final Flashcards
As a contrast material, barium is described as
being positive, suspension, radiopaque.
For the RAO position of the stomach the midsagittal plane is
rotated approximately 40-70 degrees.
For the PA projection of the colon the central ray is
directed to the level of iliac crest.
For all views of the esophagus the top of the image receptor should be placed
at the level of the patient’s mouth.
The routine KVP for imaging the alimentary canal with barium is
approximately 100 to 110 KVP
Contents from the small bowel enter into the large bowel through
the ileocecal valve
The most proximal portion of the large intestine is
the cecum.
For the AP esophagus position the central ray should
be directed to the level of T5-T6.
For the lateral rectum the CR is directed
to a point that is the level of the ASIS, midcoronal plane.
The body habitus that would present a very long, very slim stomach reaching into the pelvis would be
asthenic
For the LAO position of the esophagus the patient’s left arm is
extended along the left side of body.
The position that best demonstrates the small bowel loops “spread out” and with minimal OID is
prone.
For the RPO oblique of the colon the midsagittal plane is
rotated 35-45 degrees.
For the AP stomach position perpendicular to the IR is
the midsagittal plane.
For the PA axial projection of the colon the central ray is
directed through the level of the ASIS.
For the lateral esophagus position perpendicular to the IR is
the midcoronal plane.
For the right lateral portion of the stomach the midsagittal plane is
rotated from the IR approximately 90 degrees.
For the lateral esophagus projection the central ray should be
directed to the level of T5-T6.
The barium enema position that best demonstrates the elongated recto-sigmoid is
the PA axial.
The “S-shaped” portion of the colon is known as
the sigmoid.
For the RAO position of the stomach the patient’s left arm is
flexed at the elbow, with hand near head.
The position that best demonstrates the splenic flexure in profile is the
LAO
For the LPO position of the stomach the midsagittal plane is
rotated approximately 30 to 60 degrees.
With the patient in the recumbent RAO stomach position, air will be found in the
fundus.
For the RAO esophagus position the central ray should enter the body
3 inches to the left side of the spine.
For the RPO position of the colon the central ray enters the body
2 inches to the side up from the midline.
The body habitus that would present a very short wide and horizontal stomach would be
hypersthenic.
The stomach digests food through the action of
mechanical and chemical digestion.
Contents from the esophagus enter the stomach through the
cardiac sphincter.
After a contrasted imaging study patients should be advised to
drink extra water for the next 48 hours.
For the AP esophagus position perpendicular to the IR is the
midsagittal plane.
The kvp range routinely used for imaging the alimentary canal with iodine based contrast agents is
70-80 KVP.
The most proximal portion of the small intestine is
the duodenum.
For the RAO position of the esophagus the midsagittal plane is
rotated 35-40 degrees.
The thick muscular folds found within the stomach are known as
rugae.
For the RAO position of the esophagus the patient’s right arm is
extended along the right side of the body.
The most commonly used negative contrast media for gastrointestinal imaging is
room air.
For the PA axial projection of the colon the central ray is
angled approximately 30-40 degrees caudal.
For the RAO esophagus projection the central ray
should be directed to the level of T5-T6.
In the recumbent right lateral stomach position, barium will be found in all of the following:
pylorus, duodenum, corpus
Correctly aligned, the RAO position projects the barium filled esophagus
between the spine and the heart.
For the RAO oblique of the colon the midsagittal plane is
rotated 35-45 degrees.
For the lateral position of the esophagus the patient’s hands
are placed above the patient’s head.
For the Rao stomach projection of a sthenic patient the central ray
should be directed to the level of L1-L2
For the lateral esophagus position the central ray should enter
the body along the midcoronal plane.
In the supine, AP stomach position barium will be found in the
fundus.
As a contrast material, air is described as
being negative, radiolucent.
For the lateral stomach projection of a sthenic patient the central ray
should be directed to the level of L1-L2.
For the LAO position of the esophagus the midsagittal plane is
rotated 35-40 degrees.
The term referring to the separation of particles within a suspension is known as
flocculation.
For the LAO esophagus position the central ray should enter the body
3 inches to the right of the spine.
The atomic number of barium is
56.
For the RAO position of the stomach the patient’s right arm is
extended along the left side of the body.
For the LAO position of the esophagus the patient’s right arm is
flexed at the elbow, hand near head.
The most commonly used positive contrast media for gastrointestinal imaging is
barium.
