Urinary/Bowel Elimination Flashcards
What are 5 functions of the kidneys?
- Filter
- Regulate blood volume
- Secrete renin
- Activate vitamin D3
- Production of erythropoietin
How much urine output should a healthy walking person have every hour?
50-60/hr
What is a normal specific gravity value?
1.002-1.030
Surgery and anesthesia, medications, hydration, and activity level all affect urinate elimination. Can you name 4 more factors?
Personal, sociocultural, environmental, and nutrition.
Possible pathological problems affecting urinary elimination?
Bladder/kidney infections, kidney stones, BPH, alteration in cognition, communication problems, neurological conditions, cardiovascular and metabolic disorders, and mobility problems.
What are urinary elimination considerations for children?
Toilet training requires mature neuromuscular system and adequate communication skills. Problems with enuresis and nocturnal enuresis.
What are urinary elimination considerations in older adults?
Kidney function decreases, urgency and frequency is common, loss of bladder elasticity and muscle tone leads to nocturia and incomplete emptying.
What are 4 alterations in urinary elimination?
UTIs, urinary retention, urinary incontinence, and urinary diversion/urostomy.
What do urine serum levels contain?
Creatinine, BUN, and GFR
What are the 4 types of UTI?
Urethritis, cystitis, pyelonephritis, and CAUTI (catheter associated urinary tract infections)
What are possible UTI treatments?
Abx, cystitis (symptomatic) oral, pyelonephritis IV abx, phenazopyridine, and liberal fluid intake
What are 5 possible causes of urinary retention?
Obstruction in the urinary tract, neurological problems, medications and anesthesia, musculoskeletal disorders, and psychological disorders like anxiety.
What can cause obstruction in the urinary tract?
Cystocele, BPH, bilateral kidney stones, and stool impaction.
What neurological problems can lead to urinary retention?
Spinal cord injuries
What is crede’s maneuver?
Manually pressing on the bladder
What 7 factors affect bowel elimination?
Developmental stage, personal and sociocultural factors, nutrition/hydration/ activity, medications, surgery and procedures, pregnancy, and pathological conditions.
How does developmental stage affect bowel elimination?
Not having control in infancy and losing control in old age.
How do personal and sociocultural factors affect bowel elimination?
Stress or wanting to have more privacy in the hospital
How does pregnancy affect bowel elimination?
Taking iron tablets and pressure on the GI tract can cause constipation
How can surgery and procedures affect bowel elimination?
Can cause a paralytic ileus
What pathological conditions can affect bowel elimination?
Neurological disorders, cognitive conditions, and pain or immobility
When promoting regular defecation what 6 things should we think about?
Privacy, correct position, timing, fluid intake, proper diet, and exercise.
Are ice chips considered liquid or solid?
Liquid. They will melt at half its value.
What does it mean when a medication is nephrotoxic ?
Damaging to the kidneys
How do anticholinergic medications affect urinary elimination?
They are cough and cold medicines that can cause retention of urine
What do we worry about when a person has limited mobility?
Urinary stasis leading to UTI
If a urine sample has to be sterile what kind of test do we do?
In and out straight cath
What are the classic symptoms of a UTI/cystitis?
Dysuria, frequency, and urgency
What are the classic symptoms of pyelonephritis?
Fever, chills, and flank pain
Why would there be nitrates on urine test?
Nitrates are associated with the breakdown of bacteria
Why are older women at an increased risk for UTI’s?
Their vagina becomes more dry and they lose protective flora
When does colonization of bacteria start after a catheter is placed?
Within 24 hours
Why are we interested in a persons bowel pattern?
Because we need a baseline to evaluate whether they have had any changes since being hospitalized
What is effluent?
Output of fecal material coming out of ostomy
What kind of creams can we put on an area of skin that has been irritated by diarrhea?
Creams with zinc oxide
What are 3 types of enemas?
Cleansing, retention, and return flow.
When allowing uninterrupted time with constipated patients what do we have to consider?
Find a balance between providing enough time but considering skin integrity.
What are 3 things we consider when managing a bowel diversion?
Stoma assessment and care, be attentive to clients psychosocial needs, and client teaching for home care
What can cause acute urinary retention?
Taking medications that cause it
What can cause chronic urinary retention?
BPH or bilateral kidney stones
What dietary teachings should we provide to manage diarrhea?
Clear liquid, BRAT diet, and avoiding foods such as spicy.
