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STUDY GUIDE FINAL (EXAM IV) > Urinary Physiology > Flashcards

Urinary Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

how much filtrate is made each day

A

180 L (47 gallons)

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2
Q

how much of that filtrate is urine

A

1.5 L

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3
Q

filtrate

A

blood plasma minus its proteins; produces by glomerular filtration

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4
Q

urine

A

metabolic wastes and unneeded substances; produced from filtrate

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5
Q

3 processes involved in urine formation

A
  • glomerular filtration
  • tubular reabsorption
  • tubular secretion
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6
Q

glomerular filtration

A

produces cell and protein-free filtrate

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7
Q

tubular reabsorption

A

process of selectively reclaiming substances from filtrate and moving them back into blood
- typically 99% of water and all glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed

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8
Q

tubular secretion

A

process of selectively moving substances from blood into filtrate

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9
Q

3 layers of filtration membrane

A
  • fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries
  • basement membrane
  • foot processes of podocytes of the glomerular capsule
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10
Q

fenestrated endothelium of glomerular capillaries

A

allows all blood components except cells to pass

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11
Q

basement membrane

A

allows solutes; blocks all but the smallest proteins

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12
Q

foot processes of podocytes of the glomerular capsule

A

filtration slits between foot processes, stop all remaining macromolecules

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13
Q

outward pressures

A

forces that promote the formation of filtrate

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14
Q

hydrostatic pressure in glomerular capillaries (HPgc)

A

glomerular blood pressure
- chief force pushing water, solutes out of blood across the filtration membrane
- 55 mmHg
- maintained by the smaller size of efferent arteriole versus the afferent arteriole

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15
Q

inward pressures

A

forces that inhibit the formation of filtrate

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16
Q

hydrostatic pressure in the capsular space (HPcs)

A

pressure exerted by the filtrate in the glomerular capsule
- 15 mmHg

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17
Q

colloid osmotic pressure in glomerular capillaries (OPgc)

A

the “pull” of the proteins in the blood
- 30 mmHg

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18
Q

Net filtration pressure

A

the sum of forces
- 55 mmHg forcing out
- 45 mmHg forcing in

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19
Q

Is a NFP net outward or inward force

A

110 mmHg of outward force

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20
Q

GFR

A

the volume of filtrate formed by both kidneys per minute

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21
Q

What 3 things determine GFR

A
  • NFP
  • total surface area available for filtration
  • permeability of filtration membrane
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22
Q

Normal GFR

A

120 - 125 mL/min

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23
Q

Why is GFR important

A
  • the kidneys need a constant GFR to continue making filtrate
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24
Q

what does a increase of GFR do

A

increases urinary output and decreases BP

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25
Q

what does a decrease of GFR do

A

decreases urinary output and increases BP

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26
Q

2 control of GFR

A
  • intrinsic controls
  • extrinsic controls
27
Q

intrinsic controls

A

work locally within the kidneys to maintain GFR - renal absorption

28
Q

extrinsic controls

A

neural and hormonal controls that maintain systemic blood pressure

29
Q

What is an appropriate MAP range for intrinsic controls to be in control?

A

80 to 180 mmHg

30
Q

Myogenic mechanism

A

smooth muscle contracts when stretched

31
Q

what happens when BP increases during myogenic mechanism

A

muscle stretches -> constriction of afferent arteriole

32
Q

what happens when BP decreases during myogenic mechanism

A

dilation of afferent arteriole

33
Q

what is the goal of myogenic mechanism

A

protect the glomerular from high BP by restricting blood flow, maintain normal NFP and GFR

34
Q

tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

A

directed by the macula densa cells

35
Q

What happens during tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

A
  • responds to NaCl concentration
  • GFR increases -> flow of filtrate increases -> decreased time for reabsorption -> higher levels of NaCl in filtrate
36
Q

what is the response of tubuloglomerular feedback mechanism

A

the afferent arteriole is constricted -> NFP and GFR are reduced -> increased time for NaCl reabsorption

37
Q

neural control by the sympathetic nervous system

A
  • normal conditions: renal blood vessels are dilated, intrinsic controls running
  • abnormal conditions: norepinephrine, epinephrine are released
38
Q

how does the neural control alter BP

A
  • systemic vasoconstriction to raise BP
  • constriction of the afferent arterioles will decrease GFR
  • blood volume and blood pressure increase
39
Q

3 pathways to releasing renin from the granular cells

A
  • direct stimulation of granular cells by the SNS
  • simulation of the granular cells by activated macula densa cells – when NaCl concentration in filtrate is low
  • reduced stretch of granular cells
40
Q

What are some things that are reabsorbed in tubular reabsorption

A

almost all organic nutrients: reabsorption of water and ions is hormonally regulated and adjusted as needed

41
Q

which portion of the renal tubule conducts the most reabsorption

A

the PCT is the site of most reabsorption

42
Q

What is reabsorbed in the PCT

A
  • glucose + amino acids
  • 65% of sodium + water
  • most electrolytes
  • nearly all uric acid
43
Q

what is reabsorbed in the nephron loop

A

reabsorption of water is no longer coupled to solute reabsorption
- descending limb: water can leave, but solute cannot
- ascending limb: solute can leave, but water cannot

44
Q

what is reabsorbed in the DCT

A

reabsorption in the DCT varies with the body’s current needs - it is hormonally regulated
- most of water and solutes have already been reabsorbed

45
Q

Anti-Diuretic Hormone (ADH)

A

released by the posterior pituitary gland, can cause an increase in reabsorption of water

46
Q

Aldosterone

A

increases blood pressure and decreased K+ levels by promoting the reabsorption of Na+

47
Q

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

A

released by cardiac atrial cells, decreases blood volume and blood pressure by reducing the reabsorption of Na+

48
Q

Parathyroid Hormone

A

increases reabsorption of Ca2+ by the DCT

49
Q

What is tubular secretion

A
  • the reverse of tubular reabsorption
  • occurs entirely in the PCT
  • selected substances are moved from the peritubular capillaries, through the tubule cells, and back into the filtrate
50
Q

what is typically secreted in tubular secretion

A
  • K+
  • H+
  • Ammonia
  • Creatinine
  • organic acids and bases
51
Q

renal clearance

A

the volume of plasma that the kidneys can clear of a particular substance within a given time
- can determine GFR, detect glomerular damage, and follow the progress of renal disease

52
Q

treatment options for renal failure

A

hemodialysis or kidney transplant

53
Q

normal solutes in urine

A
  • urea
  • K+
  • Na+
  • creatinine
  • uric acid
54
Q

abnormal solutes in urine

A

blood proteins, WBCs, and bile pigments - presence of these can indicate pathology

55
Q

review physical characteristics of urine (SLIDE 25)

A
56
Q

trigone

A

smooth triangular area outlined but the openings for the 2 ureters and the urethra

57
Q

what is the max capacity of the bladder

A

1000 mL

58
Q

compare and contrast the male/females Urethra (slide 32)

A
59
Q

internal urethral sphincter

A

involuntary/smooth muscle at the bladder-urethral junction - contracts to open

60
Q

external urethral sphincter

A

voluntary/skeletal muscle surrounding the urethra as it passes the pelvic floor - relaxes to open

61
Q

micturition 3 simultaneous events (1)

A

contraction of the detrusor muscle by the ANS

62
Q

micturition 3 simultaneous events (2)

A

opening of internal urethral sphincters by ANS
- opens via contraction

63
Q

micturations 3 simultaneous events (3)

A

opening of external urethral sphincters by somatic nervous system
- opens via relaxation

STUDY GUIDE FINAL (EXAM IV) (4 decks)

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