For the PA stomach projection of the sthenic patient the central ray should be
directed to the level of L1-L2.
The stomach empties to the small bowel through the
pyloric sphincter.
For the AP small bowel projection the central ray should be
directed to the level of iliac crest.
For the RAO position of the esophagus the patient’s left arm is
flexed at elbow, hand near head.
The position that best demonstrates a barium filled fundus is
LPO.
The most distal portion of the small intestine is
the ileum.
The position that best demonstrates the barium filled duodenum in profile is
RAO.
The atomic number of iodine is
53.
In the prone, PA stomach position barium will be found in all of the following:
duodenum, pylorus, and corpus.
For the LAO esophagus position the central ray should be
directed to the level of T5-T6.
For the LPO position of the colon the central ray is
directed to the level of C6-C7.
The position that best demonstrates an air filled duodenum in profile is
LPO.
The position that best demonstrates the hepatic flexure in profile is the
RAO.
With the recumbent AP position in the fundus will be found
barium.
With the recumbent RAO position in the pylorus will be found
barium.
With the recumbent LPO position in the pylorus will be found
air.
With the AP upright position in the fundus will be found
air.
With the recumbent right lateral position in the pylorus will be found
barium.
With the recumbent RAO position in the fundus will be found
air.
With the recumbent LPO position in the fundus will be found
barium.
With the PA recumbent position in the fundus will be found
air.
With the recumbent right lateral position in the fundus will be found
air.
With the PA recumbent position in the transverse will be found
barium.
With the recumbent LPO position in the right flexure will be found
air.
With the ventral decubitus position in the rectum will be found
air.
With the recumbent RPO position in the left flexure will be found
air.
With the AP recumbent position in the cecum/ascending will be found
barium.
With the AP upright position in the transverse will be found
air.
With the left lateral decubitus position in the lateral margin of the cecum will be found
air.
With the right lateral decubitus position in the medial margin of the descending will be found
barium.
Why would a radiologist order a scout KUB in preparation for a barium study?
To ensure the patient followed prep instructions and to check for residual barium.
Why would you take a post evac image after a barium enema?
To see how much barium was expelled or to see if a part of the colon can be better imaged when not completely full of barium.
Why is barium contraindicated for a patient with a bowel perforation?
Barium will turn to concrete in the abdominal cavity if it leaks out of a perforation.
Differential absorption-
different materials are absorbed at a different rate and by different tissues.
Enteroclysis-
x-ray of the small intestines.
Functions of the small intestines-
digestion and uptake of nutrients.
Functions of the large intestines-
absorb water and form and eliminate stool.
the space between the lungs is known as the
mediastinum
for the AP upright abdomen the central ray is directed to the level of
2” superior of the iliac crest
the most inferior portion of a lung is known as the
costophrenic angle
the abdominal organ with the function of absorbing water as well as forming/eliminating stool is the
large intestine
the point of tracheal bifurcation is known as the
carina
the left lung is composed of
2 lobes
according to merrills, a fully inspired PA chest X-ray should allow the tech to see this many ribs
10
the jugular both is located at the spinal level of
T2
the windpipe is known medically as the
trachea
as adequately penetrated flat abdomen radiograph will demonstrate a muscle known as the
psoas
the standard SID for imaging of the chest is
72”
ballpark kvp for a chest image is approximately
110-120 kvp
for a PA chest projection the central ray enters the body at the spinal level of
T7
the anatomical landmark that is an indicator of the T7 level is the
inferior scapula angle
the standard SID for abdominal imaging is
40”
for the PA chest projection the central ray enters the body along the
MSP
for the lateral chest projection the top of the IR is placed
1 1/2”-2” above the shoulder
the abdominal organ with the function of both digestion and absorption of nutrients is the
small intestines
the standard SID for imaging a supine patient for an AP projection chest Xray is
40”
for the AP axial lordotic chest projection, the central ray is directed to the level of
mid-sternum
for the AP axial lordotic chest projection, the top of the IR is placed
