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SEM II - Positioning > Urinary Imaging > Flashcards

Urinary Imaging Flashcards

0
Q

Kidney function

A

Removes metabolic waste from blood
Maintains fluid and water levels
Regulates acid-base and electrolyte balance
Secretes substances that affect blood pressure

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1
Q

The urinary system includes:

A

Two kidneys
Two ureters
One urinary bladder
One urethra

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2
Q

Kidney location

A

Retroperitoneal cavity
Surrounded by fat
Encapsulated by a fibrous capsule (gerota’s fascia)

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3
Q

Adrenal glands

A

Suprarenal glands, not part of the urinary system.

Endocrine structures

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4
Q

Calyces

A

Cup shaped recesses in the center of each kidney that receive the urine from the collecting ducts

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5
Q

The beginning branches of the urinary collecting system are called

A

Minor calyces

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6
Q

Minor calyces unite to form the

A

Major calyces

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7
Q

The major calyces unite to form the

A

Renal pelvis

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8
Q

The renal pelvis exits the kidneys and transitions into the

A

Ureter

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9
Q

Ureters

A

Connects kidneys to the bladder.

- very narrow in diameter, collapsible tubing

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10
Q

Kidneys produce how much urine per day?

A

1-2 liters

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11
Q

Epinephrine is secreted by the

A

Suprarenal glands

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12
Q

The left kidney is

A

Longer, narrower, and located higher than the right kidney due to the size of liver causing displacement.

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13
Q

The kidneys will drop about 2” when

A

Moving from the supine to upright

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14
Q

The average kidney is approximately

A

4.5” long
2.5” wide
A little over 1” thick

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15
Q

Nephroptosis

A

The abnormal fall of the kidneys, normally suspended in the abdomen.

With failure of suspensory tissues, kidneys will fall sometimes into pelvis.

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16
Q

The ureters enter the bladder along the

A

Posterior wall.

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17
Q

Ureteral valves

A

One way flow from ureteral into bladder

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18
Q

UVJ

A

Ureterovesicular junction

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19
Q

The female urethra is about 1-2” long, males about 7-8” making

A

Females more susceptible to UTI

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20
Q

The urinary bladder serves as a reservoir and can hold about

A

500cc of urine

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21
Q

Rugae

A

Numerous mucosal folds located within the urinary bladder

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22
Q

Trigone

A

Area of the bladder formed by its 3 openings:
2 ureters
1 urethra

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23
Q

Micturition

A

Act of urinating/voiding

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24
Q

Detrusor muscle

A

Surrounds bladder, contracts in order to expel urine

25
Q

Bladder

A

U/V junction
Ureteral valve
Trigone
Urethra

26
Q

Males bladder also includes

A

Prostate gland

27
Q

IVP

A

Intravenous pyelogram.

The most commonly ordered radiographic study of the urinary system.

28
Q

IVU

A

Intravenous urogram.

The proper term for the examination of the entire urinary system.

29
Q

Nephrotomogram phase

A

Phase filtering of blood in the cortex of an IVP/IVU exam

30
Q

Collection/transport phase

A

Movement of urine into calyces, renal pelvis, ureters, and into bladder during a IVP/IVU image

31
Q

Antegrade

A

During an IVU, the contrast is traveling in the normal excretory direction of flow.

32
Q

Retrograde

A

Against the normal flow.

Method requires catheterization or endoscopy and can be used to demonstrate the bladder, urethra, and lower ureters.

33
Q

Sample IVU routine:

A 
Scout (KUB)
Injection - note time
1 min. Nephrogram or nephrotomography
3 min. AP supine
5 min. AP supine
10 min. AP supine
15 min. AP supine
20 min. Posterior obliques
Post-void (prone or erect)
34
Q

IVP or IVU demonstrates

A

Both function and structures of the urinary system by kidneys ability to filter contrast medium from the blood, collect, contrast as urine, and pass urine to bladder

35
Q

Purpose of IVU/IVP

A

Visualize the collecting portion of the urinary system

Assess the functional ability of the kidneys

Assess the movement of urine through system

36
Q

Bolus injection

A

The rapid introduction of contrast agents into the vascular system

37
Q

50-100cc

A

The most common contrast dosages used for a adult patient.

38
Q

Why do a scout abdomen.

A 
Contour and location of kidneys
Presence of stones
Pre contrast comparison
Success of prep - NPO 
Perfection of technique
39
Q

Contrast medium usually becomes visible in the pelvicalyceal system within

A

2-3 minutes of injection

40
Q

What is seen on an IVU/IVP AP projection?

A

Entire urinary system K - U - B

No rotation/motion

41
Q

On an IVU/IVP posterior oblique exam

A

The side up kidney is seen parallel to the IR and the side down is seen perpendicular to the IR

42
Q

In the AP supine position the kidneys

A

Do not sit flat and square in the abdomen

43
Q

In the RPO position the left kidney is ? to the IR and the right is ? to the IR

A

Left is parallel to the IR and right is perpendicular to the IR.

44
Q

In the LPO position the right kidney is ? to the IR and the left is ? to the IR

A

The right kidney is parallel to the IR and the left is perpendicular to the IR.

45
Q

Ureteric Compression

A

Used to enhance filling of the pelvicalyceal system and proximal uterus. Allows the renal collecting system to retain contrast medium longer. Applied over the distal ends of the ureters at the level of the ASIS but just medial to the ASIS.

46
Q

Tomography

A

Exam where a slice of anatomy is imaged rather than the entire body part using a higher contrast, blurring away unfocused tissues. Tissue is in focus visualized without superimposition.

47
Q

Tomographic movements

A

Tube and Bucky move together

Fulcrum is the focal point of motion - anatomy at level of fulcrum is best visualized.

48
Q

The more tomographic movement

A

Results in finer focus anatomy.

49
Q

Linear tomography

A

As the tube and film move in opposite directions, blurring occurs in structures outside the focal plane

50
Q

Tomographic angle

A

The angle determines the thickness of the slice.

51
Q

As the tomo angle increases

A

Thinner slice or section of anatomy imaged

52
Q

As the tomo angle decreases

A

A thicker slice or section of anatomy will be imaged.

53
Q

Cystography

A

Retrograde urological study of the urinary bladder, performed to evaluate trauma, calculi, tumor, or inflammatory disease.

54
Q

Contrast with a cystography exam

A

Delivered through a catheter into the bladder which flows in by gravity pressure only.

55
Q

Voiding cystography is performed to assess

A

Ureteral valves and reflux of contrast up ureters
Patency of the urethra
VCUG

56
Q

VCUG

A

Voiding cystourethrogram
Retrograde study of the bladder and urethra to determine cause of urinary retention and to evaluate for possible ureteral reflux.

57
Q

Cystography contrast

A

Very low concentration water soluble iodine

18-20%

58
Q

Ureteral reflux

A

Failure of the ureteral valves to prevent back flow of urine from bladder into ureters and kidney during mucturition

59
Q

BPH

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

60
Q

Male stricture of the urethra

A

Can be accompanied by the backflow of urine into the prostate gland,leading to chronic and recurrent prostatitis.

SEM II - Positioning (5 decks)

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