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T1 Physiology > Test #3 (Respiratory and Circulatory) > Flashcards

Test #3 (Respiratory and Circulatory) Flashcards

1
Q

The exchange of gases between the atmosphere, blood and body cells

A

Respiration

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2
Q

The flow of air into the lungs

A

Inhalation

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3
Q

The flow of air out of the lungs

A

Exhalation

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4
Q

Exchange of gases across the respiratory membrane

A

Pulmonary respiration

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5
Q

The structure gasses pass through to move between the alveoli in the lungs and the blood.

A

Respiratory membrane

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6
Q

The exchange of gases between the blood and tissue cells

A

Tissue respiration

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7
Q

The metabolic reactions that consume oxygen and release carbon dioxide in the production of ATP

A

Cellular respiration

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8
Q

Name the six structural divisions of the Respiratory System (also: which are upper and which are lower?)

A

Nose, pharynx (upper) larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs (lower)

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9
Q

Which two processes are a part of Pulmonary Ventilation?

A

Inhalation and Exhalation

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10
Q

Functional division of respiratory system responsible for to filtering, warming, and moistening the air, and conducting it into the lungs. Also receives olfactory (smell) stimuli and generates sound for speech.

A

Conducting Zone

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11
Q

Functional division of respiratory system responsible for gas exchange.

A

Respiratory Zone

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12
Q

Where in the RS are olfactory receptors held?

A

The nose

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13
Q

Where in the RS do ciliated cells move the mucous to the throat (pharynx) where it is swallowed and digested?

A

The nose

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14
Q

A.k.a. the throat

A

The pharynx

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15
Q

What shape is the pharynx?

A

Funnel-shaped

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16
Q

Where is the Pharynx situated relative to the nasal cavity and the larynx?

A

Just behind the nasal cavity and above the larynx

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17
Q

Which structure of the RS functions as a passageway for air and food, as a resonating chamber for sounds and as a housing for the tonsils?

A

The pharynx

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18
Q

The inferior end of the pharynx opens into the _________ (posteriorly) and _________ (anteriorly)

A

Esophagus, Larynx

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19
Q

A.k.a. voice box

A

Larynx

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20
Q

This structure protects the top of the larynx and helps redirect food posteriorly and air anteriorly.

A

The epiglottis

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21
Q

The larynx connects to the _________ (inferiorly)

A

Trachea

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22
Q

A.k.a. windpipe

A

Trachea

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23
Q

Where is the trachea relative to the esophagus?

A

Anterior

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24
Q

What prevents the trachea from collapsing when we breathe in?

A

C-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage

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25
Q

The trachea is one of the most important parts of the body for catching “nasty stuff”. How does it do this?

A

It’s lined with a mucous membrane to filter particulate.

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26
Q

Cilia of the trachea sweep out particulate up to the throat for expectoration and digestion. This is called the

A

Mucociliary Elevator

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27
Q

At which vertebra does the trachea divide into the right and left primary bronchi (which travel to the right and left lung)?

A

The fifth thoracic vertebra

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28
Q

The internal ridge where the trachea divides – it is one of the most sensitive areas of the trachea and larynx for triggering a cough reflex.

A

The carnia

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29
Q

What is the mediastinum, how big is it and where is it located?

A

The region in the thoracic cavity between the lungs – it extends from the sternum to the vertebrae, from the 1st rib/clavicle to the diaphragm, and is approximately 6 cm wide (it varies).

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30
Q

the top of each lung is the ____

the bottom is the _____

A

Apex, base

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31
Q

Name the smaller units each bronchus subdivides into (4)

A

secondary bronchi (3 on right, 2 on left)
tertiary bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles

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32
Q

What happens as the bronchus divides with regards to smooth muscle and cartilage?

A

smooth muscle increases, cartilage decreases

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33
Q

Cup-shaped outpouching lined with simple squamous epithelium supported by a thin elastic basement membrane

A

Alveoli

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34
Q

Two or more alveoli that share a common opening

A

Alveolar sac

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35
Q

Cells for gas exchange (simple squamous epithelium)

A

Alveolar cells

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36
Q

Alveolar cells secrete a fluid contains _________, which reduces the surface tension of the fluid which reduces the tendency of alveoli to collapse.

A

Surfactant

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37
Q

What cells remove dust within alveoli?

A

Alveolar macrophages

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38
Q

What cells make reticular and elastic fibres within alveoli?

