of body parts

A

structural proteins

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45
Q

type of protein related to hormones

A

regulatory proteins

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46
Q

type of proteins that shorten muscle cells

A

contractile proteins

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47
Q

type of proteins that regulate biochemical reactions

A

catalytic proteins

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48
Q

type of proteins that help fight off invading pathogens

A

immunological proteins

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49
Q

fats and other fat-like substances are called

A

lipids

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50
Q

the storage form of excess calories

A

triglycerides

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51
Q

sugars (e.g., glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose) and starches (major carb source in our diets) fall into this category of energy substrate

A

carbohydrates

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52
Q

your genetic material – controls most cell activities

A

DNA

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53
Q

relays genetic instructions to guide protein synthesis

A

RNA

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54
Q

the smallest functional unit that can retain the necessary characteristics for life

A

the cell

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55
Q

a group of similar cells that perform a similar function

A

tissue

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56
Q

what are the four major groups of tissue?

A

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

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57
Q

part of the body composed of at least 2 different kinds of tissue

A

organs

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58
Q

a group of organs related to each other that perform functions together

A

system (or organ system)

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59
Q

The condition of balance in the body’s internal environment due to the constant interaction of the body’s many internal regulatory processes is called

A

Homeostasis

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60
Q

which bodily structures contribute to maintaining homeostasis?

A

all of them

61
Q

a cycle of events in which the internal environment is monitored, evaluated, changed, re-monitored, re- valuated is called

A

Feedback systems/loops

62
Q

within a feedback loop, the variable being monitored is the ___________

A

controlled condition

63
Q

whatever disrupts/changes the controlled condition (disruptions can be external
or internal) is called the

A

stimulus

64
Q

a structure that monitors changes in a controlled condition for chemical, electrical, and mechanical changes

A

sensor/receptor

65
Q

the nervous and blood vessel pathways that relay messages between (1) the sensor/receptor
and the control centre, and (2) the control centre and the effector

A

transmission pathways

66
Q

the part of the feedback loop which sets the range of values within which the controlled condition should be maintained, evaluates and compares the input received from the sensor/receptor against the set range, determines the body’s responses to the change in the controlled condition

A

control centre

67
Q

the structure in a feedback loop that the structure(s) that receives the commands from the control centre and produces the response that will change the controlled condition

A

effector

68
Q

this type of feedback loop reverses changes in the internal environment. it is very stable and is the predominant system/loop

A

negative feedback loop

69
Q

this type of feedback loop strengthens changes in the internal environment. it is inherently unstable and uncommon

A

positive feedback loop

70
Q

the adjustment of an organism to its environment is called

A

adaptation

71
Q

the adjustment of an organism to counterbalance a defect is called

A

compensation

72
Q

a flexible, sturdy barrier surrounding the cell contents, separating the cell from the external environment

A

the cell membrane

73
Q

if part(s) of the body is dysfunctional, ________ will be harder to maintain or may not be maintained

A

homeostasis

74
Q

what happens to our ability to return to homeostasis as we age?

A

it decreases

75
Q

relative to the cell membrane, fluid between cells (interstitial fluid), fluid in blood vessels (plasma) and fluid surrounding the brain & spinal cord (cerebrospinal fluid) are examples of

A

Extracellular fluid

76
Q

these selective channels allow and/or move molecules from one side of the cell membrane to the other

A

membrane proteins

77
Q

finger-like projections of the plasma membrane that increase surface area (no movement)

A

microvilli

78
Q

the contents of a cell (everything inside the plasma membrane but outside the nucleus)

A

cytoplasm

79
Q

this network of protein filaments within the cytosol provides structural framework for cell shape, a scaffold for the organization/placement and movement of cell contents (organelles), and aids in cell movement

A

cytoskeleton

80
Q

this control center for cell, responsible for the cell’s metabolism, growth, and reproduction (it contains the genetic material (DNA)), is present in all human cells except for red blood cells

A

nucleus

81
Q

site of protein synthesis within the cell

A

ribosomes

82
Q

a site of protein synthesis (ribosomes are attached)

A

endoplasmic reticulum

83
Q

intracellular structure which makes lipid molecules, regulates calcium within the cell and regulates metabolism

A

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

84
Q

intracellular structure that processes, sorts, packages, and delivers molecules to the plasma membrane or around the cell (the post office!)

