Life Span Flashcards
Growth
Physical changes that occur over time
Development
Process of adapting to one’s environment over time. Behavioral changes.
What is the cephalocaudal pattern of growth?
Begins at the head and progresses down to the chest, trunk, and LE. I.e tendency of children to use arms before their legs
What is the próximodistal pattern of development?
Begins at the center of the body and moves outward. I.e when infant first begins to focus eyes, then lifts head, and later pushes up and rolls
What are the 6 topics of developmental theories?
- Task theory
- Psychoanalytic theory
- Cognitive development
- Psychosocial development
- Moral development
- Spiritual theory
Who’s theory is widely used in nursing and health care?
Eriksons psychosocial development theory
What are Erikson’s 8 stages of psychosocial development?
- Infancy
- Early childhood
- Preschool
- School age
- Adolescence
- Young adulthood
- Middle adulthood
- Maturity
What is the embryonic phase?
The first 8 weeks of pregnancy in the 1st trimester.
When in the first trimester is the embryo now considered a fetus?
By the end of week 8 when all organs are formed
What are common health problems in a neonate?
- Respiratory distress
- Birth injuries
- Congenital abnormalities
- Infections
- Jaundice
- Fetal alcohol syndrome
- Mothers with substance addiction
What does the APGAR score measure and at what intervals?
Activity, pulse, grimace, appearance, respirations
Measured at 1 min and 5 min marks.
What are the 9 infant reflexes?
- Rooting
- Sucking reflex
- Swallowing reflex
- Grasp reflex
- Tonic neck or fencing reflex
- Moro or startle reflex
- Stepping reflex
- Crawling reflex
- Babinski reflex
What are the 6 common health problems of an infant?
- Crying and colic
- Failure to thrive
- Dental caries
- Abuse and neglect
- Unintentional injury
- SIDS
What are 4 common health problems for toddlers?
- Unintentional injury
- Infections
- Immunizations
- Toilet training
What are the 4 common health problems for pre-schoolers?
Communicable diseases
Poisoning
Enuresis
Child abuse
What are the 3 common health problems for school aged children?
Obesity, asthma, and injuries
What are 7 common health problems for adolescence?
- Substance abuse
- Driving
- Depression
- Suicide
- Eating disorders
- Overweight
- Risky sexual behavior
What are the 3 common health problems in young adults?
STIs, substance abuse and IPV, and obesity
What are centenarians?
People >100
What are common health problems of the aging adult?
- Chronic health conditions
- Alzheimer’s
- Osteoporosis
- Polypharmacy
- Depression
- Elder abuse
- Ageism
What are instrumental activities of daily living? (IADLs)
Activities needed to maintain one’s immediate environment (I.e shopping, housekeeping , using telephone, etc.)
What are the 4 psychosocial development theories of older adults?
- Disengagement theory
- Activity theory
- Havinghurst’s theory
- Psychosocial development theory
What does Havighurst’s developmental task theory theorize?
Learning is a lifelong process. Failure to mastery task can lead to imbalance in difficult he mastering feature tasks and interacting with other.
Who created the psychoanalytic theory that believes that human development is maintained by instinctual drives?
Freud
Who’s theory stated that the stages of faith development are closely associated with evolving cognitive abilities?
Fowlers spiritual development theory
Carol Gilligan talked about three different stages in her moral development theory. What are they?
Caring for oneself, caring for others, caring for self and others
What is Lawrence Kohlberg’s moral development theory about?
Moral reasoning appears to be somewhat age related and moral development is based someone’s ability to think at progressively higher levels
What is stage 1 in Erickson’s psychosocial development and what happens in this stage?
- Trust VS mistrust.
- If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.
What is stage 2 in Erickson’s psychosocial development and what happens in this stage?
- Autonomy VS shame/doubt
- toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.
What is stage 3 in Erickson’s psychosocial development and what happens in this stage
- initiative VS guilt
- Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent.
What is stage 4 in Erickson’s psychosocial development and what happens in this stage
Industry versus inferiority.
Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.
What is stage 5 in Erickson’s psychosocial development and what happens in this stage
Identity VS confusion.
Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.
What is stage 6 in Erickson’s psychosocial development and what happens in this stage
Intimacy VS isolation.
Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.
What is stage 7 in Erickson’s psychosocial development and what happens in this stage
Generativity VS stagnation
The middle age discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.
What is stage 8 in Erickson’s psychosocial development and what happens in this stage
Integrity VS despair.
When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.
What are safety interventions for the school age child?
Seatbelts and helmets
How often should Adolescents have a general health exam?
Every 2 years
What 3 patterns should be assessed in the adolescent?
Activity and exercise, sleep, and sexual patterns.
What vaccine is recommended for the adolescent 11-12 years?
HPV
How many hours of sleep should an adolescent get for maximum performance in academics and sports?
8
What should be assessed in a young adults physical exam?
Physical health, mental health, and lifestyle like nutrition, exercise, sleep, and use of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs.
*pelvic exam should be included for women
What are 4 teaching topics for the middle age adult?
Nutrition, exercise, immunizations, and home safety.
What is aphasia?
Loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage
What is apraxia?
Difficulty or lack of ability to make certain movements even though msls are normal as a result of brain damage
What is agnosia?
Inability to recognize and identify objects or persons
What 4 physical activities are recommended by the CDC for the young old adult ?
- Regular aerobic physical activity
- Muscle strengthening activities
- Balance promoting activities
- Adapted physical activities
What 3 things do middle old adults need in order to maintain physically active?
Encouragement, support, and planned program of limited activity progressing to optimal function.
What are 3 interventions for the oldest old adult?
Supportive environment, modified adapted activity, and nutrition.