A

Fibroblasts

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39
Q

Gas exchanges happen through simple diffusion across the alveolar and capillary walls, which together form the _____________

A

Respiratory membrane

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40
Q

The respiratory membrane comprises the:

A

▪ alveolar epithelium and its underlying basement
membrane
▪ the blood vessel endothelium and its basement membrane

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41
Q

Most of the oxygen is carried from the lungs to the body tissues bound to ____________

A

Hemoglobin

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42
Q

Most carbon dioxide is carried in the blood in the form of _________, and some carried attached to _________

A

Bicarbonate (HCO2)

Carboxyhemoglobin

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43
Q

Each lung is enclosed in, and protected by a double layered serous membrane called the _______________

A

Pleura Membrane

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44
Q

The layer of the pleural membrane that covers the lungs

A

Visceral Pleura

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45
Q

The layer of the pleural membrane that covers the inside of the thoracic cavity

A

Parietal Pleura

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46
Q

The space between the visceral and parietal pleura which contains lubricating fluid

A

Pleural Cavity

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47
Q

During inhalation, muscle contraction expands the __________ and the ______________

A

Lungs

Thoracic cage

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48
Q

During inhalation, thoracic volume __________, thoracic pressure _____________, and air rushes ___ to normalize the pressure

A

Increases
Decreases
In

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49
Q

During exhalation, thoracic volume __________, thoracic pressure _____________, and air rushes ___ to normalize the pressure

A

Decreases
Increases
Out

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50
Q

During exhalation, muscles relax and the thoracic cage undergoes ____________

A

Elastic recoil

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51
Q

The largest volume of air that can be brought into the lungs

A

Forced Vital Capacity (FVC)

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52
Q

The volume of air that can be exhaled in 1 second (after maximal inhalation)

A

Forced Expiratory Volume (FEV1)

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53
Q

The volume of air in one regular breath

A

Tidal Volume (VT)

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54
Q

Part of the brain that controls the rhythm and rate of breathing.

A

The respiratory control centre (in the brain stem)

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55
Q

______________________ detect rising concentrations of CO2 and H+ and respond by increasing ventilation

A

Central chemoreceptors

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56
Q

Located in the carotid arteries and the arch of the aorta, these respond to rising CO2 and H+ concentrations and/or dropping O2 concentrations and respond by increasing ventilation.

A

Peripheral Chemoreceptors

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57
Q

How does aging affect the Respiratory System?

A

▪ airways and tissues become less elastic
▪ chest wall becomes more rigid
▪ this decreases lung capacity
▪ alveolar macrophages are less functional/active
▪ cilia are less functional
▪ this increases the risk of certain respiratory infections (e.g., pneumonia, bronchitis)

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58
Q

What are the three main functions of the cardiovascular system?

A

Transportation (nutrients, wastes, hormones)
Immunity and Protection (clotting, disease/infection)
Regulation (pH, hormones, fluid levels)

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59
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Center of the chest in the medaistinum

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60
Q

Inferior attachment of the heart

A

DIaphragm

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61
Q

Inferior portion of the heart is the ____

superior portion is the ______

A

Apex

Base

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62
Q

The mass of organs and tissues that separates the lungs

A

Mediastinum

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63
Q

Name the four boundaries of the mediastinum

A

superiorly: first rib
inferiorly: diaphragm
anteriorly: sternum (breastbone)
posteriorly: vertebral column (spine)

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64
Q

The following structures— heart & its large vessels, trachea, esophagus, thymus & lymph nodes, connective tissue— are all contained within the:

A

mediastinum

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65
Q

The two-layered CT membrane that surrounds and protects the heart. Name the layers.

A

Pericardium

1) fibrous pericardium
2) serous pericardium

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66
Q

What type of CT is the fibrous pericardium?

A

Tough, inelastic, dense irregular CT (like seran wrap around the serous pericardium)

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67
Q

What are the superior and inferior attachments of the fibrous pericardium?

A

The diaphragm inferiorly

The CT of the blood vessels superiorly

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68
Q

Which later of the pericardium holds the heart in the mediastinum and allows for movement?

A

Fibrous pericardium

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69
Q

This type of pericardium forms a double layer around the heart.

A

Serous pericardium

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70
Q

The outer layer/parietal layer of the serous pericardium is fused to the

A

Fibrous pericardium

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71
Q

The inner layer/visceral layer of the serous pericardium is fused to the

A

Heart muscle

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72
Q

True or false: the epicardium and the inner layer of the serous pericardium are the same structure.

A

True

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73
Q

The space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pericardium is the

A

Pericardial cavity

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74
Q

What is the purpose of the pericardial fluid that lines the pericardial cavity?

A

It reduces friction

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75
Q

Which layer of the heart is made of simple squamous epithelium and CT?

A

The epicardium

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76
Q

The epicardium gives the heart this type of texture.