A

golgi complex (a.k.a. apparatus, body)

85
Q

these break down substances that the cell has taken in or normal parts of the cell that are damaged

A

lysosomes

86
Q

power plants of the cell (they transform organic compounds into energy (ATP) that is easily accessible to the cell)

A

mitochondria

87
Q

short, hair-like projections extending from the surface of the cell – their movement causes steady movement of fluid/particles along the cell surface

A

cilia

88
Q

similar to cilia but longer, they move the cell

A

flangellum

89
Q

the act of cells transporting material across the plasma membrane (both in and out)

A

membrane transport

90
Q

membrane transport is either passive or active, depending on what?

A

whether it requires energy

91
Q

the difference in the concentration of a chemical from one place to another (e.g., from the inside to the outside of the plasma membrane) is called

A

concentration gradient

92
Q

the movement of molecules across the plasma membrane down their concentration gradient is called

A

diffusion

93
Q

the passive movement of water across a selectively permeable plasma membrane from an area of
high water concentration to an area of low water concentration

A

osmosis

94
Q

what conditions are necessary for osmosis?

A

the membrane being crossed is permeable to water and not to certain solutes

95
Q

the movement of a substance across a membrane against its concentration gradient, in which energy is used/needed to ‘pump’ it through membrane-bound proteins, is called

A

active transport

96
Q

extracellular materials are brought into a cell in a vesicle formed by the plasma membrane in a process called

A

endocytosis

97
Q

a form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles like bacteria, viruses, worn-out cells

A

phagocytosis

98
Q

vesicles formed in a cell fuse with the plasma membrane and release materials out of the cell in a process called

A

exocytosis

99
Q

type of cell junctions that prevent the passage of substances between cells

A

tight junctions

100
Q

type of cell junctions that anchor cells to one another

A

anchoring junctions

101
Q

type of cell junctions that provide channels to allow substances to pass between cells

A

gap junctions

102
Q

type of tissues that cover body surfaces, line hollow organs, body cavities, and ducts, and form gland. they function as selective barriers, secretory surfaces, and protective surfaces. examples: skin, gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract, lining of blood vessels and the
heart

A

epithelial

103
Q

what 3 types of surfaces can epithelium have?

A

free, basal, and lateral

104
Q

the thin layer that anchors the epithelial cells to the underlying connective tissue and provides a surface for cell migration during growth or wound healing

A

basement membrane

105
Q

this structure of epithelial tissue has one layer and is good for the passage of substances

A

simple

106
Q

this form of epithelial tissue has a single layer (not all cells reach the free surface), some have cilia, goblet
cells secrete mucous

A

pseudostratified

107
Q

this form of epithelial tissue has more than one layer, good for protection

A

stratified

108
Q

this form of epithelial cells have a flat and thin shape for rapid movement of substances (simple) or protection (stratified)

A

squamous

109
Q

this form of epithelial cells are cube (or hexagon) shaped, free surface may have microvilli, good for secretion or
absorption

A

cuboidal

110
Q

this form of epithelial cells are taller than wide, free surface may have cilia or microvilli, good for secretion or
absorption

A

columnar

111
Q

one or more cells that make and secrete a particular product are called

A

glands

112
Q

this type of glands secrete their products into ducts (tubes) that empty onto the epithelial surface ▪ examples: sweat, salivary, oil

A

exocrine

113
Q

this type of glands secrete their products into the interstitial fluid and diffuse directly into the bloodstream without flowing through a duct
▪ examples: pituitary, thyroid, adrenals

A

endocrine

114
Q

this type of tissue is made of extracellular matrix (ECM - the material between the cells) and cells, have a good blood supply, and most have a nerve supply

A

connective tissue

115
Q

this type of tissue is responsible for protection, support/definition, binding, transportation, energy, and immunity

A

connective tissue

116
Q

collagen, elastin and reticular are all forms of

A

protein fibres

117
Q

this component of ECM may be fluid, gel-like or calcified

. it supports the cells and through it, substances are exchanged between the blood and the cells.

