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STUDY GUIDE FINAL (EXAM IV) > Male Reproductive System > Flashcards

Male Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Gonads

A

primary sex organs
- Male: testes
- Female: ovaries

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2
Q

Gamete

A

sex or reproductive cells made in the gonads
- Males: sperm
- Females: ova/egg

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3
Q

sex hormones for males

A

androgens

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4
Q

sex hormones for females

A
  • estrogens
  • progesterones
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5
Q

path of sperm

A

epididymis -> vas.ductus deferens -> ejaculatory duct -> urethra

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6
Q

two muscles of the scrotum

A
  • dartos
  • cremaster
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7
Q

dartos

A

smooth muscle; wrinkles scrotal skin; pulls scrotum close to the body

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8
Q

cremaster

A

skeletal muscle; bands of muscle that elevate the testes

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9
Q

2 tunics of the testes

A
  • tunica vaginalis
  • tunica albuginea
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10
Q

tunica vaginalis

A

outer layer; forms fibrous capsule

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11
Q

tunica albuginea

A

inner layer; form fibrous capsule

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12
Q

sustentocytes

A
  • seminiferous tubules have thick, stratified epithelium surrounding a central, fluid-containing lumen
  • epithelium contains spermatogenic cells embedded in support cells called sustentocytes
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13
Q

what is made by the interstitial endocrine cells in the testes

A
  • interstitial endocrine cells are in the soft tissue surrounding the seminiferous tubules
  • interstitial cells produce androgens, such as testosterone, and secrete them into the interstitial fluid
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14
Q

What is the functional importance of the pampiniform venous plexuses?

A
  • Testicular veins arise from the pampiniform venous plexuses surrounding each testicular artery
  • Cooler blood in the venous plexus absorbs heat from the testicular arteries and keeps the testes cool
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15
Q

spermatic cord

A
  • encloses the autonomic nerve fibers, blood vessels, vas deferens, and lymphatic vessels that supply the testes
  • travels through the inguinal canal
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16
Q

anatomy of the penis

A
  • root + shaft + glans penis
  • prepuce
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17
Q

circumcision

A

surgical removal of the foreskin
- can lead to a reduction in the risk of contracting HIV or other reproductive infections

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18
Q

during an erection, the vascular spaces in erectile tissue fill with

A

blood, penis enlarges, becomes rigid

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19
Q

epididymis

A

site of sperm maturation

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20
Q

how long do sperm cells typically remain in the epididymis

A

several months

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21
Q

The vas deferens merges with a duct from what gland to form the ejaculatory duct?

A

joins the duct of the seminal vesicle

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22
Q

vasectomy

A

cutting and ligating the vas deferens

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23
Q

3 regions of male urethra

A
  • prostatic
  • intermediate/membranous
  • spongy
24
Q

What is contained in the secretions made in the seminal vesicles/glands?

A

viscous, alkaline seminal fluid - account for 70% of the volume of semen

25
Q

What is contained in the secretions made in the prostate gland

A

Secretes milky, slightly acid fluid that contains citrate, enzymes, and prostate-specific antigen (PSA)

26
Q

benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)

A

benign growth of the prostate that constricts the urethra and male urination difficult
- incomplete bladder emptying can lead to frequent UTI and kidney damage

27
Q

TURP

A

surgical procedures ro widen the prostatic urethra

28
Q

bulbo-urethral glands

A
  • produce thick, clear mucus during sexual arousal
  • mucus lubricates the glans penis and neutralizes any traces of acidic urine in the urethra
29
Q

About how many sperm cells are in a typical ejaculation (a general range)?

A

2-5 mL
20-150 million sperm/mL

30
Q

function of prostaglandins in semen

A

decrease the viscosity of mucus in the female cervix and stimulate reverse peristalsis in the female uterus

31
Q

function of relaxing in semen

A

enhance sperm motility and suppress female immune response

32
Q

function of clotting factors in semen

A

coagulate semen initially

33
Q

function of fibronolysin in semen

A

liquifiy it

34
Q

what branch of the ANS is responsible for the formation of an erection?

A

activation of parasympathetic neurons and release of nitric oxide (NO)

35
Q

which branch is responsible for ejaculation?

A

sympathetic spinal reflex

36
Q

sympathetic spinal reflex

A
  • bladder internal sphincter muscle constricts to prevent expulsion of urine or reflux of semen
  • ducts and accessory glands contract, empty their contents into the prostatic urethra
  • bulbospongiosus muscles undergo a series of very rapid contractions that cause expulsion of semen
  • ejaculatory even is called orgasm
37
Q

spermatogenesis

A

creation of sperm in the seiniferous tubules

38
Q

how many chromosomes do humans have

A

46 chromosome in 23 pairs

39
Q

diploid cell

A

cell with 46 chromosomes

40
Q

haploid cells

A

cell with 23 chromosomes

41
Q

mitosis

A

involves 1 replication event and 1 division event - it produces 2 identical daughter cells

42
Q

meiosis

A

involves 1 replication event and 2 division event - it cuts the number of chromosomes in half and produces 4 genetically diverse daughter cells

43
Q

3 steps of spermatogenesis

A
  • mitosis of spermatogonia
  • meiosis
  • spermiogenesis
44
Q

first step of spermatogenesis

A

mitosis of spermatogonia - forms 1 stem cells and 1 primary spermatocyte

45
Q

second step of spermatogensis

A

meiosis - primary spermatocytes form secondary spermatocytes, which become spermatids

46
Q

third step of spermatogenesis

A

spermiogenesis - spermatids become spermatozoa (immature sperm)

47
Q

spermatogonia

A

stem cells in contact with epithelial basal lamina

48
Q

what is the net result of mitosis of spermatogonia

A

each mitotic division yields 1 type A daughter cells and 1 type B daughter cell

49
Q

type A daughter cell

A

maintain the germ/stem cells line

50
Q

type B daughter cell

A

move towards the lumen and develop into primary spermatocytes

51
Q

net result of meiosis I

A

primary spermatocytes (2n) undergoes meisosis I forming two secondary spermatocytes (n)

52
Q

net result of meiosis II

A

each secondary spermatocytes (n) rapidly undergoes meisosis II to become two spermatids

53
Q

what happens during spermiogenesis

A

streamlining process where each spermatids elongates, loses excess cytoplasm, and forms a tail - becomes a spermatozoa (sperm)

54
Q

be prepared to label the parts of the mature cell (slide 32)

A
55
Q

slide 34-36

A
56
Q

effects of testosterone

A
  • appearance of public, axillary, chest and facial hair
  • deepening of voice
  • thickening of skin + increased oil production
  • bone growth + increased bone density
  • increase in skeletal muscle size and mass
  • increase in basal metabolic rate
57
Q

where are androgens produced

A

adrenal glands

STUDY GUIDE FINAL (EXAM IV) (4 decks)

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