A

Smooth and slippery

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77
Q

Layer of the heart where contraction occurs

A

Myocardium

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78
Q

This layer of the heart is made of endothelium overlying a thin layer of CT, providing a smooth lining for the chambers and valves of the heart

A

The endocardium

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79
Q

The layer of simple squamous epithelium that lines the cavities of the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.

A

Endothelium

80
Q

The 2 superior chambers that receive blood from blood vessels (veins) returning to the heart.

A

Atria

81
Q

The 2 inferior chambers that receive blood from the atria and eject it out into blood vessels (arteries)

A

Ventricles

82
Q

What wall divides the two atria?

A

interatrial septum

83
Q

What wall divides the two ventricles?

A

interventricular septum

84
Q

Veins: carry blood _____ the heart
Arteries: carry blood _________ the heart

A

towards

away from

85
Q

The three veins that carry blood into the right atria

A
  • superior vena cava
  • inferior vena cava
  • coronary sinus
86
Q

Blood passes from the right atrium through _________ into the right ventricle

A 
Right atrioventricular (AV) valve
(a.k.a. tricuspid valve)
87
Q

The cusps of the right A-V valve are connected to tendon-like cords called _______________

A

Chordae tendineae

88
Q

Chordae tendineae are anchored to the ventricular wall by____________

A

Papillary muscles

89
Q

Blood is ejected by the right ventricle through the ____________ into
the pulmonary trunk.

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

90
Q

The pulmonary trunk divides into the right and left ___________

A

pulmonary arteries

91
Q

The left atrium receives blood from the ___________ (4)

A

pulmonary veins

92
Q

Blood passes from the left atrium through the ______________ into the left ventricle

A 
left atrioventricular (AV) valve (a.k.a.
bicuspid valve, mitral valve)
93
Q

Thickest chamber of the heart

A

Left ventricle

94
Q

Blood is ejected by the left ventricle through the _______________ into the aorta

A

aortic semilunar valve

95
Q

some of the blood in the aorta flows into ____________, which supply the heart with oxygen-rich blood

A

coronary arteries

96
Q

When blood flows into the atria, it ___________ pressure in the atria, which opens the AV valves allowing blood to flow into the ventricles.

A

Increases

97
Q

When the ventricles contract, _______________forces the AV valves closed

A

the increased pressure

98
Q

_____________ contract to prevent the valves from being forced open in the opposite direction

A

The papillary muscles

99
Q

When the ventricles contract, they increase pressure in the ventricles, causing the AV valves to close and _____________ to open

A

the pulmonary and aortic valves

100
Q

When the ventricles relax, blood in the ________________arteries starts to flow back toward the
heart. This fills the cusps of the semilunar valves and they close.

A

pulmonary and aortic arteries

101
Q

‘lub’: the sound made by the blood turbulence associated with ________________

A

the closing of the AV valves

102
Q

‘dup’: the sound made by the blood turbulence associated with _________________-

A

the closing of the semilunar valves

103
Q

A function of the right side of the heart in which deoxygenated blood returns from body tissues and enters the right atrium

A

Pulmonary circulation

104
Q

A function of the left side of the heart in which oxygenated blood returns from the lungs and enters the left atrium.

A

Systemic circulation

105
Q

Process by which coronary arteries branch off from the aorta and encircle the heart so that the heart gets its blood supply between beats.

A

Coronary circulation

106
Q

Specialized cardiac muscle cells generate their own APs – they are called _____________ because they are __________________

A

autorhythmic fibres

self-excitable

107
Q

The pathway along which the APs progress through the heart

A

The Conduction System

108
Q

Structure in the right atrial wall that repeatedly generates APs which propagate through the atria via gap junctions causing atrial contraction and ejection of blood into the ventricles

A

Sinoatrial Node (SA node)

109
Q

APs conduct through the AV node and along the right and left bundle branches of this structure, which extend along the interventricular septum to the apex of the heart.

A

Bundle of His (aka atrioventricular bundle)

110
Q

The ____________________ very quickly conduct the APs upward through the ventricles causing
ventricular contraction and ejection of blood into the arteries.

A

The Purkinje fibres

111
Q

As the APs move through the heart, they can be detected on the surface of the body. Problems can be identified based on the shape and timing of the tracing, which is called a(n)

A

Electrocardiogram (ECG)

112
Q

All of the events associated with one heart beat

A

Cardiac cycle

113
Q

Systole

A

contraction phase

114
Q

Diastole

A

relaxation phase

115
Q

the amount of blood the heart ejects each minute

A

Cardiac output

116
Q

the amount of blood ejected from each ventricle with each beat

A

Stroke volume

117
Q

heart rate x stroke volume

A

cardiac output (CO)

118
Q

Average heart rate

A

72 bpm

119
Q

average SV

A

70 ml

120
Q

average CO:

A

~ 5 L/min

121
Q

__________________ must adjust to meet blood flow demands (e.g. exercise, changes in blood volume)

A

heart rate

122
Q

The control centre in the brain stem, gets input from sensory receptors and high brain centres (e.g. limbic system and cerebral cortex).

