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Microbiology > Urinary and Reproductive Systems > Flashcards

Urinary and Reproductive Systems Flashcards

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1
Q

What structures comprise the urinary system?

A
  • Two kidneys
  • Two ureters
  • One urinary bladder
  • One urethra
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2
Q

How is infection prevented?

A
  • Valves prevent back flow to the kidneys
  • Acidity of urine
  • Mechanical flushing
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3
Q

What is excreted in the urine?

A

Primarily nitrogenous waste products and water. Organs of the urinary system regulate chemical composition and volume of blood, wastes are filtered out and excreted.

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4
Q

Why is the opening of the urinary system more susceptible to bacterial growth as compared to skin?

A

It is a mucous membrane and is moist.

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5
Q

What are the components of the female reproductive system?

A
  • Two ovaries
  • Two fallopian tubes
  • Uterus, including cervix
  • Vagina
  • External genitals (vulva)
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6
Q

What are the components of the male reproductive system?

A
  • Two testes
  • System of ducts:
  • Epididymis
  • Ductus (vas) deferens
  • Ejaculatory duct
  • Urethra
  • Accessory glands
  • Penis
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7
Q

What are the predominant microbes of the vagina?

A
  • Lactobacilli produce
  • H2O2 to inhibit growth of other bacteria
  • Lactic acid which maintains an acidic pH to inhibit growth of pathogens
  • Streptococci, anaerobes, some gram-negatives
  • Candida albicans yeast
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8
Q

Urethritis

A

Inflammation of the urethra

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9
Q

Cystitis

A

Inflammation of the urinary bladder

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10
Q

Ureteritis

A

Infection of the ureters

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11
Q

Pyelonephritis

A

Inflammation of one or both kidneys

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12
Q

Urinary tract infections caused by

A

Mostly due to Escherichia coli

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13
Q

Why are things like urethritis and cystitis more common in females?

A
  • Length of the urethra is shorter
  • Proximity of anus to the urethra
  • Personal hygiene
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14
Q

Cystitis is usually cause by what microorganism?

A

Most commonly by E. coli, but also Staphylococcus saprophyticus

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15
Q

Dysuria

A

difficult or painful urination

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16
Q

Pyuria

A

condition of the urine containing white blood cells or pus

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17
Q

How is cystitis diagnosed?

A

Greater than 100 CFU (colony forming units) per ml of potential pathogens along with a positive LE (leukocyte esterase) test

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18
Q

How is cystitis treated?

A

Trimethoprim-sulfamethexazole

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19
Q

What is the most common cause of pyelonephritis?

A

75% E. coli

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20
Q

What are the symptoms of pyelonephritis?

A

Fever and back or flank pain.

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21
Q

Diagnosis of pyelonephritis…

A

> 10,000 CFU/ml and a positive LE test

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22
Q

Pyelonephritis is treated with?

A

Cephalosporin

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23
Q

What is the most dangerous part of pyelonephritis?

A

It can form scar tissue in the kidneys that can be life-threatening

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24
Q

What is the cause of leptospirosis?

A

Caused by Leptospira interrogans which is a gram-negative, obligate aerobe spirochaete

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25
Q

How is leptospirosis contracted in humans?

A

Transmitted by skin/mucosal contact from urine-contaminated water from domestic or wild animals.

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26
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of leptospirosis?

A

Headaches, muscular aches, fever.

  • Kidney failure due to leptospirosis (Weil’s disease)
  • Pulmonary hemorrhagic syndrome
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27
Q

How is leptospirosis diagnosed and treated?

A

Rapid serological test. Treated with doxycycline.

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28
Q

How many types of STI’s are there?

A

Over 30 types.

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29
Q

How do STI home test kits work?

A

If there is a line on the T or test indicator it is a positive.

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30
Q

What are the pros of STI home test kits?

A
  • More cases are diagnosed
  • Better access for patients
  • Quicker treatment
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31
Q

Cons of home testing

A
  • Cost
  • Privacy
  • Not all home test kits are equally accurate
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32
Q

What is the cause of gonorrhoeae?

A

Neisseria gonorrhoea which is a gram-negative diplococus.

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33
Q

How does N. gonorrhoea cause disease?

A
  • Attaches to the epithelial mucosa by the fimbriae
  • Invades the space between the columnar epithelial cells
  • Causes inflammation
  • Forms pus
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34
Q

What are some other types of gonorrhoea?

A

Pharyngeal or anal

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35
Q

What are the symptoms of gonorrhea?

A

Men: painful urination and discharge of pus; epididymitis
Women: fewer symptoms; pelvic inflammatory disease

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36
Q

What may happen if gonorrhoea remains untreated?

A 
May disseminate and become systemic
- Endocarditis
- Meningitis
- Arthritis
Opthalmia neonatorum: infant blindness due to a gonorrhoeal infection of the eyes if untreated
37
Q

Why is gonorrhoea so insidious and difficult to treat?

A

It prevents adaptive immunity because of antigenic variability. Gonococcus has certain proteins called Opa proteins that bind to T cell receptors preventing activation and immunological memory.

38
Q

How is gonorrhoea diagnosed?

A

Gram stain, ELISA or monoclonal antibodies

39
Q

How is gonorrhoea treated?

A

Cephalosporins are first line. Fluoroquinolones are not recommended because they will contribute to resistance

40
Q

What is nongonococcal urethritis?

A

Nonspecific urethritis - any inflammation of the urethra not caused by N. gonorrhoea

41
Q

What is NGU or NSU caused by?

A
  • Chlaymydia trachomatis
  • Mycoplasma hominis
  • Ureaplasma urealyticum
42
Q

What are symptoms of NGU or NSU?

