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T1 Physiology > Test #4 (Lymph, GI, Endocrine) > Flashcards

Test #4 (Lymph, GI, Endocrine) Flashcards

1
Q

Which bodily system is responsible for drainage of excess interstitial fluid, transportation of lipids (from the digestive system), and protection/immune responses

A

The Lymphatic System

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2
Q

Around how much excess fluid is drained into the lymphatic system per day?

A

~3 Litres

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3
Q

How do proteins that leak out of the blood capillaries return to circulation?

A

The Lymphatic System

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4
Q

What are the four steps of lymphatic flow?

A

capillaries -> lymphatic vessels -> trunks -> ducts

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5
Q

How is interstitial fluid driven into the lymphatic capillaries?

A

Cells forming the endothelium overlap to allow interstitial fluid in but not back out, and the pressure drives it into the capillaries.

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6
Q

Lymphatic capillaries merge into larger vessels called

A

lymphatic vessels

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7
Q

At regular intervals, lymph passes through:

A

lymph nodes

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8
Q

Bean shaped clusters of lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) surrounded by a dense CT capsule

A

lymph nodes

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9
Q

__________ lymph nodes are located along the lymphatic vessels of the body (often in groups,
superficial and deep).

A

~600

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10
Q

T/F: lymphatic vessels function in lymph filtration (lymph flows in, foreign substances are trapped and destroyed).

A

False, this is the function of lymph nodes.

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11
Q

Larger lymphatic vessels merge into ___________

A

trunks

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12
Q

Which lymphatic duct drains the left side of the head & neck, left side of the chest, and entire body below the ribs into the left subclavian vein?

A

The thoracic duct

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13
Q

Which lymphatic duct drains the right side of the head & neck and right side of the chest into the right subclavian vein?

A

The right lymphatic duct

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14
Q

What three actions maintain lymphatic flow?

A

1) skeletal muscle pump
2) diaphragmatic breathing/respiratory pump
3) smooth muscle contraction (in the vessel walls – minimal contribution)

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15
Q

Which lymphatic structure produces B cells and immature T cells (a.k.a. pre-T cells)?

A

Red Marrow

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16
Q

Which lymphatic organ, located in the mediastinum, produces mature T cells from pre-T cells.
It’s large at birth, significantly atrophied by maturity.

A

Thymus

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17
Q

Which lymphatic organ can be described as a large mass of lymphatic tissue between the stomach and the diaphragm that filters blood (similar to the process in a lymph node), removes ruptured, worn out, defective RBCs, and stores platelets and monocytes?

A

The Spleen

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18
Q

Which facet of the immune system provides rapid responses, doesn’t recognize specific invaders but reacts in the same way to all invaders (no memory component)

A

Non-Specific Defenses

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19
Q

The ______ Line of Defense consists of skin (tightly packed keratinized cells, shedding), mucous membranes (mucous traps microbes, cilia sweeps them out) and body fluids (sweat, tears, saliva, urine etc.)

A

The First Line

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20
Q

The ______ Line of Defense consists of antimicrobial proteins, natural killer (NK) cells, phagocytes, inflammation and fever.

A

The Second Line

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21
Q

Substances that are recognized as foreign and elicit an immune response.

A

Antigen

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22
Q

In specific responses, antigens/invaders are ________, _________, and _________

A

identified, killed and remembered

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23
Q

T/F: specific responses are slower than non-specific

A

True

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24
Q

What type of immune response is effective against fungi, parasites, viruses, some cancer cells, and foreign tissue?

A

Cell-Mediated Immune Responses (subset of specific response)

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25
Q

When an invader is recognized, T-cells differentiate into one of three types of cells:

A

1) helper T cells (trigger proliferation, perform other immune functions)
2) cytotoxic T cells: migrate to the site and destroy the invader
3) memory T cells: remain after the response, they don’t attack but with future
infections (same invader), they make for a faster and stronger response

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26
Q

What type of immune response is effective against antigens in body fluids and extracellular pathogens (e.g. bacteria)?

