Cardiovascular & Lymphatic Flashcards
1
Q
What does the cardiovascular system do?
A
Circulates blood through the body tissues. Delivers substances to and removes substances from cells.
2
Q
What is the flow in the lymphatic system?
A
Plasma leaves blood capillaries to become interstitial fluid. Lymph capillaries transport interstitial fluid to lymph vessels and nodes, picking up microorganisms and infectious agents.
3
Q
Does interstitial fluid contain cells?
A
No. It should not.
4
Q
What do lymph nodes contain?
A
Fixed macrophages, B cells and T cells.
5
Q
Buboes
A
Swollen lymph nodes
6
Q
Septicemia
A
acute illness due to presence of pathogens or their toxins in the blood
7
Q
Sepsis
A
systemic inflammatory response syndrome SIRS
8
Q
Lymphangitis
A
Inflamed lymph vessels
9
Q
Severe sepsis
A
Decreased blood pressure and dysfunction of at least one organ
10
Q
Septic shock
A
Sepsis and uncontrollable decreased blood pressure
11
Q
Why do blood vessels dilate during sepsis?
A
1) Endotoxin and exotoxins trigger vasodilation
2) Blood vessels dilate in order to release more macrophages into the interstitial fluid.
12
Q
What is endotoxin shock?
A
Endotoxins (lipopolysaccharides) from gram negative bacteria cause a severe drop in blood pressure
13
Q
How do you treat endotoxin shock?
A
Treatment involves neutralizing the LPS components and inflammatory-causing cytokines
14
Q
What is gram-positive sepsis?
A
Potent exotoxins cause toxic shock syndrome.
15
Q
Give some examples of gram positive sepsis?
A
Usually hospital acquired infections such as
- enterococcus faecium and enterococcus faecalis (inhabit the colon, colonize wounds and are resistant to many antibiotics)
16
Q
Streptococcus and staphylococcus bacteria are …
A
gram positive bacteria
17
Q
What are the group B streptococci?
A
Streptococcus agalactiae which causes neonatal sepsis
18
Q
What is puerperal sepsis?
A
Also called puerperal fever and childbirth fever. Caused by streptococcus pyogenes. This is transmitted to the mother during childbirth. Infects the uterus and may progress to infection of the abdominal cavity (peritonitis).
19
Q
Endocarditis
A
Inflammation of the endocardium
20
Q
Subacute bacterial endocarditis
A
Impairs the function of the heart valves. Alpha-hemolytic streptococci from an oral or tonsil infection.
21
Q
Acute bacterial endocarditis
A
Caused by staphylococcus aureus
22
Q
Pericarditis
A
Inflammation of the sac around the heart. Caused by streptococci. Fairly rare disease.
23
Q
Rheumatic fever
A
Autoimmune complications of streptococcus progenies infections. Inflammation of the heart valves and subcutaneous nodules at the joints owing to immune reaction against streptococcal M protein.
24
Q
How do you detect these heart diseases?
A
You will not hear the normal lub-dub but will hear murmurs and other abnormal sounds.
25
Sydenham's chorea
Purposeless, involuntary, rapid, uncoordinated, jerking movements. Primarily affecting the face, hands and feet.
26
Tularemia
Gram-negative bacilli Francisella tularensis. Zoonotic disease transmitted from rabbits, ticks and insects by deer flies. Creates an ulcer at the site of entry. Bacteria reproduce in phagocytes and enlarge regional lymph nodes. Mortality is less than 30%.
27
Brucellosis (Undulant Fever)
| Name for the different animals.
Brucella (aerobic gram-negative rods)
B. abortus - cows
B. suis - swine
B. melitensis - goats, sheep and camels
28
How is brucellosis transmitted?
Transmitted via milk from infected animals or contact with them. Persists in the reticuloendothelial system (monocytes and macrophages).
29
What symptoms does Brucellosis cause?
Malaise, night sweats, muscle aches, not usually fatal.
30
What is anthrax caused by?
Bacillus anthracis: gram-positive, endospore-forming aerobic rod. Found in soil and primarily affects grazing animals. Spores introduced into the body are taken up by macrophages and germinate, enter the bloodstream and release toxins.
31
How is anthrax treated?
Treated with ciprofloxacin or doxycycline and through vaccination of livestock
32
What are the virulence factors that bacillus anthraces produces?
