Urinary Pathology

Question 1

Define ureteral aplasia

Answer 1

lack of formation of ureter

Question 2

Define ureteral hypoplasia

Answer 2

notably small ureter diameter, can result in disruption of urinary flow

Question 3

Define ectopic ureters

Answer 3

ureters that empty into a different level of the urinary tract instead of into the trigone of the bladder. predispose to infections and pyelitis

Question 4

Define patent urachus

Answer 4

malformation of the urinary bladder in foals, when the foetal urachus (remnant of the allantois, a canal that drains the bladder of the foeuts) fails to close, leading to a direct channel between the bladder and the umbilicus.

susceptible to infection and may rupture (uroperitoneum)

Question 5

Define hydroureter

Answer 5

dilation of the ureters, leading to the obstruction of urinary flow, causing calculi, inflammation and neoplasia

Question 6

Define cystitis

Answer 6

inflammation of the urinary bladder

Question 7

Define ureteritis

Answer 7

inflammation of the ureters

Question 8

Define urethritis

Answer 8

inflammation of the urethra

Question 9

Name predisposing factors for cystitis

Answer 9

obstruction of urine flow, incomplete bladder emptying, trauma, incontinence, vaginitis and antibiotics

Question 10

State the main differences between acute and chronic cystitis

Answer 10

Acute –> hyperaemia, typical acute inflammation signs, submucosal oedema, catarrhal exudate, cloudy urine and ulceration

Chronic –> reddened and thickened mucosa, desquamation, submucosal fibrosis and hypertrophy of muscle layer