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anatomy exam 3 > digestive i > Flashcards

digestive i Flashcards

1
Q

what is the whole passage along which food passes through the body from mouth to anus

A

alimentary canal

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2
Q

what is another term for digestive tract

A

alimentary canal

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3
Q

what is the stomach and intestines together

A

gastrointestinal tract

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4
Q

what are the 6 accessory organs of the digestive system

A

teeth
tongue
salivary glands

liver
galbladder
pancreas

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5
Q

what are the 6 organs of the digestive tract

A

mouth
pharyx
esophagus

stomach
small intestines
large intestine

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6
Q

what are the 4 layers of the digestive tract from deep to superficial

A

mucosa
submucosa
muscularis propia
adventitia/serosa

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7
Q

what 4 things have the adventitia

A

oral cavity
pharyx
esophagus
rectum

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8
Q

what is another name for the visceral peritoneum

A

serosa

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9
Q

what is the GI tract nervous system

how many neurons

A

enteric NS

over 100 mil

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10
Q

what is a network of nerves called and how many are there in the GI tract

A

plexuses

2

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11
Q

the meissners plexus regulates what

where is it located

A

GI secretions

submucosa

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12
Q

the myenteric / auerbachs plexus regulates what (what also helps this)

where is it located

A

peristalsis
vagus nerve

between the circular and longitudinal muscle layers

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13
Q

Sensory neurons detect chemical and physical alterations in the intestine and transmit the signal via _______ to _____ / ______motor
neurons or _____/______ neurons.

A

interneurons

excitatory / inhibitory

secretomotor / vasodilator

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14
Q

types of neurons from lumen to target (3)

A

lumen

sensory
interneurons
effectors (motor / vasodilator/ secreto)

target

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15
Q

sight, smell, taste, thought of food responds to stimuli _____ the digestive tract

A

outside

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16
Q

what reflexes involve CNS integration centers in the ANS

A

long (vagovagal)

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17
Q

what impulses enhance digestive activity (motility and secretion)

what impulses inhibit it

A

parasympathetic (rest and digest)

sympathetic

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18
Q

efferent impulses act on ____ neurons of the ANS

A

efferent

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19
Q

in a long reflex, where do impulses come from

from here where do they go

where do they go after

where do they go lastly

what is the goal

A

receptors

central nervous system

local enteric nerve plexus

effectors

change in contractility or secretions

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20
Q

what are the 2 effectors in the GI tract

A

smooth muscles

glands

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21
Q

what is the site of short reflexes

where does the stimulus come from

where does it go from here

where does it go from here

from here?

what is the goal

A

gastrointestinal wall

stimulus in the GI wall

receptors

local nerve plexus

effectors

change in contractility or secretions

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22
Q

what are short reflexes mediated by

A

NS plexuses in response to stimuli in GI tract

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23
Q

the sight, smell, taste, or thought of food sends impuses where

where do they go from here

A

CNS

local enteric nerve plexus

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24
Q

to recap:

the sight, smell, taste, thought of food sends impulses where

stimuli send impulses where in a short reflex

where do receptors send signals to in a long reflex? in a short reflex?

where does the CNS always send impulses to

where does the local enteric nerve plexus always send signals to

A

CNS

receptors

CNS
nerve plexus

nerve plexus

effectors

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25
Q

what are alternating waves of smooth ms contraction

what is the result of this

what kind of muscles involved

A

peristalsis

propulsion of materials

circular

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26
Q

Rhythmic contraction and relaxation of nonadjacent segments of the digestive tract, moving materials back and forth

is there net movement

what is the purpose of this

ensures ___ and ___ completed

what organ does this

A

segmentation

no

mixing

digestion, absorption

small intestine

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27
Q

what can segmentation contractions can be described as

what cells of the muscularis set the rhythm for this

A

localized

pacemaker

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28
Q

what is the selective intake of food through the oral cavity called

A

ingestion

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29
Q

what are the 3 types of mechanical digestion

A

chewing
churning of stomach
segmentation of small intestines

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30
Q

what is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into a form usable by the body

A

digestion

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31
Q

what is the movement of food particles

A

propulsion

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32
Q

what are the 2 types of propulsion that takes place

A

swallowing

peristalsis

33
Q

does this stomach have peristalsis

A

yes

34
Q

what is the uptake of nutrient molecules into the epithelial cells of the digestive tract then into the blood or lymph