3” above the shoulders
the chest projection that best demonstrates the lung apices free of skeletal superimposition is the
AP axial lordotic
for the PA anterior oblique chest X-ray the patient is rotated this many degrees from the IR
45 degrees
for the AP anterior oblique chest projection the CR enters the body at the level of the
inferior scapular angle
according to merrills a patient positioned for a decubutus chest X-ray should be imaged after waiting
5 minutes
with the patient imaged for a right lateral decubutis chest X-ray the tech should expect to see
air in left and fluid in right thorax
for the AP chest projection the central ray is directed to the level of
mid sternum
the abdominal organ with the function of producing hormones as well as digestive enzymes is the
pancreas
the area of the lungs where vessels enter and leave the organ is known as the
hilum
a ballpark KVP setting for abdominal imaging is approximately
70-80 KVP
the most superior portion of a lung is known as the
apex
the respiratory phase for abdominal imaging is
suspended expiration
the respiratory phase for a routine chest imaging is
suspended inspiration
for the AP supine abdomen (KUB) the central ray is directed to the level of the
iliac crest
the right lung is comprised of
3 lobes
gas exchange occurs in the lungs at the level of the
alveoli
respiration
the act of gas exchange through breathing
bingo wings
flabby old lady arms
pneumothorax
free air in the chest, usually a collapsed lung
digestion
breakdown of food so that nutrients can be absorbed
falciform ligament
ligaments that holds the liver up under the diaphragm
why are chest X-rays taken PA
to minimize the OID of the heart
why are chest X-rays usually taken with the patient upright
to allow for accurate air/fluid levels
why is the decubitus abdomen taken in the left lateral decubitus position
so that if there is any free air, it will be easily visualized because it will rise to the area of the liver versus the air filled stomach
the normal number of cervical vertebra is
7
the first cervical vertebra is also known as the
atlas
for the RAO oblique sternum position the CR enters the body
1” to the elevated side of the spine
the transverse foramina of cervical vertebra accommodate the passage of the
vertebral artery
the standard SID for imaging the RAO sternum is
30”
the space formed by the body and the posterior arch of the vertebra is known as the
vertebral formen
lateral curvature of the spine is known as
scoliosis
the degree of rotation for the RAO sternum position is
15-20 degrees
for an RAO oblique of the upper ribs the top of the image receptor is placed
1 1/2” above the shoulder
the spinous process of a vertebra is formed by the merger of the
lamina
the respiration phase for imaging the ribs below the diaphragm is
suspended expiration
the vertebral canal accommodates the passage of the
spinal cord
the vertebra that articulates with the occipital bone of the skull is
C1
The jugular notch is located at the level of
T2
the respiration phase for imaging the ribs above the diaphragm is
suspended inspiration
for the lateral view of the sternum the central ray enters
at the level of mid sternum
for an LPO oblique of the upper ribs, the top of the image receptor is placed
1 1/2” above the shoulder
the odontoid process is part of the vertebra
C2
the most superior portion of the sternum is the
manubrium
the 2nd cervical vertebra is known as the
axis
the articulation between the tubercle of the rib and the vertebra is known as a
cosotranverse joint
ribs with cartilage that does not directly articulate with the sternum are known as
false ribs
the vertebra that has no true body is
C1
the inferior angle of the scapula is located at the level of
T7
the number of pairs of float in ribs is
2
the dens is also known as the
odontoid process
the number of pairs of true ribs is
7
the xiphoid process is located at the level of
T10
The standard SID for imaging the ribs is
40”
for lateral view of the sternum, the top of the image receptor is placed
1 1/2” above the jugular notch
the sternal angle is located at the level of
T4
the vertebral arteries combine to form the
basilar artery
the spinal curve that is convex anteriorly is known as
lordosis
the intervertebral foramina accommodates the passage of the
nerve roots
for the RAO oblique sternum position the central ray enters the body at the level of
T7
the normal number of thoracic vertebra is
12
what joint allows us to nod our head yes?
the crnioaxial joint /
c1 & the skull
what joint allow us to nod NO?
the axioatlas C1-2 because the atlkas rotates around the odontoid process to allow side to side movement
why is the sternum imaged PA?