A

Antibody-Mediated Immune Responses (subset of specific response)

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27
Q

When an invader is recognized, B-cells differentiate into one of two types of cells:

A

• plasma cells which secrete antibodies
• memory B cells: remain after the response, they don’t attack but with future
infections (same invader), they make for a faster and stronger response

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28
Q

a.k.a. immunoglobulins, proteins produced by plasma cells in response to an antigen which neutralize, inhibit, or destroy the antigen

A

antibodies

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29
Q

Most common type of antibody, found in blood/lymph/intestines, protect against bacteria, viruses. They cross the placenta to confer immunity to the newborn

A

IgG

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30
Q

Type of antibody found in sweat/tears/saliva/mucous/breast milk/GI. Levels decrease during stress.

A

IgA

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31
Q

Type of antibody found in blood/lymph. Part of blood transfusion reactions.

A

IgM

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32
Q

Type of antibody involved in allergic/hypersensitivity reactions, protects against parasitic worms. Found in blood.

A

IgE

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33
Q

Type of antibody that helps activate B cells. Found in blood.

A

IgD

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34
Q

The breaking down of food into molecules small enough to be absorbed

A

Digestion

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35
Q

The passage of molecules through the plasma membranes of the cells lining the stomach and intestines into the blood and lymph.

A

Absorbtion

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36
Q

a.k.a. alimentary canal, the continuous tube from the mouth to the anus

A

the gastrointestinal tract

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37
Q 
accessory \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_organs
• teeth
• tongue
• salivary glands
• liver
• gallbladder
• pancreas
A

digestive

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38
Q

How cells in the walls of the GI Tract and accessory organs release water, acid, buffers, and enzymes into the lumen of the tract.

A

secretion

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39
Q

muscles in the organ wall rhythmically contract and relax to mix the food and secretions together and to move the mixture through the system

A

Mixing and Propulsion

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40
Q

__________ Digestion
• the tongue mixes food
• the teeth grind and cut food
• the stomach and small intestine churn/mix food

A

Mechanical

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41
Q

__________ Digestion
• enzymes help break larger nutrients into smaller ones (which can then be absorbed)
• enzymes are secreted by the salivary glands, tongue, stomach, pancreas, small
intestine

A

Chemical

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42
Q

nutrition is taken in through the membranes of cells lining the stomach and small intestines, enters the blood or lymphatic system and is circulated throughout the body.

A

Absorbtion

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43
Q

a. k.a. defecation

feces: wastes, undigested substances, unabsorbed substances, bacteria, cells sloughed off from the GI tract lining

A

Elimination

44
Q

Structure involved in digestion, skeletal muscle covered in mucous membrane

A

The tongue

45
Q

salivary glands (major ones)

1) _________: inferior and anterior to the ear, between the skin and the masseter
2) ________ : floor of the mouth
3) ________ : beneath the tongue

A

1) Parotid
2) Submandibular
3) Sublingual

46
Q

a.k.a. throat, skeletal muscle lined with mucous membrane. muscle contractions move the bolus from the mouth into the ____ then into the esophagus

A

Pharynx

47
Q

a collapsible muscular tube sitting posterior to the trachea

A

esophagus

48
Q

the esophagus runs from the lowest segment of the 1) through the 2) (the esophageal
hiatus) to the superior aspect of the 3)

A

1) pharynx
2) diaphragm
3) stomach

49
Q

wave-like contractions of the smooth muscle lining the walls of the GI tract that move the bolus along the tract (from the esophagus to the anus)

A

Peristalsis

50
Q

passage of food from the pharynx into the esophagus is controlled by the_______________

A

upper esophageal sphincter

51
Q

passage of food from the esophagus into the stomach is controlled by the _______________

A

lower esophageal sphincter

52
Q

Name the layers of the GI tract from deep to superficial.

A

1) mucosa
2) submucosa
3) muscularis
4) serosa

53
Q

What consists of

a) epithelial cells
b) exocrine cells (secrete mucous, liquid)
c) enteroendocrine cells (secrete hormone) ?

A

The epithelium of the mucosa layer of the GI tract

54
Q

What consists of

a) CT (areolar)
b) blood and lymphatic vessels (for absorption)
c) mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue (MALT) (for immune function/protection)?

