Urinary Elimination Flashcards
what is urinary elimination
is removal or excretion of waste product of the bladder from the body
what are the kidneys responsible for
removal of metabolic waste and other elements from the blood in the form of urine
what do the kidneys and ureters do
Maintain composition and volume of body fluids
Filter and excrete blood constituents not needed; retain those that are needed
Excrete waste product (urine)
how do nephrons maintain and regulate fluid balance
through mechanisms of selective reabsorption and secretion of water, electrolytes and other substances
what are some factors affecting urination
developmental considerations
food and fluid intake
psychological variables
activity and muscle tone
pathologic conditions
meds
what is a developmental considerations for infants, toddlers, and children
struggle w/ voluntary control
what are some developmental considerations for older adults
age 50 (lose bladder control)
bladder stops expanding as much
uti’s
decrease in filtration
meds
kidney function decreases
nocturnal frequency
what is nocturnal enurisis
bed wetting @ night
what are we observing for urine production
intake vs output
what does urine color tell us
how the kidneys are functioning
what 3 things do food and fluid intake affect
urine production
color
odor
what are some psychological variables
personal-anxiety
sociocultural-private parts exposed
environmental-privacy
stress-urge incontinence
what does long term cath use do
decreases muscle tone
what does immobility do
decrease bladder sphincter tone
stasis in bladder
incontinence
what happens to bladder muscle in menopause
it atrophies
what are some pathologic conditions
uti
renal failure
hypertension (kidneys help control bp)
diabetes
heart failure
acute renal failure can be caused by what
sepsis
antibiotics
NSAIDS
what can chronic renal failure lead to
diabetes
hypertension
heart failure
what is an effect of diuretics on urine production and elimination
HTN
what is an effect of cholinergic on urine production and elimination
stimulate contraction of muscle
what is an effect of analgesics and tranquilizers on urine production and elimination
depresses CNS
what color does anticoagulants turn urine
red
what color do diuretics turn urine
clear light, pale
what color does pyridium turn urine
orange
what color does antidepressant amitriptyline turn urine
blue or green
what color does b complex vitamins turn urine
blue or green
what color does levodopa turn urine
brown/black
Effects both sexes but women twice as much as men
Older women, men with enlarged prostates and people with Diabetes are more prone to developing
Usually treated with Antibiotics
uti
Can be caused by medications, obstruction, anxiety, inflammation
Inability to empty bladder completely
urinary retention
May be managed by a urinary catheter
Can be treated with medications, devices, sacral nerve stimulation and surgery
urinary incontinence
Causes urine to bypass the bladder
Done for birth defects, cancer, trauma and diseases
Associated risks are infection and permanent kidney damage
urinary diversion
what causes urinary retention
antihistamines
antidepressants
anxiety
what are some ways to manage urinary retention
pelvic floor exercises
meds
flomax
monitoring intake and output
heating pad
what is transient urinary retention
sudden
lasts 6 months or less
what is stress urinary incontinence
involuntary loss of urine due to abd pressure
what is overflow urinary incontinence
bladder stretching
what is functional urinary incontinence
caused by factors outside of ut
what is reflex urinary incontinence
incontinence w/ no sensation
what is total urinary incontinence
continuous (long-term cath use)
what do you manage pt w/ urinary incontinence
perineal skin care
behavioral modifications (alcohol, caffeine, wt loss, citrus and spicy foods, bladder training, pelvic floor exercises, avoid constipation)
mechanical treatment
medication (topical estrogen)
surgical treatment (enlarged prostate, bladder distension)
what is a cesectomy
bladder removal
what are some urinary diversions
ileal conduit
cutaneous ureterostomy
continent (CUD)
what is an ileal conduit
most common
reconstruction of urinary tract
what is a cutaneous ureterostomy
ureters put to abd wall (bag)
what is a continent urinary diversion
“bladder” is created and put in body (bag)
what is some pt education for urinary diversion
Explain reason for diversion and rationale for treatment
Demonstrate effective self-care behaviors
Describe follow-up care and support resources
Report where supplies may be obtained in the community
Verbalize related fears and concerns
Demonstrate a positive body image
what are some characteristics of a suprapubic cath
temporary
used when there was urethral trauma
positioned in bladder
what are some risk factors for utis
sexually active women
diaphragms
postmenopausal women
indwelling urinary cath
diabetes
older
what diagnostic evaluation is used for a uti
urinalysis
what is used to treat uti’s
antibiotics
cotton underwear
what diagnostic tests can be used
urinalysis
24-hr urine specimen
renal function test
renal ultrasound
ct scan
cystoscopy (direct visualization of bladder)