to minimize OID
the respiration phase for imaging the AP lumbar spine is
suspended expiration
the degree of rotation for imaging the oblique sacroiliac joint is
25-30 degrees
for the AP axial oblique cervical spine projection the central ray is directed
15-20 degrees cephalad
for the AP lumbosacral spine projection, the central ray is directed to
L4
the normal curvature of the sacrum and coccyx is
kyphosis
for the AP axial sacrum position, the CR is angled
15 degrees cephalad
the normal curvature of the lumbar spine is
lordosis
for the AP true lumbar spine projection the central ray is directed
perpendicular to the IR
the nose opt the scotty dog is formed by the
transverse process
for the lateral thoracic spine position the patients MSP is rotated to
parallel to the IR
the cervical view that benefits from a slight patient “ahh” during exposure is the
open mouth C1-2
the most inferior portion of the coccyx is the
apex
intervertebral foramina of the lumbar spine are best demonstrated on the
lateral view
for the ap axial cervical spine projection the central ray is directed
15-20 cephalad
for the lateral true lumbar spine position the central ray enters at the level of
L3
when the patient is in the LPO position for an AP oblique projection SI joint we see the
right SI joint farthest from the IR
ther cervical intervertebral foramina are best demonstrated by
AP axial oblique
the respiration phase for imaging the lateral thoracic spine is
suspended inspiration or shallow breathing technique
with an AP axial projection and the patient LPO the cervical intervertebral foramina visualized are the
right side farthest from the IR
the horn like processes of the inferior sacrum are known as
cornu
for the AP thoracic spine projection the central ray is directed
perpendicular to the IR
for the AP lumbar spine position the patients MCP is rotated to
parallel to the IR
with an AP axial projection and the patient RPO the cervical intervertebral foramina visualized are the
left side farthest from the IR
for the lateral lumbar spine position the patents MCP is rotated to
perpendicular to the IR
for the lateral cervical spine “grandy” projection the central ray is directed to the level of
C4
for the ap axial cervical spine view must be demonstrated`
c3-t2
for the lateral lumbosacral spine position the central ray enters at the level of
L4
for the AP thoracic spine position the top of the image receptor is placed
1 1/2 inch above the shoulder
when a male patents spine canont be fully straightened for a lateral lumbar view the CR is
angled 5 degrees caudal
when the patient is in the RAO position for an AP oblique projection lumbar spine we see the
right facet joints closest to the IR
the respiration phase for imaging the oblique lumbar spine is
suspended expiration
for the AP axial oblique cervical spine position the patients MSP is rotated to
45 degrees from the IR
the degree of rotation for oblique images of the lumbar spine is
45 degrees
when the patient is in the LAO position for a PA oblique projection lumbar spine we see the
right facet joints farthest from the IR
when a female patients spine cannot be fully straightened for a lateral lumbar view the CR is
angled 8 degrees caudal
for the AP axial cervical spine position the patients MSP is rotated to
perpendicular to the IR
the holes in the sacrum for the passage of nerves and nerve roots are known as the
sacral foramina
for the AP axial (ferguson)view the central ray is directed to the level of
L5-S1
or the PA axial oblique cervical spine projection the central ray is directed
15-20 degrees caudad
for the AP true lumbar spine position the patients MSP is rotated
perpendicular to the IR
The respiration phase for imaging the lateral lumbar spine is
suspended expiration
for the AP axial (ferguson)view the central ray enters 1 1/2 inches above the
symphysis pubis
the neck of the scotty dog is formed by the
pars interarticularis
the cervical spine view that benefits from the patients suspended expiration is
lateral (grandy)
for the AP axial Coccyx projection the central ray is directed
10 degrees caudal
the eye of the scottie dog is formed by the
pedicle
the vertebra that is located 1 1/2’ superior to the iliac crest is
L3
The portion of the sacrum that articulates with the iliac bones is
the auricular surface.
When the patient is in the RPO position for an AP oblique projection S/I joint
we see the left S/I joint farthest from the IR.
For the AP axial Cervical projection the central ray is
directed to the level of C4.
When the patient is in the LPO position for an AP oblique projection Lumbar spine we see
the left facet joints closest to the IR.
For the lateral cervicothoracic “swimmer’s” projection the central ray is
directed to level C7-T1.
For the lateral lumbar spine position the patient’s MSP is
rotated to parallel to the IR.
With a PA axial projection and the patient LAO the cervical intervertebral foramina visualized are
the right side farthest from the IR.
The foot of the “scotty dog” is formed by
the inferior articular process.
The lateral cervical spine “grandy” view must demonstrate
sella turcica- T1
When the patient is in the RPO position for an AP oblique projection lumbar spine we see
the Right facet joints closest to the IR.
For the AP thoracic spine position the patient’s MSP is
rotated to perpendicular to the IR.
For the lateral lumbar spine position the patient’s arms are
flexed in front of the body.
For the AP dens Fuchs position of the cervical spine the central ray is
directed perpendicular to the IR.
The respiration phase for imaging the AP thoracic spine is
suspended inspiration.
For the AP open mouth C1-C2 cervical spine projection the central ray is
directed perpendicular to the IR.
The superior anterior bony landmark of the sacrum is known as
the sacral promontory.
