Cystitis Flashcards
Define cystitis
Inflammation of the bladder
CS of cystitis
pollakiuria (increased urination)
haematuria (blood in urine)
stanguria (slow painful release of small volumes of urine)
dysuria
urinating in inappropriate places
pain on palpation
thickened bladder
straining
repeated visits to the litter box
Cystitis histo
serous fibrosis
granulomatous tissue
dark purple areas (bacterial colonies)
necrosis
micro-abscesses
congestion
What does the kidney look like in cystitis ?
interstitial necrosis with fibrous tissue and a lot of pus
How do you diagnose cystitis ?
cystocentesis (needle directly into urinary bladder) or midstream collection
culture the urine
urinalysis
microscopically examined
What does urinalysis show in cystitis ?
increased protein
haemoglobin
alkaline pH
How do you treat cystitis ?
medical or surgical, dependent on the type and underlying cause
acute –> medically with antibiotics selected in accordance with culture and sensitivity results
chronic –> more likely to have an anatomical underlying cause that require further diagnosis and surgery
Define acute cystitis
catarrhal inflammation, may be haemorrhagic, mild cases usually resolve
Define chronic cystitis and the two types
much more severe, progressed from acute
polypoid = polyp-like projections from the mucosa
follicular cystitis = unknown aetiology, common in dogs
Define emphysematous cystitis
related to the fermentation of sugar by glucose-fermenting bacteria, resulting in acidic urine
Define feline idiopathic cystitis
a complex condition involving neuro changes in spinal pain fibres and biochemical changes
Name predisposing factors for cystitis
uroliths, anatomic defects, polyps, neoplasia, glucocorticoid use, hyperadenocorticism, DM, immunodeficiency, urine stasis, bladder trauma, glycosuria
Name the most common bacterial causes of cystitis
Proteus spp.
Pseudomonas spp.
Haemophilus haemoglobinophilus
Eubacterium suis
Enterobacter spp.
Enterococci spp.
E. coli
Staphylococcus spp.
Streptococcus spp.
E. coli fact file
Gram-, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped.
sub type causing cystitis = Urinary Pathogenic E. Coli (UPEC)
they have pyelonephritis fimbriae, important for attachment to urinary tissue
persistent infections common (difficult to treat, can get really deep into the tissue so topical antibiotics are not strong enough to be effective)
How does E. coli cause cystitis
they damage the bladder wall (ulceration) and cause pieces to break off and move into the urine
