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STUDY GUIDE FINAL (EXAM IV) > Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Ovarian Ligament

A

anchors each ovary medially to the ureters

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2
Q

suspensory ligament

A

anchors each ovary laterally to the pelvic wall

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3
Q

broad ligament

A

supports uterine tubes, uterus, and vagine
- portions of suspensory ligament and mesovarium

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4
Q

ovarian follicle

A

tiny sac-like structures embedded in the cortex

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5
Q

what does ovarian follicle contain

A

immature ova (oocytes) surrounded by:
- follicle cells
- granulosa cells

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6
Q

primordial follicle

A

single layer of follicle cells plus oocyte

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7
Q

vesicular follicle

A

s fully mature follicle in which a fluid-filled antrum has formed. the follicle bulges from the ovary surface

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8
Q

ovulation

A

Ejection of the oocyte

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9
Q

corpus luteum

A

develops from the ruptured follicle after ovulation

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10
Q

ectopic pregnancy

A
  • an oocyte is fertilized in the peritoneal cavity or in the distal uterine tube, it begins developing
  • typically results in a natural abortion with substantial bleeding
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11
Q

cervical glands

A

secrete thick mucus to block sperm from entering the cervix outside of the mid cycle time window

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12
Q

cervical cancer (slide 12)

A
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13
Q

cardinal ligament

A

extend from the cervix and superior vagina to the lateral pelvic walls

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14
Q

uterosacral ligaments

A

secure uterus to the sacrum

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15
Q

round ligament

A

binds the uterus to the anterior wall

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16
Q

uterine prolapse

A

despite ligaments, the uterus is primarily supported by the pelvis floor

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17
Q

3 layers of uterine wall (be prepared to label slide 14)

A

perimetrium
myometrium
endometrium

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18
Q

perimetrium

A

outermost, serous layer (visceral peritoneum)

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19
Q

myometrium

A

bulky middle layer, consists of interlacing layers of smooth muscle
- provides the powerful rhythmic contractions needed for childbirth

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20
Q

endometrium

A

mucosal lining
- simple columnar epithelium atop a thick lamina propria
- a fertilized egg burrows into the endometrium and resides there during development

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21
Q

the endometrium has two chief layers called strata, what are they

A

stratum finctionalis
stratum basalis

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22
Q

stratum finctionalis

A

the functional layer
- changes in response to ovarian hormone cycles
- is shed during menstruation

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23
Q

stratum basalis

A

the basal layer
- forms a new stratum functionalis after menstruation
- is not responsive to ovarian hormones

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24
Q

which layer of endometrium is sloughed off during menstrual flow

A

stratum functionalis

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25
Q

perineum

A

diamond shaped region between the public symphysis, coccyx, and the bilateral ischial tuberosities

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26
Q

glandular alveoli

A

mil-producing structures

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27
Q

what structure carries milk to the nipples

A

milk is passed into lactiferous ducts and then into lactiferous sinus
- sinus opens to the external body surface at the nipple

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28
Q

3 things that can increase a women’s risk for breast cancer

A
  • family history
  • genetic mutation
  • early puberty
  • late menopause
  • no or delayed pregnancies
29
Q

what is the screening for breast cancer

A

mammogram

30
Q

when does oogenesis begine

A

in the fetal period

31
Q

at birth, a female infant has a lifetime supply of…

A

primary oocytes

32
Q

what does it mean to be the dominant follicle

A

the dominant follicle resume meiosis I and creates 2 haploid cells - 1 secondary oocyte, 1st polar body

33
Q

secondary oocyte

A

large cell with almost all the parent cell’s cytoplasm and organelles

34
Q

1st polar body

A

very small cell - almost devoid of cytoplasm

35
Q

what happens if a secondary oocyte is fertilized

A

it completes meiosis II creating 1 ovum and a 2nd polar body

36
Q

what happens if a secondary oocyte is not fertilized

A

it deteriorates

37
Q

how long is a typical ovarian cycle

A

28 days

38
Q

what are the two phases of the ovarian cycle

A
  • follicular phase
  • luteal phase
39
Q

follicular phase

A

days 1-14; period of vesicular follicle growth

40
Q

luteal phase

A

days 14-28; period of corpus luteum activity

41
Q

primordial follicles

A

1st follicle to develop in a female fetus

42
Q

primary follicle

A

primordial follicles become primary follicles through oocyte enlargment and a change in the shape of the surrounding cells - squamous to cuboidal

