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STUDY GUIDE FINAL (EXAM IV) > Urinary Anatomy > Flashcards

Urinary Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the major organs of the urinary system?

A
  • kidneys
  • ureters
  • urinary bladder
  • urethra
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2
Q

kidneys

A

major excretory organs, create urine

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3
Q

ureters

A

transport urine from kidneys to bladder

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4
Q

urinary bladder

A

temporarily stores urine

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5
Q

urethra

A

transports urine out of the body

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6
Q

how do kidneys maintain homeostasis

A
  • regulate total water volume and total solute concentration
  • regulate ion concentrations in extracellular fluid
  • ensuring long term acid base balance
  • excreting metabolic wastes, toxins, drugs
  • produces erythopoietin and renin
  • activates vitamin D
  • carries out gluconeogenesis
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7
Q

renin

A

regulates blood pressure

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8
Q

erythropeitin

A

regulate RBC function

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9
Q

renal hilum

A

point of entrance/exit for ureters, blood vessels, lymphatics, nerves

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10
Q

3 layers surrounding the kidney

A
  • renal fascia
  • perirenal fat capsule
  • fibrous/renal capsule
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11
Q

most superficial layer

A

renal fascia

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12
Q

most deepest layer

A

fibrous/renal capsule

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13
Q

renal ptosis

A

condition in which 1 or both kidneys drop to a lower position

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14
Q

how is renal ptosis caused

A

caused by loss of surrounding fatty tissue – likely with emaciation or rapid weight loss
- can lead to kink in the ureter and back up of urine into the kidney

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15
Q

hydropnephrosis

A

backup of urine into the kidney because of ureteral obstruction or infection
- can cause kidney damage, tissue death, renal failure

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16
Q

pyelonephritis

A

inflammation or infection of the kidney

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17
Q

dialysis

A

process of removing waste and extra fluid from the body when the kidneys are unable to

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18
Q

how is urine created

A

in the nephrons and drains continuously through the renal papillae

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19
Q

path of urine flow

A
  • renal pyramid
  • minor calyx
  • major calyx
  • renal pelvis
  • ureter
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20
Q

order of arterial blood flow into the kidney

A
  • aorta
  • renal artery
  • segmental artery
  • interlobar artery
  • arcuate artery
  • cortical radiate artery
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21
Q

order of venous blood flow out of the kidney

A
  • cortical radiate vein
  • arcuate vein
  • interlobar vein
  • renal vein
  • inferior vena cava
22
Q

nephron

A

structural + functional unit of the kidney, forms urine

23
Q

2 parts of the renal corpuscle

A
  • glomerulus
  • glomerular/bowman’s capsule
24
Q

glomerulus

A

tuft of capillaries composed of fenestrated endothelium - highly porous, allows for efficient formation of filtrate

25
Q

parietal layer of glomerular capsule

A

simple squamous epithelium

26
Q

visceral layer of glomerular capsule

A

clings to the glomerular capillaries, contains branching epithelial called called podocytes

27
Q

function of podocytes

A

terminate in foot processes

28
Q

3 parts of the renal tubule

A
  • proximal convoluted tubule
  • nephron loop
  • distal convoluted tubule
29
Q

descending limb of nephron loop

A

proximal part is continuous with PCT; distal part is the descending thin limb (simple squamous epithelium)

30
Q

ascending limb of nephron loop

A

typically thicker, cuboidal + columnar cells

31
Q

proximal convoluted tubule

A

cuboidal cells with dense microvilli that form a brush border
- increased surface area
- large mitochondria

32
Q

function of proximal convoluted tubule

A

reabsorption of water + solutes and secretion of substances
- confined to renal cortex

33
Q

distal convoluted tubule

A

cuboidal cells with very few microvilli

34
Q

functions of distal convoluted tubule

A

in secretion, less reabsorption
- confined to renal cortex

35
Q

collecting ducts

A

run side by side through the medullary pyramids and receive filtrate from many different nephrons

36
Q

fused collecting ducts become

A

collecting ducts fuse together to deliver urine through the renal papillae to the minor calyces

37
Q

2 cells within the collecting duct

A
  • principal cells
  • intercalated cells
38
Q

principal cells

A

more plentiful, sparse, short microvilli, maintain the body’s water/Na+ balance

39
Q

intercalated cells

A

cuboidal cells with abundant microvilli; exist in types A and B - both help maintain the acid-base balance of blood

40
Q

two categories of nephrons

A
  • cotrical nephrons
  • juxtamedullary nephrons
41
Q

cortical nephrons

A
  • 85%
  • almost entirely in the cortex
42
Q

juxtamedullary nephrons

A
  • 15%
  • originate near the cortex-medulla junction
  • have long nephron loops that deeply invade the renal medulla
  • important for the production of concentrated urine
43
Q

nephron capillary bed (glomerulus)

A

produces filtrate

44
Q

nephronc capillary bed (peritubular capillaries)

A

reclaim/reabsorb most of that filtrate

45
Q

the glomerulus (pressure)

A

the afferent arteriole is larger than the efferent arteriole so blood pressure in the glomerulus is high – increased filtration …

46
Q

peritubular capillaries (pressure)

A

lower-pressure, porous capillaries adapted for reabsorption of water and solutes from the filtrate within the renal tubule …

47
Q

juxtaglomerular complex

A

region where the most distal portion of the ascending limb of the nephron loop lies against the afferent arteriole feeding the glomerulus
- each nephron has one JGC
- important in regulating the rate of filtrate formation and systemic blood pressure

48
Q

3 cell population of JGC

A
  • macula densa
  • granular cells
  • extraglomerular mesangial cells
49
Q

macula densa

A
  • tall, closely packed cells in the ascending limb of the nephron loop
  • chemoreceptors that sense the NaCi content of filtrate entering the DCT
50
Q

granular cells

A
  • enlarged, smooth muscle cells in the afferent arteriole wall
  • act as mechanoreceptors to sense blood pressure in the afferent arteriole
  • contain secretory granules for the enzyme renin
51
Q

extraglomerular mesangial cells

A
  • located between the arteriole and tubule cells
  • interconnected by gap junctions
  • may pass regulatory signals between macula densa and granular cells

STUDY GUIDE FINAL (EXAM IV) (4 decks)

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