A

The lamina propria of the mucosa layer of the GI tract

55
Q

a smooth muscle layer that creates folds in the mucosa

A

muscularis mucosa

56
Q

a CT layer that binds the mucosa to the muscularis layer. contains many blood and lymphatic vessels (for nutrient transport), and neurons of the enteric nervous system for GI control

A

submucosa

57
Q

The muscularis is comprised of 1) in the mouth, pharynx, upper 2/3rds of the esophagus, external anal sphincter, and 2) everywhere else

A

1) skeletal muscle

2) smooth muscle

58
Q

This layer of the GI tract has 2 sublayers generally in 2 layers: circular fibres and longitudinal fibres

A

The muscularis

59
Q

Contractions (frequency and strength) of the muscularis are controlled by the __________ nervous system

A

enteric

60
Q

outermost layer of the organs in the abdominal cavity, a.k.a. visceral peritoneum

A

Serosa

61
Q

The Peritoneum is comprised of 2 layers:
1) ____________ peritoneum (a.k.a. the serosa)
2) ____________ peritoneum
between the 2 layers is the 3) _____________

A

1) visceral
2) parietal
3) peritoneal cavity

62
Q 
Some organs (kidneys, ascending and descending colons, duodenum, pancreas) are covered by
the peritoneum on their anterior side only – they are called\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_
A

retroperitoneal

63
Q

The Stomach is a ________-shaped enlargement of the GI tract

A

J-shaped

64
Q

The Stomach sits immediately below the __________

A

diaphragm

65
Q

Food enters the stomach through the ________

A

Lower esophageal sphincter

66
Q

the soupy mix of food in the stomach is called ________

A

chyme

67
Q

T/F: the majority of absorption happens in the stomach

A

False: little – no absorption happens in the stomach (water, ions, some fats, medications, alcohol)

68
Q

Once food particles are small enough, they pass through the _________________ into the small intestine

A

pyloric sphincter

69
Q

the wall of the stomach has the same 4 layered arrangement with these two additions:

A

1) specialized cells

2) additional layer of smooth muscle

70
Q

the mucosal layer of the stomach has specialized cells that secrete:
a) __________ (mucous neck cells)
b) intrinsic factor and HCl- (__________ cells)
c) pepsinogen and gastric lipase (_______ cells)
d) _________ (a hormone secreted by G cells))
• stimulates gastric juice production
• strengthens LES contraction
• increases stomach peristalsis
• relaxes the pyloric sphincter
e) secretions from mucous, parietal and chief cells (G cells not included) are collectively called _________

A

a) mucous
b) parietal
c) chief
d) gastrin
e) gastric juice

71
Q

the muscularis of the stomach has an additional (oblique) layer of smooth muscle to facilitate ________

A

mixing

72
Q

The Small Intestine is ~ a) __ m long and b) __cm diameter

A

a) 3m

b) 2.5 cm

73
Q

the mucosal layer of the small intestine has villi – finger-like projections that increase surface area. each villus is covered in ___________

A

epithelium

74
Q

Name the three regions of the small intestine

A

1) duodenum
2) jejunum
3) ileum

75
Q

cells of the epithelium:

1) __________ cells (digestion/absorption)
2) __________ cells (mucous)
3) _________ cells (kill bacteria)
4) _________ cells (secrete hormones)

A

1) absorptive cells (digestion/absorption)
2) goblet cells (mucous)
3) Paneth cells (kill bacteria)
4) enteroendocrine cells (secrete hormones)

76
Q

each villus of the small intestine has an ______, a _______ and a ________

A

1) arteriole
2) venule
3) lacteal

77
Q

absorbed nutrients in the small intestine pass into either:
1) ______________ (carbohydrates, proteins, water, electrolytes, water-soluble vitamins) and go to the liver or 2) ______________ (lipids) via a lacteal.
remaining food passes through the ileocecal valve/sphincter into 3)

A

1) the blood stream
2) the lymphatics
3) the large intestine

78
Q

The Pancreas sits ___________ to the stomach

A

Posterior

79
Q

T/F: endocrine function of the pancreas is to secrete pancreatic juice (water, salts, sodium bicarbonate, enzymes) into the duodenal lumen

A

False: This is an exocrine function (happens through ducts)

80
Q

Juices are secreted from the pancreas into the proximal duodenum via 2 main ducts:

1) a ________ duct formed by the pancreatic duct joining the common bile duct from the liver/gallbladder
2) ________ duct

A

1) common

2) accessory

81
Q

The liver sits ________ to the diaphragm in the right __________region of the abdominal cavity

A

1) inferior

2) superior

82
Q

T/F: The liver has 2 lobes: larger left and smaller right

A

False: larger right and smaller left

83
Q

The liver receives blood flow from 2 sources:
1) ___________ – oxygenated blood
2) __________ – deoxygenated blood containing absorbed nutrients, medications,
microbes and toxins

A

1) hepatic artery

2) hepatic portal vein

84
Q

blood in the liver flows past __________ (liver cells), which absorb oxygen, nutrients and toxins, and release nutrients (needed by other cells)

A

Hepatocytes

85
Q

hepatocytes also manufacture and secrete ______

A

Bile

86
Q

T/F: when the body has low blood sugar, hepatocytes remove glucose from the blood and store it (as
glycogen and fats)

A

False:
low blood sugar – hepatocytes break down glycogen and release glucose into the
blood
high blood sugar – hepatocytes remove glucose from the blood and store it (as
glycogen and fats)

87
Q

A pear-shaped organ sitting in the posterior surface of the liver that stores and concentrates bile

A

Gallbladder

88
Q

A yellow/brown/olive liquid made by hepatocytes that collects into larger and larger vessels
and functions in emulsification (breakdown) of fats

A

Bile

89
Q

food enters the large intestine from the small intestine (ileum) through the __________ valve/sphincter

A

ileocecal

90
Q

T/F: The large intestine functions in completion of absorption, vitamin C production, formation and elimination of feces

A

False: vitamin K production

91
Q

Small pouch attached to the ileocecal valve

A

Cecum

92
Q

Attached to the cecum is the _________

A

Appendix

93
Q

contents move from the cecum into the ________

A

colon

94
Q

The Colon is divided into 4 portions:

1) _________ (to the hepatic flexure)
2) ________ (to the splenic flexure)
3) ________ (to the left iliac crest)
4) ________ (to the rectum at ~ S3)

A

1) ascending (to the hepatic flexure)
2) transverse (to the splenic flexure)
3) descending (to the left iliac crest)
4) sigmoid (to the rectum at ~ S3)

95
Q

as food accumulates in the ascending colon, small segmented pouched called ________ fill up/distend which stimulates smooth muscle contraction

A

Haustra

96
Q

T/F: Peristalsis occurs very quickly in the colon

A

False: regular peristalsis occurs but more slowly

97
Q

Terminal portion of the large intestine

A

Anal canal

98
Q

elimination control: ___________ (involuntary control) and __________ (voluntary control) anal
sphincters

A

internal and external

99
Q

Distension of the rectum ultimately gives the urge to go and relaxes the internal anal sphincter. This is called the:

A

The defecation reflex

100
Q

Divisions of the GI Tract
upper GI: _____, _______, _______, ______, _____
lower GI: ________________and _______

A

upper GI: mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, duodenum

lower GI: most of the intestines and the anus

101
Q

In this phase of digestion, the thought, smell, sight, initial taste of food activates the NS. salivary and gastric glands are stimulated to prepare the mouth and stomach for digestion.

A

Cephalic Phase of digestion

102
Q

once food reaches the stomach:
_________ receptors are stimulated by the change in the stomach shape
_________ receptors are stimulated by the change in stomach pH

A

stretch receptors

chemo receptors

103
Q

Phase in which small amounts of chyme pass through the pyloric sphincter into the duodenum and food leaving the stomach decreases the volume of the stomach and removes some of the stimulus from stretch receptors.

A

Gastric phase

104
Q

chyme in the duodenum causes enteroendocrine cells to release hormones:

1) __________
2) _________

A

1) cholecystokinin (CCK)

2) secretin

105
Q

In this phase, hormones:
• stimulate the gallbladder to eject bile into the duodenum
(CCK)
• secretin decrease gastric juice production (CCK/secretin)
• slow food coming through the pyloric valve (CCK/secretin)
• increase pancreatic juice secretion (CCK/secretin)

A

Intestinal Phase

T1 Physiology (6 decks)

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