The normal curvature of the thoracic spine is
kyphosis.
For the lateral cervicothoracic swimmer’s position the patient’s MSP is
rotated to parallel to the IR.
For an AP axial Ferguson view the central ray is
angled 30-35 degrees cephalad.
For the PA axial oblique cervical spine position the patient’s MSP is
rotated to 45 degrees from the IR.
The ear of the scotty dog is formed by
the superior articular process.
For the lateral cervical spine (Grandy) view the central ray is
directed perpendicular to the IR.
With a PA axial projection and the patient RAO the cervical intervertebral foramina visualized are
the right side closest to the IR.
For the lateral thoracic spine projection the central ray is
directed perpendicular to the IR.
For the AP true lumbar spine projection the central ray is
directed to L3.
For the lateral thoracic spine position the top of the image receptor is
placed 1 ½ inches above the shoulder.
For the lateral cervical spine “grandy” position the patient’s MSP is
rotated to parallel to the IR.
For the lateral thoracic spine position the central ray enters
at the level of T7.
For the lateral L5-S1 projection the CR is
directed to a point that is 2” posterior to ASIS and 1 ½” inferior to the iliac crest.
For the lateral sacrum projection the CR is directed
to a point that is level of the ASIS and 3 ½” posterior to the ASIS.
For the AP oblique projection of the lumbar spine the CR is directed to a point that is
2” medial to the elevat4ed ASIS and 1 ½ above the iliac crest.
For the AP projection oblique S/I joints the CR is
directed to a point that is 1” medial to the elevated ASIS.
For the lateral coccyx projection the CR is directed
to a point that is 2” inferior to the ASIS, and 3 ½ posterior to the ASIS.
The paranasal sinuses that are arranged in a series of air cells are the
ethmoids.
For the lateral projection of the skull the central ray enters
2” superior to the EAM
For the PA axial (Caldwell) projection of the facial bones the CR is directed
to the level of the nasion.
The vertical portion of the mandible is known as the
ramus.
The schuller view is also known as the
SMV.
For the PA projection of the skull the CR is directed
perpendicular to the IR.
The petrous pyramids are a portion of the
temporal bone.
The bridge of the nose is formed by bones known as
the nasal bones.
Placing the nose and forehead against the image receptor is
the ballpark position for the PA skull.
For the lateral projection of the skull the line perpendicular to the image receptor is
the interpupilary line (IPL).
The bony process of the mandible that articulates with the temporal bone is known as the
condylar process.
For the AP Axial (Townes) view of the skull the CR enters
2 ½” above the glabella.
For the PA projection of the skull the petrous ridges
should fill from 2/3 to all of the orbits.
For the SMV projection of the sinuses the CR is directed
perpendicular to the IR (horizontal)
For the lateral projection of the facial bones the CR is directed
perpendicular to the IR.
The bone that makes up the majority of the lateral aspect of the skull is the
parietal.
For the SMV view of the skull the CR enters
at the level of the gonions.
The sinuses that vary the most in size and shape are the
frontals.
For the AP Water’s trauma view the CR should be
parallel to the MML.
For the PA Axial (Caldwell) projection of the sinuses the OML
is placed at an angle to the IR that is 15 degrees.
For the lateral projection of the facial bones the CR should be
centered upon the zygoma.
For the AP Axial (Towne’s) of the skull with the IOML perpendicular to the IR the CR is directed
37 degrees caudal.
The external occipital protuberance (EOP) is also known as the
inion.
For the lateral projection of the skull the plane parallel to the image receptor is
the midsagittal plane of head.
For the PA axial Caldwell projection of the skull the petrous ridges
should fill the lower 1/3 of the orbits.
The majority of the hard palate is formed by the
maxillary bone.
For the AP projection of the skull the line perpendicular to the image receptor is the
OML
For the PA axial Caldwell projection of the skull the Central ray should be directed
to the level of the nasion.
The most lateral aspect of the eye’s opening is known as the
outer canthus.
For the lateral projection of the skull the CR is directed
perpendicular to the IR.
For the PA axial Haas projection of the skull the CR enters
1 ½” below the inion
The angle of the mandible is also known as the
gonion.
For the AP axial Townes of the skull with the OML perpendicular to the IR the CR is directed
30 degrees caudal.
The cranial bone that contains the foramen magnum is the
occipital bone.
For the AP axial (Reverse Caldwell) of the skull the CR is directed
15 degrees cephalic.