A

Autonomic Nervous System

123
Q

Based on input, the control centre increases or decreases the frequency of APs in the SyNS and PaNS
• _________ SyNS: ___________ HR
• _________ PaNS: ___________ HR

A
  • increased SyNS: increases HR

* increased PaNS: decrease HR

124
Q

Epinephrine/norepinephrine ____________ HR and contractility

A

Increase

125
Q

Thyroid hormones ___________ HR and contractility

A

Increase

126
Q

Sodium and potassium – needed for normal APs – elevated blood levels __________ HR

A

Decrease

127
Q

Elevated levels of calcium ____________ HR and contractility

A

Increase

128
Q

Age, sex, fitness level and body temperature can have an effect on heart rate (T/F)

A

True

129
Q

The left and right ventricles need to eject the same volume of blood (T/F)

A

True

130
Q

The degree of stretch on the heart before it contracts

A

Preload

131
Q

Greater stretch = __________ contraction (Frank-Starling law)

A

Stronger

132
Q

the amount of stretch is proportional to the volume of blood that fills the ventricles at the end of __________

A

Diastole

133
Q

The duration of ventricular diastole and venous return are the two factors that affect

A

End diastolic volume (EDV)

134
Q

The strength of contraction at any given preload

A

Contractility

135
Q

SyNS activation, hormones (adrenaline/epinephrine) and medications (e.g. digitalis) are three factors that affect

A

Contraction strength

136
Q

The pressure that must be overcome before a semilunar valve can open

A

Afterload

137
Q

Hypertension (high blood pressure) and narrowing of arteries by atherosclerosis are two factors that increase

A

Afterload

138
Q

Large elastic arteries divide into medium-sized ___________________ which branch out into the different regions of the body

A

Muscular arteries

139
Q

muscular arteries divide into smaller arteries which divide into smaller ______________

A

arterioles (a.k.a. the resistance vessels)

140
Q

as arterioles enter the tissue, they divide/branch out into ______________

A

capillaries (a.k.a. the exchange vessels)

141
Q

______________ exchange substances (gases, nutrients) between the blood and the tissues

A

capillaries

142
Q

To carry blood back toward the heart, capillaries within tissues ‘reunite’ to form __________

A

venules

143
Q

venules merge to form progressively larger _______

A

veins

144
Q

veins merge into the ____________

A

vena cavae

145
Q

(T/F) BVs (including capillaries) have the same 3-layered arrangement surrounding the lumen
• tunica intima
• tunica media
• tunica externa

A

False: excluding capillaries

146
Q

inner layer of blood vessel wall, simple squamous epithelium (called endothelium) and a CT basement membrane

A

tunica intima

147
Q

middle layer of blood vessel wall, contains elastic fibres and smooth muscle

A

tunica media

148
Q

outer layer of blood vessel wall, contains elastic and collagen fibres, supports BVs and anchors them to surrounding structures

A

tunica externa (aka tunica adventitia)

149
Q

Vasoconstriction
• a ____________ in lumen size
Vasodilation
• an ___________ in lumen size

A

Vasoconstriction
• a decrease in lumen size
Vasodilation
• an increase in lumen size

150
Q

Blood vessel which stretch to accommodate blood flow (especially under pressure (i.e. when the ventricles contract)) and recoil which helps force the blood forward

A

arteries

151
Q

Blood vessel for blood flow regulation, have a substantial ability to constrict or dilate the vessel, therefore have a significant effect on blood pressure

A

Arterioles

152
Q

Blood vessel for microcirculation, found near almost every cell in the body, walls are a single layer of endothelium and a basement membrane, they do nutrient and waste exchange

A

Capillaries

153
Q

These blood vessels have little smooth muscle and less elastic CT, not designed to withstand high pressure, need help moving blood and have one-way valves to prevent backflow.

