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anatomy exam 3 > urinary ii > Flashcards

urinary ii Flashcards

1
Q

tubular reabsorption:

process of selectively moving substances from the ____ into the ____

it ___ almost everything filtered

anything that is not reabsorbed becomes _____

A

filtrate, blood

reclaims

urine

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2
Q

what is the most metabolically active part in a nephron (reabsorbs most of what was filtered)

what % of glucose and amino acids reabsorbed

what % of water and sodium reabsorbed

A

proximal convoluted tubule

100%

50%

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3
Q

where is blood filtered in a nephron

what two things are absent from the filtrate it produces

A

glomerulus

cells
proteins

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4
Q

what happen when some waste substances do not pass through the filtration membranes of the glomerulus

what is this called

A

they dont enter the filtrate

glomerular filtration

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5
Q

what is the process of selectively moving substances from the blood into filtrate called

A

tubular secretion

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6
Q

what is the order (1-3) of the major renal processes in urine production

A

glomerular filtration

tubular reabsorption

tubular secretion

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7
Q

when substances cross the tubule cells by passing between cells:

when substances cross the tubule cells by passing through cells

A

paracellular route

transcellular route

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8
Q

what is the most internal membrane in the tubule lumen

what is the external membrane

A

apical membrane

basolateral membrane

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9
Q

what is the route that substances follow in the path from the tubule back into capillaries (5)

think 2, 1, 2

A

tubule lumen

cytosol in tubule cell

interstitial fluid

endothelial cell of capillary

blood in peritbular capillary

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10
Q

what is the maxim rate of reabsorption

A

transport maximum

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11
Q

what limit the amount of solute that the renal tubule can reabsorb

when is the transport maximum reached

each ___ has its own transport maximum

A

limited number of transport proteins

when the transporters are saturated

solute

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12
Q

in normal blood glucose, why does no get excreted as urine

A

the glucose transporters are not saturated and they are able to be put back into the blood stream, NOT into the tubule that leads to the bladder

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13
Q

in hyeprglycemia, why does the urine contain glucose

A

glucose transporters are saturated and they aren’t able to carry the glucose back into the capillaries to be reabsorbed so they are carried down the tubule and into the bladder

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14
Q

what is the main function of the proximal convoluted tubule

A

to reabsorb things that the body did not intend to get rid of in the first place

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15
Q

what 3 things does the proximal convoluted tubule reclaim for reabsorption into capillaries

A

glucose
amino acids
electrolytes

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16
Q

what is the function of the loop of henle

A

generate an osmotic gradient

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17
Q

what is the purpose of the loop of henle generating an osmotic gradient

A

enables the collecting duct to concentrate the urine and conserve water

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18
Q

is the descending limb of the loop of henle permeable to:

water?
solutes?

A

yes

no

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19
Q

in sodium proton antiporters in the PCT:

what is the antiporter stimulated by

what goes into the PCT from filtrate

what leaves the PCT from filtrate

A

angiotensin ii

na

H

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20
Q

in na symporters:

what goes into the PCT (2)
where does this come from

A

Na
other organic solutes and phosphate

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21
Q

what generate a strong sodium concentration in the interstitial fluid from the PCT

what goes in
what goes out

what is the purpose of this

A

na/k pumps

na out
k in

creates a strong na gradient so that na flows from interstitial fluid into capillaries

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22
Q

what is a common na symporter on PCTs that take solutes form the filtrate into the PCT

A

na/ glucose symporters

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23
Q

besides a pump, what is another way solutes can go from the PCT to the interstitial fluid

what is the main purpose of this

A

facilitated diffusion

so that not too much sodium is in the PCT

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24
Q

what is a way that solutes can get from the filtrate into the interstitial fluid that does not involve the cell itself

A

paracellular (goes in-between them)

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25
Q

what does the reabsorion of salt and organic solutes into the interstitial fluid allow for

what is this called

A

the passive movement of water (reabsorption)

obligatory water reabsorption

26
Q

what is the overall reason that solutes are reabsorbed into the capillaries following filtering

A

reabsorption of water (by creating high osmolity that water will chase after)

27
Q

recap:

what are 2 ways that solutes get into the PCT from filtrate

what are 2 wats that solutes get from the PCT into interstitial fluid

what is the wild card where solutes go from the filtrate directly into the interstitial fluid

A

Na / H antiporters
Na / solute symporters

na/ k pumps
facilitated diffusion

paracellular route

28
Q

where is the interstitial fluid

A

inbetween the PCT and the blood capillary

29
Q

what % of water can be reabsorbed from the descending limb of the loop

A

20%

30
Q

is the ascending loop permeable to water? solutes?