1) Protective antigen: binds the toxins to target cells, permitting their entry
2) Edema toxin: causes local swelling and interferes with phagocytosis
3) Lethal toxin: targets and kills macrophages
4) Amino acid capsule that avoids an immune response
33
Cutaneous anthrax
Endospores enter through a minor cut. 20% mortality without treatment.
34
GI anthrax
Ingestion of undercooked, contaminated food. 50% mortality rate
35
Inhalational (pulmonary) anthrax
Inhalation of endospores. Bacteria enter the bloodstream; progresses into septic shock. Near 100% mortality rate!
36
Ischemia
Loss of blood supply to tissue
37
Necrosis
Death of tissue
38
Gangrene
Death of soft tissue
39
Gas gangrene
Caused by clostridium perfringens (exam!) which is a gram-positive, endospore forming anaerobic rod. Grows in necrotic tissue, produces toxins that move along muscle bundles
40
How is gas gangrene treated?
Surgical removal of necrotic tissue and/or use of a hyperbaric chamber
41
What are cat and dog disease?
- Pasteurella multocida (gram-negative rod) causes sepsis.
| - Staphylococcus, streptococcus, corynebacterium
42
What is cat scratch disease caused by?
Bartonella henselae. Aerobic, gram negative. Lives in RBC's in cats, carried in the blood of 50% of cats. Multiplies in the digestive system of cat fleas. Cat claws contaminated with flea feces scratch humans. Forms a papule at infection site and swollen lymph node
43
Rat Bite fever is caused by?
Transmitted via rat bites. Streptobacillary rat bite fever. Found in NA. Caused by streptobacillus moniliformis which is a filamentous, gram negative, pleomorphic bacteria.
44
Spirillar fever
Caused by spirillum minus. Similar to streptobacillary rat-bite fever
45
Plague
Caused by yersinia pestis, a gram negative rod. Transmitted by rat flea. Endemic to rats, ground squirrels, and prairie dogs
46
What is a defining characteristic of spirochetes?
Flagella inside the plasma membrane
47
What are symptoms of the plague?
Bacteria enter the bloodstream and proliferate in lymph tissue causing intense swellings called buboes.
48
Lyme disease is caused by?
Borrelia burgdorferi. Most common tick borne disease in the US.
49
What is the most common reservoir for lyme?
Field mice. Nymphal stage of the Ixodes tick feeds on mice and infects humans. Ticks feed on deer but are not infected. Ticks must attach for two to three days to transfer bacteria.
50
First phase of lyme disease
Bull's eye rash, flulike symptoms
51
Second phase of lyme
Irregular heartbeat, encephalitis, facial paralysis, memory loss
52
Third phase
Arthritis due to an immune response
53
How is lyme borreliosis (lym disease) diagnosed?
ELISA, indirect fluorescent-antibody FA test or Western blot. Treated with antibiotics.
54
What does HME stand for?
Human monocytotropic ehrlichiosis. Caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis. Gram-negative, rickettsia-like, obligately intracellular. These form aggregates in monocytes.
55
What is the vector for HME?
Lone Star tick is the vector; reservoir is the white-tailed deer
56
What is HGA?
Human granulocytic anaplasmosis caused by anaplasma phagocytophilum. Vector is the Ixodes tick.
57
EXAM: What is typhus caused by?
Rickettsia. Obligate intracellular parasites. Infect the endothelial cells of the vascular system. Block and rupture small blood vessels. Spread by arthropod vectors.
58
What causes typhus fever?
Rickettsia prowazekii. It is carried by the body louse Pediculus humans corporis
59
What causes endemic murine typhus?
Rickettsia typhi. Transmitted by the rat flea. Murine = mouse, rodents are common hosts. Indistinguishable from typhus fever.
60
EXAM: Rocky Mountain spotted fever (tickborne typhus)
Caused by rickettsia rickettsii. Spread by wood ticks, dog ticks. Measles-like rash, also appears on palms and soles. Mortality rate higher than others 20% instead of 5%
61
What is a common cause of childhood cancer in Africa?
Burkitt's lymphoma, timor of the jaw due to epstein barr virus (human herpesvirus 4). Malaria suppresses the immune system response to this virus.
62
Infectious mononucleosis is caused by?
Epstein-Barr virus. Transmitted via saliva with an incubation of 4 to 7 weeks.
63
What are the symptoms of infectious mononucleosis?