A

Veins

154
Q

Blood is ___% fluid and _____% cells

A

fluid (55%) and cells (45%)

155
Q

Temperature and pH of blood

A

38oC, pH 7.4

156
Q

Volume of blood in average male and female

A

male blood volume: 5-6 L, female blood volume: 4-5 L

157
Q

transport protein of blood

A

albumin

158
Q

some are transport proteins, some are involved in the immune response

A

globulins

159
Q

essential in blood clotting

A

fibrinogen

160
Q

Common name for erythrocytes

A

red blood cells

161
Q

Common name for leukocytes

A

white blood cells

162
Q

Common name for thrombocytes

A

platelets

163
Q

What gives red blood cells its color?

A

Hemoglobin (an oxygen-carrying protein)

164
Q

the formation of RBCs

A

hemopoiesis (or hematopoiesis)

165
Q

the % of blood volume occupied by RBCs

A

hematocrit

166
Q

lower than normal hematocrit

A

anemia

167
Q

higher than normal hematocrit

A

polycythemia

168
Q

most common type of granular WBC, function in phagocytosis

A

neutrophils

169
Q

type of granular WBC, function in allergic reactions, parasitic infections

A

eosinophils

170
Q

type of granular WBC, function in stress and allergic responses

A

basophils

171
Q

Three types of lymphocytes (divisions of agranular WBCs)

A

i. B lymphocytes
ii. T lymphocytes
iii. natural killer cells

172
Q

Type of agranular WBCs that aren’t lymphocytes:

A

monocytes

173
Q
  • leukocytosis: __________ WBC count

* leukopenia: ___________ WBC count

A
  • leukocytosis: increased WBC count

* leukopenia: decreased WBC count

174
Q

These blood cells help stop bleeding/contain substances to promote clotting, live 5-9 days

A

Platelets

175
Q

___________________ generates blood pressure (the pressure on the walls of the blood vessel)

A

ventricular contraction

176
Q

the highest arterial pressure during ventricular systole

A

systolic BP

177
Q

the lowest arterial pressure during ventricular diastole

A

diastolic BP

178
Q

the average blood pressure in the arteries

A

Mean arterial pressure

179
Q

(T/F) Blood pressure rises progressively with distance from the left ventricle.

A

False: it falls progressively

180
Q

System responsible for drainage of excess interstitial fluid, transportation of lipids (from the digestive
system), protection/immune responses

A

Lymphatic system

181
Q

Excess filtered fluid (~3 L/day) that leaks from capillaries

that must return to circulation

A

Lymph

182
Q

Smallest structure of lymphatic flow, begin in the spaces between cells, closed at one end, high permeability, cells forming the endothelium overlap to allow fluid in but not back out, pressure drives interstitial fluid into them

A

Lymphatic capillaries

183
Q

Lymphatic capillaries merge into larger vessels called ______________
• lots of one-way valves
• at regular intervals, lymph passes through lymph nodes

A

Lymphatic vessels

184
Q

Bean shaped clusters of lymphocytes (B cells and T cells) surrounded by a dense CT capsule (~600 in the body, lymph flows in, foreign substances are trapped and
destroyed).

A

Lymph nodes

185
Q

Larger lymphatic vessels merge into _________

A

Trunks

186
Q 
Lymphatic duct which drains the
• left side of the head & neck
• left side of the chest
• entire body below the ribs
• it drains into the left subclavian vein
A

Thoracic Duct

187
Q

Lymphatic duct which drains the
• right side of the head & neck
• right side of the chest
• it drains into the right subclavian vein

A

Right Lymphatic Duct

188
Q

Three ways lymphatic flow is maintained

A

1) Skeletal Muscle Pump
2) diaphragmatic breathing/respiratory pump
3) smooth muscle contraction (in the vessel walls – minimal contribution)

189
Q

Lymphatic organ that produces B cells and immature T cells (a.k.a. pre-T cells)

A

Red marrow

190
Q

Lymphatic organ located in the mediastinum, produces mature T cells from pre-T cells, large at birth, significantly atrophied by maturity

A

Thymus

191
Q

Large mass of lymphatic tissue between the stomach and the diaphragm, filters blood (similar to the process in a lymph node), removes ruptured, worn out, defective RBCs
• stores platelets and monocytes

A

Spleen

192
Q

Part of the immune system that provides rapid responses, doesn’t recognize specific invaders but react in the same way to all invaders, no memory component

A

Non-Specific Defences

193
Q

Name three structures of the First Line of the body’s non-specific immune defenses

A

Skin, mucous membranes, body fluids

194
Q

Antimicrobial proteins, natural killer (NK) cells, phagocytes, histiocytes (CT), Kupffer cells (liver), alveolar macrophages (lung), microglia (CNS), inflammation and fever are all a part of:

A

The Second Line of Non-Specific Defense

195
Q

Substances that are recognized as foreign and elicit an immune response

A

Antigen

T1 Physiology (6 decks)

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