A

absorption

35
Q

what is absorbing water and consolidating the indigestible residue into feces

A

compaction

36
Q

what is the elimination of feces

A

defecation

37
Q

what triggers the mastication reflex

A

food interacting with oral receptors

38
Q

what is another function of chewing besides reducing the size of food

A

increasing surface area for digestive enzymes

39
Q

what macromolecule is partially digested in the mouth

A

starch

40
Q

what helps to retain food in the mouth until one is ready to swallow

A

uvula

41
Q

the tongue is a ___ covered skeletal muscle

A

mucosa

42
Q

what is the space between the cheeks or lips and the teeth

A

vestibule of the mouth

43
Q

does the tongue secrete mucous and enzymes

A

yes

44
Q

what are dentition

A

teeth

45
Q

how many teeth do adults have

A

16 top
16 bottom

46
Q

what type of teeth are blade shaped and useful for clipping an cutting

where are they

how many roots

A

incisors

front teeth

1

47
Q

what teeth are more pointed for puncturing and shredding

what is their other name

how many roots

A

canine

cuspids

1

48
Q

what teeth are broad and lumpy for crushing and grinding

what is their other name

how many roots

A

molar

bicuspids

2-3

49
Q

what are cuspids on teeth

A

elevations on teeth

50
Q

what is the top of the tooth

what is the middle segment

what is the bottom

A

crown

neck

root

51
Q

what is the outer covering of the tooth crown made of

is it living or non living

it consists of ______ crystals

what two minerals makes up these crystals

A

enamel

non living

hydroxyapatite

calcium and phosphate

52
Q

what is the bone like material covering the roots of teeth and anchor them to bone

A

cementum

53
Q

what is the passageway for blood vessels and nerves to the pulp

A

root canal

54
Q

what 3 things does the pulp contain

where is this found

A

blood vessels

lymphatic vessels

nerves

within the tooth, the very center

55
Q

what part of the tooth contains odontoblasts

what does this make

A

pulp

dentin

56
Q

what is the yellow tissue that makes up the bulk of teeth

what inorganic chemical is response for 70% of the weight of this substance

what property of this makes it so that the enamle doesn’t crack over it

what tubules line it

A

dentin

hydroxyapatite

elastic

detin tubules

57
Q

what essentially is the periodontal ligament (that lines the tooth root)

A

modified periosteum

58
Q

what are microscopic channels that run from the pump to the inside of enamel

what 2 things do they contain

A

dentitial tubules

odontoblast process
dentinal fluid

59
Q

what are cytoplasmic extensions from odontoblasts that extend into dentin

A

odontoblast processes

60
Q

since dentin does not contain nerve fibers, where do they extend from and to

what does stimulation of these nerves lead to

A

extend from the pulp

extend to predentin (dentin-pulp interface)

pain

61
Q

what salivary glands secrete 1-1.5 L saliva per day

what is this mainly in resposne to

A

major extrinsic

food

62
Q

what salivary glands are dispersed in oral tissues

what do they secrete in response to

A

intrinsic minor salivary glands

nothing, its constant

63
Q

what are 3 functions of saliva

A

moisten
clean
dissolves food

64
Q

what is a soft mass of food particles yet to be swallowed

A

bolus

65
Q

what % water is saliva

what is its pH

A

97-99

6.8-7

66
Q

what is the wild card component in saliva

A

IgA

67
Q

what kills bacterial growth in saliva

A

lysozyme

68
Q

what binds and lubricates the food bolus in saliva

A

mucus

69
Q

what begins starch digestion in saliva

A

amylase

70
Q

what begins fat digestion in saliva

A

lipase

71
Q

are electrolytes present in saliva

A

yes

72
Q

what safeguards the entrance into the esophagus

what does it prevent during breathing

what does it prevent that would lead to aspiration

A

upper esophageal sphincter

entry of air

reflux

73
Q

is the upper esophageal spincter a trie sphincter

what segment of it involves multiple skeletal muscles

what does it rely on to constrict and relax

A

no

functional zone

muscle tone

74
Q

what is another name for the lower esophageal sphincter

what does it protect the esophagus from

A

cardiac sphincter

reflux of gastric contents

75
Q

which junction ~

upper sphincter:

lower sphincter:

A

pharynx
upper esophagus

esophagus
stomach

76
Q

where is the swallowing center in the brain

A

medulla

77
Q

what is the oral phase

what is the pharyngeal phase
what rises
what blocks the trachea

what is the esophageal phase
what aids this process

A

chewing and pushing food to pharynx

pharynx to esophagus
larynx
epiglottis

bolus pushed to stomach
peristalsis

78
Q
A

anatomy exam 3 (8 decks)

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