A

no
yes

31
Q

where does the reabsorption of solutes occur in the ascending limb

na, cl, and k leave via:
ca and mg leave via:

what percent of sodium reabsorption takes place here

A

the thick segment

active transport
diffusion

25%

32
Q

why is the ascending liml known as the diluting segment of the nephron

A

how much sodium (25% reabsorption) leaves, leaving the filtrate very dilute

33
Q

how do solutes get into the thick segment of the loop of henle (ascending) (what helps this process)

how do they get out

what is secretion

does secretion occur here

A

na/k/cl symporter POWERED BY ATPase (why its so powerful)

na/k pump

waste from blood into the nephron

no

34
Q

what part of the nephron resembles the thick ascending loop of henle

A

the early part of the distal convoluted tubule

35
Q

what takes sodium and chloride into the early part of the distal convoluted tubule

what gets rid of the chloride
what gets rid of the sodium

what % of NaCl is reabsorbed in this part of the nephron

what hormone stimulates this reabsorption

A

na/cl cotransporter

chloride pump

na/ k pump

5%

aldosterone

36
Q

what is the primary function of the collecting duct

A

reabsorb water and concentrate urine

37
Q

what two things comprise the distal connecting tubules

A

distal convoluted tubule

connecting tubule segment

38
Q

what part of the distal convoluted tubule

fine tunes electrolytes
acid base regulation

A

cortical collecting duct

39
Q

what cells in the cortical collecting duct (of the distal convoluted tubule):

reabsorb Na and H20 / secrete K

what hormone controls this

A

principal cells

aldosterone

40
Q

what cells in the cortical collecting duct reabsorb K and secrete protons

A

type A intercalated cells

41
Q

what part of the collecting duct contribute to hyperosmotic medullary ISF

how does it do this

A

medullary collecting duct

urea reabsorption

42
Q

what part of the medullary collecting duct in the final decision point for water reabsorption

how does it do this

A

medullary collecting duct

urine concentration

43
Q

what hormone does the permeability of water in the medullary collection duct depend on

A

ADH

44
Q

are the distal convoluted tubules and collecting ducts permeable to water

what is the exception to this

A

no

hormones

45
Q

what acts on distal convoluted tubule to increase water permeability

what does this do to urine

A

ADH

concentrates it

46
Q

from the ascending loop, what is the order that filtrate follows: (4)

A

ascending loop
distal/ connecting tubules
cortical collecting
medullary collecting

47
Q

how does water reabsorption happen from filtrate to capillaries

A

osmosis

48
Q

what in the interstitial fluid of the medulla drives water reabsorption by osmosis

what does this do to urine

A

medullary osmotic gradient

concentrates it

49
Q

what part of the kidney is the “outside” and “inside”

A

out- cortex

in- medulla

50
Q

how is the osmolarity of the cortex compared to other parts of the body

how is the osmolarity of the medulla compared to other parts of the body

A

the same

much higher (as you go deeper)

51
Q

what mechanism allows for the medullary osmotic gradient

A

countercurrent

52
Q

what is the system that increases osmolarity in the medulla in the nephron loops of juxtamedullary nephrons

A

countercurrent multiplier system

53
Q

what type of feedback system is involved in the countercurrent multiplier

A

positive

54
Q

essentially, how does the countercurrent multiplier system work

A

things get saltier because the sides of the nephron loop are permeable to opposite things and absorb opposite things

when the descending loop reabsorbs water and makes the intersitual fluid salty, the other side takes that salt into it

then, the previous side gets rid of water and things get saltier and saltier

55
Q

osmolarity in the nephron:

in glomerulus

as the loop descends

at the bottom of the loop

as it ascends

at the distal end/ collecting duct

A

mid

gets higher

highest

gets lower

lowest

56
Q

what is recycled that also contributes to the countercurrent multiplier mechanism

A

urea

57
Q

what is the blood flowing in the opposite direction from the filtrate and enables them to exchange substances called

A

countercurrent flow

58
Q

how does the countercurrent exchange preserve the medullary gradient:

prevents rapid removal of ___ from interstitial space

removes reabsorbed ____

A

salt

water

59
Q

where does obligatory water reabsorption occur (2)

what % of reabsorption does this account for

A

PCT and descending limb

85%

60
Q

where does facultative water reabsorption occur

what % of reabsorption does this account for

A

distal convoluted tubule and CD

61
Q

what is it called when water is reabsorbed in accordance to the body’s needs

what is this regulated by

A

facultative

hormones

62
Q
A

anatomy exam 3 (8 decks)

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