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anatomy exam 3 > urinary iii > Flashcards

urinary iii Flashcards

1
Q

what color is urine when a lack of ADH

A

clear

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2
Q

what color is urine during diabetes or diuretics

A

clear

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3
Q

what color is using as a result of urobilin

A

straw yellow

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4
Q

what is a breakdown product of hemoglobin found in urine

A

urobilin

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5
Q

what color is urine when concentrated

A

orange

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6
Q

what color is urine when increased bilirubin

A

brown

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7
Q

what is a blood pimgment from blood breakdown found in urine

A

bilirubin

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8
Q

what is happening during hemolytic disease that causes brown urine

what about liver disease

A

more blood breakdown

less blood processing

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9
Q

what is pus in urine called

what does this suggest

A

pyuria

kidney infection

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10
Q

what is in urine when it is blue or green

A

contrast medium

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11
Q

what is in the blood when urine is black

what is this a result of

A

rhabdomyolysis

muscle breakdown

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12
Q

what is an estimate of the grams of solid matter in urine

A

specific gravity

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13
Q

what type of water is the “1” in specific gravity

will urine be higher or lower than this

A

DI water

higher

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14
Q

what is the very dilute SG of urine

what is the very concentrated SG of urine

A

1.001

1.035

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15
Q

what should the pH of urine be

A

6 (4.5-8.2)

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16
Q

urine is 95% ____

what % urea

A

water

2%

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17
Q

what causes pyuria

A

UTA

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18
Q

what causes hematuria

A

blood in UT

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19
Q

what causes ketonuria (2)

A

starvation or untreated DM

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20
Q

what causes proteinuria or albuminuria (3)

A

physical excursion
glomerulonephritis
hypertension

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21
Q

what causes bilirubinuria

A

liver disease

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22
Q

what causes glycosuria (2)

A

more sugar
DM

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23
Q

what causes urine to smell stronger after being left out for a while

A

ammonia

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24
Q

what causes this smell:

sweet, fruity

A

diabetes type 1

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25
Q

what causes this smell:

musty or mousy

A

phenylketonuria (PKU)

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26
Q

what causes this smell:

fishy or rotten

A

UTI

27
Q

what causes this smell:

ammoniacal

A

UTI (pseudomonas and proteus)

28
Q

what causes this smell:

maple syrup

A

maple syrup or urine disease

29
Q

what are the 4* layers of the ureters from inside to outside

  • why 4ish
A

lumen

mucosa

muscularis

adventitia

lumen doesn’t count

30
Q

what are the 2 layers of the mucosa from inside to outside

A

transitional epithelium

lamina propia

31
Q

what are the 2 layers of the muscularis

A

inner longitudinal

outer circular

32
Q

what is the function of the muscularis

what type of cells are within this to generate and propagate electrical activity

A

peristalsis

pacemaker cells

33
Q

what is easily obstructed by kidney stones bc so narrow

A

lumen

34
Q

what type of muscular sac is the bladder

what is its function

what is its max capacity

A

distensible

store urine

700-800mL

35
Q

what layer of the bladder contains rugae

what happens when the bladder fills

A

mucosa

they flatten

36
Q

what makes up the trigone of the bladder

A

2 inlets of the ureters

out let of urethra

37
Q

what is the slit of the ureter at the lumen of the bladder called

A

ureteric orifice

38
Q

what muscle makes up most of the bladder

A

detrusor muscle

39
Q

what is the muscle that makes up the inner portion of the urethra

smooth or skeletal

A

internal ureteral sphincter

smooth

40
Q

what muscle makes up the outside of the urethra

smooth or skeletal

A

external urethral sphincter

skeletal

41
Q

what makes up the muscular floor of the pelvic cavity

A

urogenital diaphragm

42
Q

what is the internal sphincter in females

A

a concept, not an anatomic entity

43
Q

what controls the release of urine

A

both sphincters

44
Q

what NS enables the bladder to empty urine

what does it innervate to contract

what does it innervate to relax

what neurotransmitter is involved

what receptor

A

parasympathetic

detrusor

internal urethral sphincter

ach

M3

45
Q

what NS enables the bladder to fill with urine

what does it relax
what receptor

what does it contract
what receptor

what neurotransmitter is involved

A

sympathetic

detrusor/ bladder
B3

internal urethral sphincter
A1

NA

46
Q

what NS provides voluntary control over voiding urine

what does it innervate

what neurotransmitter is involved

what receptor is involved

A

somatic

external urethral sphincter

ach

nicotinic

47
Q

what is the process here urine is voided

what reflects is involved
what NS is this mediated by (although usually under voluntary control)

after this process, how much urine is left in the bladder

A

micturition

mictruation reflex
parasympathetic

10mL

48
Q

in infants, what is the mictutation reflex

A

spinal

49
Q

steps in peeing:

  1. urine fills bladder and ___ wall
  2. ____ receptors send signal via sensory afferent fibers to ____ portion of the spinal cord
  3. efferent fibers then do things: ____ contracts, ____ relaxes
  4. ____- in the spinal cord communicate a full bladder to signal the micturition center in the ____
  5. if micturation is appropriate, the ____ ____ allows the external urethral sphincter to relax and urine is voided
A

stretches

stretch
sacral

detrusor
internal urethral sphincter

interneurons
pons

cerebral cortex

50
Q

what 2 steps in the micturition process are not there in young children

A

4 and 5 (interneurons and cerebral cortex)

51
Q

what is the muscle wall of the bladder called

A

the detrusor muscle

52
Q

what NS stimulates the bladder when it is full

what does the detrusor muscle do

what is the over all effect of this

what two muscles are synergistically relaxed

A

parasympathetic

contracts

micturition

internal and external sphincter

53
Q

what NS is the detractor muscle under control of

what type of muscle is the detrusor made of

A

autonomic NS

detrusor

54
Q

what NS relaxes when the bladder is empty

what muscle is relaxed

A

sympathetic

detrusor

55
Q

what is epithelium of the bladder called

what 3 things is this epithelium exclusively in

A

urothelium

ureters
bladder
proximal urethra

56
Q

the urothelium’s function is to form a barrier to ____ and prevent the ____ of urinary components into the underlying tissue

A

pathogens

diffusion

57
Q

what is deep to the urothelium

what are the 3 layers of the urothelium from deep to superficial

A

lamina

basal cells
intermediate cells
superficial umbrella cells

58
Q

what cells are responsible for maintaining the impermeability and high resistance barrier function of the urothelium

A

superficial umbrella cells

59
Q

what forms the urine body barrier

A

urothelium

60
Q

what receives semen from the reproductive glands during an orgasm in the make urethra

A

prostatic urethra

61
Q

what 2 things does the prostatic urethra transport

A

semen
urine

62
Q

what are the 3 regions of the male urethra from the base of the penis to the tip

A

prostatic

membranous

spongey penile

63
Q
A

anatomy exam 3 (8 decks)

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