The external acoustic meatus EAM is a portion of the
temporal bone.
For the PA Caldwell projection of the skull the line perpendicular to the image receptor is the
OML.
For the PA water’s projection of the sinuses the central ray is directed
to the level of the acanthion.
The bones of the calvarium are comprised of the type of bone known as
flat bone.
The view of the skull performed specifically to evaluate the frontal bone is the
PA skull.
For the lateral projection of the sinuses the CR is directed
perpendicular to the IR.
For the PA axial Caldwell projection of the skull the CR is directed
15 degrees caudal.
The cranial landmark located at the most inferior aspect of the nose is known as the
acanthion.
For the SMV projection of the skull the line parallel to the image receptor is the
IOML.
The smaller portion of the hard palate is formed by the
palatine bones.
The Haas method of the skull is used to replace the preferred
AP axial townes
The frontal sinuses are well visualized on the
PA axial Caldwell.
The sinuses demonstrated in the open mouth with PA water’s sinus projection are the
sphenoids.
The anterior nasal spine (acanthion) is formed by the
maxillary bones.
For the lateral projection of the sinuses the line perpendicular to the image receptor is the
interpupilary line- IPL.
For the SMV view of the facial bones the CR passes through
1” posterior to the outer canthi.
With the PA Water’s projection of the sinuses the petrous ridges should be seen
at the lower margins of maxillary sinus.
The curved horizontal portion of the mandible is known as
the body.
For the PA axial (Caldwell) projection of the sinuses the CR is directed
perpendicular to the IR.
For the PA Water’s projection of the facial bones the CR is directed
to the level of the acanthion.
For the PA axial (Haas) projection of the skull the CR is directed
25 degrees cephalic.
The largest and most symmetric of the sinuses are the maxillary.
to the level of the nasion.
For the PA axial (Caldwell) projection of the sinuses the central ray is directed
to the level of the nasion.
For the lateral projection of the skull the line parallel to the long axis of the IR is the
ioml.
The paranasal sinus that is directly inferior to the sella turcica is the
sphenoid sinus.
For the lateral projection of the sinuses the line parallel to the long axis of the IR is the
IOML.
For the SMV projection of the sinuses the line parallel to the image receptor is the
IOML.
The view of the skull performed specifically to evaluate the occipital bone is the
AP axial Townes view of the skull.
For the PA projection of the skull the line perpendicular to the image receptor is the
OML.
The sphenoid sinuses are well visualized on the
lateral skull and SMV schullers.
The sinus projection that best demonstrates the frontal sinuses is the
PA axial (Caldwell)
For the PA mandible projection to visualize the mandibular body the CR passes through
the mid-lips.
For the SMV projection of the facial bones the line parallel to the image receptor is the
IOML.
All of the following facial bones are paired:
lacrimal, nasal, and zygoma.
For the lateral projection of the facial bones the central ray enters between
the outer canthus and EAM.
The bony structure known as the sella turcica belongs to the
sphenoid bone.
For the lateral projection of the facial bones the plane parallel to the image receptor is the
midsagittal plane of head.
The view of the skull performed specifically to evaluate the cranial base is the
SMV.
For the AP projection of the skull the CR is directed
perpendicular to the IR.
The skull position that best demonstrates the sella turcica in profile is
the lateral.
For the PA projection of the skull the central ray is directed
to the level of the nasion.
For the axial oblique projection of the mandible the CR is directed
cephalad 25 degrees.
For the lateral projection of the sinuses the central ray enters
1 inch posterior to the outer canthus.
For the PA axial Caldwell projection of the sinuses the petrous ridges
should fill the lower 1/3 of the orbits.
For the PA Water’s projection of the facial bones the CR is
directed perpendicular to the IR.
For the lateral projection of the sinuses the plane parallel to the image receptor is the
midsagittal plane of head.
For the SMV projection of the sinuses the plane that is
perpendicular to the image receptor is the MSP.
For the SMV projection of the sinuses the CR enters the
¾” anterior to the EAM.
The cranial landmark located at the articulation of the frontal and nasal bones is known as the
nasion.
The sinus projection that best demonstrates the maxillary sinuses is the
PA waters.
The sinuses that are of primary importance with the lateral projection are the
sphenoids.
The portion of the ethmoids bone that helps to form the nasal septum is the
perpendicular plate.
The mandibular fossa is a portion of the
temporal bone.
For the lateral projection of the facial bones the line parallel to the long axis of the IR is the
IOML.
