Life Span Flashcards by Esther Campos

Growth

Physical changes that occur over time

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Development

Process of adapting to one’s environment over time. Behavioral changes.

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What is the cephalocaudal pattern of growth?

Begins at the head and progresses down to the chest, trunk, and LE. I.e tendency of children to use arms before their legs

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What is the próximodistal pattern of development?

Begins at the center of the body and moves outward. I.e when infant first begins to focus eyes, then lifts head, and later pushes up and rolls

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What are the 6 topics of developmental theories?

Task theory
Psychoanalytic theory
Cognitive development
Psychosocial development
Moral development
Spiritual theory

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Who’s theory is widely used in nursing and health care?

Eriksons psychosocial development theory

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What are Erikson’s 8 stages of psychosocial development?

Infancy
Early childhood
Preschool
School age
Adolescence
Young adulthood
Middle adulthood
Maturity

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What is the embryonic phase?

The first 8 weeks of pregnancy in the 1st trimester.

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When in the first trimester is the embryo now considered a fetus?

By the end of week 8 when all organs are formed

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What are common health problems in a neonate?

Respiratory distress
Birth injuries
Congenital abnormalities
Infections
Jaundice
Fetal alcohol syndrome
Mothers with substance addiction

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What does the APGAR score measure and at what intervals?

Activity, pulse, grimace, appearance, respirations

Measured at 1 min and 5 min marks.

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What are the 9 infant reflexes?

Rooting
Sucking reflex
Swallowing reflex
Grasp reflex
Tonic neck or fencing reflex
Moro or startle reflex
Stepping reflex
Crawling reflex
Babinski reflex

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What are the 6 common health problems of an infant?

Crying and colic
Failure to thrive
Dental caries
Abuse and neglect
Unintentional injury
SIDS

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What are 4 common health problems for toddlers?

Unintentional injury
Infections
Immunizations
Toilet training

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What are the 4 common health problems for pre-schoolers?

Communicable diseases
Poisoning
Enuresis
Child abuse

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What are the 3 common health problems for school aged children?

Obesity, asthma, and injuries

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What are 7 common health problems for adolescence?

Substance abuse
Driving
Depression
Suicide
Eating disorders
Overweight
Risky sexual behavior

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What are the 3 common health problems in young adults?

STIs, substance abuse and IPV, and obesity

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What are centenarians?

People >100

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What are common health problems of the aging adult?

Chronic health conditions
Alzheimer’s
Osteoporosis
Polypharmacy
Depression
Elder abuse
Ageism

What are instrumental activities of daily living? (IADLs)

Activities needed to maintain one’s immediate environment (I.e shopping, housekeeping , using telephone, etc.)

What are the 4 psychosocial development theories of older adults?

Disengagement theory
Activity theory
Havinghurst’s theory
Psychosocial development theory

What does Havighurst’s developmental task theory theorize?

Learning is a lifelong process. Failure to mastery task can lead to imbalance in difficult he mastering feature tasks and interacting with other.

Who created the psychoanalytic theory that believes that human development is maintained by instinctual drives?

Freud

Who’s theory stated that the stages of faith development are closely associated with evolving cognitive abilities?

Fowlers spiritual development theory

Carol Gilligan talked about three different stages in her moral development theory. What are they?

Caring for oneself, caring for others, caring for self and others

What is Lawrence Kohlberg’s moral development theory about?

Moral reasoning appears to be somewhat age related and moral development is based someone’s ability to think at progressively higher levels

What is stage 1 in Erickson’s psychosocial development and what happens in this stage?

- Trust VS mistrust. | - If needs are dependably met, infants develop a sense of basic trust.

What is stage 2 in Erickson’s psychosocial development and what happens in this stage?

- Autonomy VS shame/doubt | - toddlers learn to exercise will and do things for themselves, or they doubt their abilities.

What is stage 3 in Erickson’s psychosocial development and what happens in this stage

- initiative VS guilt | - Preschoolers learn to initiate tasks and carry out plans, or they feel guilty about efforts to be independent.

What is stage 4 in Erickson’s psychosocial development and what happens in this stage

Industry versus inferiority. | Children learn the pleasure of applying themselves to tasks, or they feel inferior.

What is stage 5 in Erickson’s psychosocial development and what happens in this stage

Identity VS confusion. Teenagers work at refining a sense of self by testing roles and then integrating them to form a single identity, or they become confused about who they are.

What is stage 6 in Erickson’s psychosocial development and what happens in this stage

Intimacy VS isolation. Young adults struggle to form close relationships and to gain the capacity for intimate love, or they feel socially isolated.

What is stage 7 in Erickson’s psychosocial development and what happens in this stage

Generativity VS stagnation The middle age discover a sense of contributing to the world, usually through family and work, or they may feel a lack of purpose.

What is stage 8 in Erickson’s psychosocial development and what happens in this stage

Integrity VS despair. | When reflecting on his or her life, the older adult may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure.

What are safety interventions for the school age child?

Seatbelts and helmets

How often should Adolescents have a general health exam?

Every 2 years

What 3 patterns should be assessed in the adolescent?

Activity and exercise, sleep, and sexual patterns.

What vaccine is recommended for the adolescent 11-12 years?

HPV

How many hours of sleep should an adolescent get for maximum performance in academics and sports?

What should be assessed in a young adults physical exam?

Physical health, mental health, and lifestyle like nutrition, exercise, sleep, and use of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs. *pelvic exam should be included for women

What are 4 teaching topics for the middle age adult?

Nutrition, exercise, immunizations, and home safety.

What is aphasia?

Loss of ability to understand or express speech, caused by brain damage

What is apraxia?

Difficulty or lack of ability to make certain movements even though msls are normal as a result of brain damage

What is agnosia?

Inability to recognize and identify objects or persons

What 4 physical activities are recommended by the CDC for the young old adult ?

- Regular aerobic physical activity - Muscle strengthening activities - Balance promoting activities - Adapted physical activities

What 3 things do middle old adults need in order to maintain physically active?

Encouragement, support, and planned program of limited activity progressing to optimal function.

What are 3 interventions for the oldest old adult?

Supportive environment, modified adapted activity, and nutrition.