A

ground substance

118
Q

protein fibres and ground substance make up

A

extracellular matrix (ECM)

119
Q

blasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, adipocytes are examples of

A

Connective Tissue Cells

120
Q

present in all general CT, these produce the protein fibres and the ground substance

A

fibroblasts

121
Q

these eat bacteria and cellular debris

A

macrophages

122
Q

these cells are part of the immune response (secrete antibodies)

A

plasma cells

123
Q

these cells make histamine (part of the inflammatory response)

A

mast cells

124
Q

these are cells that store fat

A

adipocytes

125
Q

1) Loose (areolar, adipose, reticular)
2) Dense (regular, irregular, elastic)
3) Bone
4) Cartilage (hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic)
5) Liquid (blood, lymph)
These are the 5 types of

A

Connective Tissue

126
Q

this type of CT has more cells and fewer fibres, fibres are loosely intertwined

A

Loose

127
Q

most widely distributed CT in the body (the universal packing tissue/glue), this type of loose CT is found in and around nearly every body structure (beneath the skin, around blood vessels, nerves, and body organs)
function: strength, elasticity, support

A

Areolar

128
Q

this is a type of areolar tissue that contains a lot of adipocytes
▪ locations: beneath the skin, around some organs (kidneys, heart, behind eyeball) ▪ function: thermoregulation, energy, support, protection

A

Adipose

129
Q

Type of loose CT that forms the supporting framework of organs, binds smooth muscle cells, filters and removes old blood cells and microbes.
locations: liver, spleen, lymph nodes, basement membrane, around blood vessels and muscles

A

Reticular

130
Q

Type of CT with more fibres (mostly collagen), fewer cells

A

Dense Connective Tissue

131
Q

Type of dense CT in which collagen is arranged in parallel patterns
▪ locations: tendons (muscle to bone) and most ligaments (bone to bone) ▪ function: very strong but somewhat pliable structural connections

A

Regular

132
Q

Type of dense CT in which collagen is arranged in random/irregular patterns
▪ locations: structure, support
▪ function: tensile (pulling strength in many directions

A

irregular

133
Q

Type of dense CT with high elastin content

▪ locations: lung tissue, arteries, ligaments between vertebrae ▪ function: stretch and recoil

A

Elastic

134
Q

Type of connective tissue characterized by fewer cells with large amounts of collagen fibres
▪ the matrix is filled with calcium phosphate salts which make it very hard
▪ function: protection and support, movement

A

Bones

135
Q

Type of connective tissue that is strong and resilient
▪ cells are called chondrocytes
▪ ground substance has large amounts of collagen, also contains elastin fibres ▪ avascular, aneural

A

Cartilage

136
Q

most common cartilage in the body
▪ blue-white appearance
▪ locations: ends of bones, parts of ribs, tip of nose, parts of the throat and lungs, fetal
skeleton
▪ function: flexibility, support, friction reduction, shock absorption

A

hyaline cartilage

137
Q

type of cartilage located between vertebrae (intervertebral discs), pubic symphysis, menisci ▪ function: support

A

fibrocartilage

138
Q

type of cartilage that has elastin fibres
▪ locations: epiglottis, part of the external ear
▪ function: support and flexibility while maintaining shape

A

Elastic Cartilage

139
Q

This type of connective tissue includes blood and lymph

A

Liquid

140
Q

this type of connective tissue is characterized by specialized cells that use ATP in the generation of force

A

Muscle cells

141
Q

category of muscle tissue compartmentalized by CT, they are attached to the skeleton (some attach to the skin) ▪ cell structure: cells are cylindrical and can be quite long
▪ function: movement and heat production
▪ conscious/voluntary control

A

skeletal muscle

142
Q

category of muscle tissue found in the walls of hollow tubes (e.g. lungs, blood vessels, stomach, intestines) ▪ involuntary control
▪ cell structure: spindle shaped
▪ function: constriction of tubes, movement of substances through the tubes

A

smooth muscle

143
Q

category of muscle tissue found only in the heart. cell structure: branched striated fibres that fit tightly together ▪ function: blood flow/propulsion
▪ involuntary control

A

cardiac muscle

144
Q

Type of connective tissue designed for communication

A

Nervous tissue

145
Q

that support, nourish, and protect the nervous system

A

Neuroglia

146
Q

One of two types of cells in nervous tissue, aka nerve cells

▪ 3 parts: dendrite, cell body, axon

A

Neurons

147
Q

Part of a neuron

▪ structure: multiple or single extensions off the cell body ▪ function: it is the input portion of the neuron

A

dendrite

148
Q

Part of a neuron
▪ structure: contains the nucleus and other organelles
▪ function: cell processes (e.g. protein synthesis)

A

Cell body

149
Q

Part of a neuron
▪ a thin cylindrical process off the cell body
▪ function: it is the output portion of the neuron

A

axon

T1 Physiology (6 decks)

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