43
Q

secondary follicle

A

primary follicles become secondary follicles when follicular cells proliferate to form stratified epithelium around the oocyte

44
Q

vesicular follicle

A

a secondary follicle becomes a vesicular follicle when a clear fluid-filled cavity called the antrum forms
- a vesicular follicle bulges from the external ovary surface and is ready to be ovulated

45
Q

which hormone stimulates development of the follicles

A

rising levels of follicle stimulating hormone

46
Q

what causes selection of the dominant follicle

A

FSH level drop

47
Q

what hormone stimulates the rupturing of the ovarian wall

A

rising levels of luteinizing hormone

48
Q

review slide 36-38

A
49
Q

uterine (menstrual cycle)

A

series of cyclic changes in the endometrium - changes occur in response to fluctuating ovarian hormones levels

50
Q

3 phases of the uterine cycle

A
  • menstrual phase
  • proliferative (preovulatory) phase
  • secretory (postovulatory) phase
51
Q

menstrual phase

A

days 1-5
- ovarian hormones are at their lowest levels
- gonadotropin levels begin to rise
- stratum functionalis detaches from the uterine wall and is shed - flow of menstrual blood and tissue lasts 3-5 days
- by day 5, growing ovarian follicles start to produce more estrogen

52
Q

proliferative (preovulatory) phase

A

days 6-14
- rising estrogen levels prompt generation of new stratum functionalis - layer thickens, glands enlarge, spiral arteries increase in number
- estrogen increases the synthesis of progesterone receptors within the endometrium
- normally thick, sticky cervical mucus is thinned out to facilitate the passage of sperm
- ovulation occurs day 14

53
Q

secretory (postovulatory) phase

A

days 15-28
- phase that is most consistent in duration
- endometrium is prepared for possible implantation
- rising progesterone levels from the corpus luteum prompt
- endometrial glands to enlarge and secrete nutrients
- formation of a cervical mucus plug to block entry of more sperm, pathogens, debris

54
Q

if fertilization does not occur

A
  • corpus luteum degenerates, progesterone levels fall
  • spiral arteries kink and spasm
  • endometrial cells die, and glands regress
  • spiral arteries constrict and then open wide - blood rushed into the weakened capillary beds
  • blood vessels fragment, the functional layer sloughs off
55
Q

amenorrhea

A

cessation of menstruation

56
Q

leptin

A

hormone that plays a critical, permissive role in the onset of puberty

57
Q

what’s the role between estrogen and bone health

A

once estrogens levels drop and the menstrual cycle stops, bone loss begins- can lead to osteoporosis

58
Q

effects of estrogen

A
  • promote oogenesis and follicle growth in the ovaries
  • exert anabolic effects on the female reproductive tract
  • support rapid, short-lived growth spurts at puberty
  • induce secondary sex characteristics
  • growth of breasts and subcutaneous deposits of fat in the hips
  • widening + lightening of pelvis
59
Q

metabolic effects of estrogen

A
  • maintain low total blood cholesterol and high HDL levels
  • facilities calcium uptake and sustains bone density
60
Q

effects of progesterone

A
  • works with estrogen to establish and regulate the uterine cycle
  • promotes changes in cervical mucus
  • inhibits uterine motility during pregnancy
  • prepares breaths for lactation
61
Q

determination of genetic sex

A
  • 23rd pair of chromosomes in a fertilized egg are the sex chromosomes
  • X chromosomes are large compared to Y chromosomes
  • XX: female; XY: male
62
Q

which parent determines genetic sex of offspring

A

sperm

63
Q

SRY gene

A

single gene on the Y chromosome that determines maleness by initiating development of testes

64
Q

nondisjunction

A

abnormal distribution of any chromosomes to the gametes
- abnormal distribution of the sex chromosomes can cause abnormalities in the development of the reproductive systems

65
Q

systems of declining estrogen levels

A
  • atrophy of the reproductive organs and breasts
  • irritability and depression
  • hot flashes - intense Vasodilation of the skin’s blood vessels
  • gradual thinning of skin and bone loss
  • increased total blood cholesterol levels and falling HDL
66
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

females with only 1 X chromosomes - never develop ovaries; at risk for shorter stature, learning challenges, and heart defects

67
Q

Klinefelter’s syndrome

A

males with 2+ X chromosomes and 1 Y chromosome - results in sterility; at risk for learning challenges

68
Q

the presence or absence of which hormone determines sexual differentiation

A

in the absence of testosterone, female ducts and external genitalia will develop

STUDY GUIDE FINAL (EXAM IV) (4 decks)

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