A

Painful urination and watery discharge, PID (may be asymptomatic)

43
Q

How is NGU diagnosed and treated?

A

Culture or PCR. Treated with doxycycline and azithromycin.

44
Q

What is Pelvic Inflammatory Disease (PID)?

A

Extensive bacterial infection of the female pelvic organs

45
Q

What is PID caused by?

A

Usually a polymicrobial infection by - N. gonorrhoea and C. trachomatis

46
Q

What is the most serious form of PID?

A

Salpingitis: infection of the uterine tubes. Scarring can cause infertility or ectopic pregnancy.

47
Q

How is PID treated?

A

Doxycycline and cefoxitin

48
Q

What is the cause of syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum

  • Gram-negative spirochete
  • Grows slowly in cell culture
49
Q

How does syphilis cause disease?

A

Invades the mucosa or through breaks in the skin it enters the bloodstream.

50
Q

Is syphilis purely sexually transmitted?

A

No, some strains can cause yaws (multiple ulcers) on the skin that are not sexually transmitted.

51
Q

What is the primary stage of syphilis?

A

Chancre at the site of infection about 3 weeks after exposure. Painless but highly infectious. Disappear after 2 weeks.

52
Q

Secondary stage of syphilis?

A

Skin and mucosal rashes, especially on the palms and soles due to an inflammatory response

53
Q

What is the latent period of syphilis?

A

No symptoms

54
Q

What is the tertiary stage of syphilis?

A

Appears years after latency due to cell-mediated immune reactions.

  • Gummas
  • Cardiovascular, weakened aorta
  • Neurosyphilis: affects CNS, dementia
55
Q

What is gummatous syphilis?

A

Gummas (soft, non-cancerous growths) on many organs

56
Q

What are microscopic tests for syphilis?

A

Microscopic tests: DFA-TP Direct fluorescent antibody test with monoclonal antibodies

57
Q

What are types of nontreponemal serological tests for syphilis?

A
  • Slide agglutination VDRL (venereal disease research laboratory) test
  • Rapid plasma reagin (RPR) test
58
Q

What are treponemal-type serological tests for syphilis?

A
  • Enzyme immunoassay EIA

- Fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test (FTA-ABS)

59
Q

How is syphilis treated?

A

Benzathine penicillin

60
Q

What is LGV?

A

Lymphogranuloma venereum

61
Q

What is LGV caused by?

A

Chlamydia trachomatis

62
Q

What does LGV do?

A

Infects the lymphoid tissue

  • Regional lymph nodes become enlarged and tender
  • Discharge of pus and scarring
63
Q

What is a chancroid?

A

it is a soft chancre caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, a gram-negative rod

64
Q

Where are chancroids usually found?

A

Painful ulcers of the genitals and swollen lymph nodes in the groin. These are factors in the sexual transmission of HIV and are associated with drug use.

65
Q

What are chancroids treated with?

A

Azithromycin and ceftriaxone

66
Q

What is bacterial vaginosis caused by?

A

Gardnerella vaginalis, a pleomorphic gram-negative rod

67
Q

Vaginitis

A

inflammation of the vagina due to infection

68
Q

Vaginosis

A

no sign of inflammation

69
Q

What are the signs or symptoms of vaginosis?

A
  • pH above 4.5
  • fishy odor
  • copious frothy discharge
  • sloughed off vaginal epithelial cells covered with a biofilm of gardnerella
70
Q

How is bacterial vaginosis treated?

A

Metronidazole

71
Q

What is genital herpes caused by?

A

Herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2)

72
Q

How many people have herpes?

A

1 in 4 people over age 30 are infected

73
Q

What are the sign and symptoms of herpes?

A

Painful vesicles on the genitals, painful urination

Heals within 2 weeks

74
Q

What causes recurrence from herpes virus that is latent in the nerve cells?

A

Menstruation, emotional stress and illness

75
Q

How does neonatal herpes develop?

A

Herpes virus crosses the placental barrier and infects the fetus. This damages the CNS, causes developmental delays, blindness and hearing loss

76
Q

What is the survival rate of infants exposed to herpes?

A

40%

77
Q

What are genital warts caused by?

A

Also known as condyloma culminate. Caused by human papillomaviruses

78
Q

Visible warts are caused by which serotypes?

A

6 and 11

79
Q

Which serotypes cause cervical cancer?

A

16 and 18

80
Q

How are genital warts treated?

A

Removal of warts; podofilox and imiquimod

81
Q

How are genital warts prevented?

A

Gardasil and cervarix

82
Q

Opportunistic growth candidiasis can be caused by?

A
  • Antibiotic use
  • Diabetes
  • Hormones
83
Q

What is trichomoniasis caused by?

A

Trichomonas vaginalis, normal inhabitant of the vagina and urethra that grows out of control when the normal acidity of the vagina is disturbed

84
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of trichomoniasis?

A

Irritation and profuse foul, greenish-yellow frothy discharge

85
Q

How is trich. diagnosed?

A

Whiff test or DNA probe

86
Q

What is the Whiff test?

A

Some drops of potassium hydroxide solution are added to a sample vaginal discharge to see whether a strong fishy odour is produced. This would indicate that bacterial vaginosis is present

87
Q

What are the TORCH panel of tests?

A

Panel of tests to screen for antibodies to infections in pregnant women.
Toxoplasmosis
Other (syphilis, hep B, enterovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, varicella-zoster virus_
Rubella
Cytomegalovirus
Herpes simplex virus

88
Q

When is the fetus most sensitive to harm from infections?

A

The first 3-4 months of pregnancy.

Microbiology (10 decks)

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