Urinary/Bowel Elimination

Question 1

What are 5 functions of the kidneys?

Answer 1

1. Filter
2. Regulate blood volume
3. Secrete renin
4. Activate vitamin D3
5. Production of erythropoietin

Question 2

How much urine output should a healthy walking person have every hour?

Answer 2

50-60/hr

Question 3

What is a normal specific gravity value?

Answer 3

1.002-1.030

Question 4

Surgery and anesthesia, medications, hydration, and activity level all affect urinate elimination. Can you name 4 more factors?

Answer 4

Personal, sociocultural, environmental, and nutrition.

Question 5

Possible pathological problems affecting urinary elimination?

Answer 5

Bladder/kidney infections, kidney stones, BPH, alteration in cognition, communication problems, neurological conditions, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, and mobility problems.

Question 6

What are urinary elimination considerations for children?

Answer 6

Toilet training requires mature neuromuscular system and adequate communication skills. Problems with enuresis and nocturnal enuresis.

Question 7

What are urinary elimination considerations in older adults?

Answer 7

Kidney function decreases, urgency and frequency is common, loss of bladder elasticity and muscle tone leads to nocturia and incomplete emptying.

Question 8

What are 4 alterations in urinary elimination?

Answer 8

UTIs, urinary retention, urinary incontinence, and urinary diversion/urostomy.

Question 9

What do urine serum levels contain?

Answer 9

Creatinine, BUN, and GFR

Question 10

What are the 4 types of UTI?

Answer 10

Urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, and CAUTI (catheter associated urinary tract infections)

Question 11

What are possible UTI treatments?

Answer 11

Abx, cystitis (symptomatic) oral, pyelonephritis IV abx, phenazopyridine, and liberal fluid intake

Question 12

What are 5 possible causes of urinary retention?

Answer 12

Obstruction in the urinary tract, neurological problems, medications and anesthesia, musculoskeletal disorders, and psychological disorders like anxiety.

Question 13

What can cause obstruction in the urinary tract?

Answer 13

Cystocele, BPH, bilateral kidney stones, and stool impaction.

Question 14

What neurological problems can lead to urinary retention?

Answer 14

Spinal cord injuries

Question 15

What is crede’s maneuver?

Answer 15

Manually pressing on the bladder

Question 16

What 7 factors affect bowel elimination?

Answer 16

Developmental stage, personal and sociocultural factors, nutrition/hydration/ activity, medications, surgery and procedures, pregnancy, and pathological conditions.

Question 17

How does developmental stage affect bowel elimination?

Answer 17

Not having control in infancy and losing control in old age.

Question 18

How do personal and sociocultural factors affect bowel elimination?

Answer 18

Stress or wanting to have more privacy in the hospital

Question 19

How does pregnancy affect bowel elimination?

Answer 19

Taking iron tablets and pressure on the GI tract can cause constipation

Question 20

How can surgery and procedures affect bowel elimination?

Answer 20

Can cause a paralytic ileus

Question 21

What pathological conditions can affect bowel elimination?

Answer 21

Neurological disorders, cognitive conditions, and pain or immobility

Question 22

When promoting regular defecation what 6 things should we think about?

Answer 22

Privacy, correct position, timing, fluid intake, proper diet, and exercise.

Question 23

Are ice chips considered liquid or solid?

Answer 23

Liquid. They will melt at half its value.

Question 24

What does it mean when a medication is nephrotoxic ?

Answer 24

Damaging to the kidneys

Question 25

How do anticholinergic medications affect urinary elimination?

Answer 25

They are cough and cold medicines that can cause retention of urine

Question 26

What do we worry about when a person has limited mobility?

Answer 26

Urinary stasis leading to UTI

Question 27

If a urine sample has to be sterile what kind of test do we do?

Answer 27

In and out straight cath

Question 28

What are the classic symptoms of a UTI/cystitis?

Answer 28

Dysuria, frequency, and urgency

Question 29

What are the classic symptoms of pyelonephritis?

Answer 29

Fever, chills, and flank pain

Question 30

Why would there be nitrates on urine test?

Answer 30

Nitrates are associated with the breakdown of bacteria

Question 31

Why are older women at an increased risk for UTI’s?

Answer 31

Their vagina becomes more dry and they lose protective flora

Question 32

When does colonization of bacteria start after a catheter is placed?

Answer 32

Within 24 hours

Question 33

Why are we interested in a persons bowel pattern?

Answer 33

Because we need a baseline to evaluate whether they have had any changes since being hospitalized

Question 34

What is effluent?

Answer 34

Output of fecal material coming out of ostomy

Question 35

What kind of creams can we put on an area of skin that has been irritated by diarrhea?

Answer 35

Creams with zinc oxide

Question 36

What are 3 types of enemas?

Answer 36

Cleansing, retention, and return flow.

Question 37

When allowing uninterrupted time with constipated patients what do we have to consider?

Answer 37

Find a balance between providing enough time but considering skin integrity.

Question 38

What are 3 things we consider when managing a bowel diversion?

Answer 38

Stoma assessment and care, be attentive to clients psychosocial needs, and client teaching for home care

Question 39

What can cause acute urinary retention?

Answer 39

Taking medications that cause it

Question 40

What can cause chronic urinary retention?

Answer 40

BPH or bilateral kidney stones

Question 41

What dietary teachings should we provide to manage diarrhea?

Answer 41

Clear liquid, BRAT diet, and avoiding foods such as spicy.