Fever, sore throat, swollen lymph nodes, enlarged spleen. Replicates in resting memory B cells
64
Malaria is transmitted via..
Mosquito bite transmits sporozoite into bloodstream.
65
What is the cycle of malarial transmission?
Sporozoite enters the liver cells (schizogony) resulting in release of merozoites into bloodstream. Merozoites infect RBC's and again undergo schizogony. This ruptures RBC's releasing toxins. Chills and fever alternate. Some merozoites develop into gametocytes and are taken up by a mosquito, repeating the cycle.
66
What causes malaria?
Plasmodium parasite. Transmitted by Anopheles mosquitoes. Affects 300-500 million globally, 2-4 million deaths annually
67
Why is it difficult to develop a vaccine?
Plasmodium rapidly mutates and evades immune response. Difficult to diagnose.
68
What are prophylactic treatments?
Chloroquine. Malarone.
69
What is the main treatment for malaria?
Artemisinin
70
What is leishmaniasis?
Protozoan parasites of the genus leishmania. Transmitted in saliva from female sandflies.
71
Leishmania donovani
visceral, invades internal organs
72
Leishmania tropica
cutaneous; forms a papule that ulcerates and leaves a scar
73
Leishmania braziliensis
Mucocutaneous, affects mucous membranes
74
Babesiosis
Caused by Babesia microti. Carried by Ixodes ticks. Resembles malaria. Parasites replicate in RBC's and cause fever, chills, night sweats. Treated with atovaquone and azithromycin
75
Schistosoma haematobium
Urinary
76
Schistosoma japonicum
Intestinal inflammation, found in Asia
77
Schistosoma mansoni
Intestinal inflammation, found in South America
78
EXAM: Kawasaki syndrome
Acute febrile illness of unknown etiology. Most often affects younger children.
79
Signs and symptoms of Kawasaki
High fever, widespread rash, hands and feet swelling, swollen lymph glands. Treated with aspirin.
80
Epstein-Barr virus associated with
Multiple sclerosis, autoimmune attack on nervous system.
81
Hodgkin's lymphoma (Epstein-Barr associated)
Tumors of the spleen, lymph nodes and liver
82
Nasopharyngeal cancer
Epstein Barr associated
83
Cytomegalovirus (human herpesvirus 5)
Remains latent in white blood cells. Infected cells swell ("owl's eyes" inclusions). May be asymptomatic or mild in adults.
84
Cytomegalic inclusion disease (CID)
Transmitted across the placenta; causes mental retardation or hearing loss in newborns. Transmitted sexually, via blood, saliva or by transplanted tissue.
85
Chikungunya virus
Related to virus causing western and eastern equine encephalitis. Transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. High fever, severe joint pain, rash, blisters but low death rate.
86
Yellow fever
Virus is injected into the skin from Aedes aegypti mosquito. Fever, chills, headache, nausea, vomiting. Jaundice from liver damage. Endemic in tropical areas. No treatment. Attenuated vaccine.
87
Dengue and severe dengue
Milder than yellow fever, transmuted by A. aegypti. Endemic to Caribbean and tropical environments. Asymptomatic and mild (dengue) to severe bleeding and organ impairment (severe dengue). No animal reservoir. No vaccine or effective drug treatment.
88
Marburg virus (Emerging Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers)
Also called green monkey virus. Transmitted via African monkeys. Headache, high fever, vomiting blood, profuse bleeding internally and externally.
89
Lassa fever (EVHF)
Arenavirus, found in rodent urine in West Africa
90
Ebola hemorrhagic fever (EVHF)
Caused by ebolavirus, a filovirus similar to Marburg virus. Reservoir is the cave dwelling fruit bat near the Ebola River in Africa.
91
How is Ebola spread?
Via contact with infected body fluids. Damages blood vessel walls and interferes with coagulation such that blood leaks into surrounding tissue. Mortality rate of 90%.
92
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrom (Emerging Viral Hemorrhagic Fever)
Caused by Sin Nombre virus. Fatal pulmonary infection where fluids fill the lungs. Found in western U.S.
93
Hantavirus hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome
Found more in Asia and Europe. Affects kidney function
94
Chagas' Disease (cause, vector, reservoir)
American Trypanosomiasis. Caused by Trypanosoma cruzi which is a flagellated protozoan. The reservoir is rodents, opossums and armadillos. Vector is the reduviid bug (kissing bug) which poops trypanosomes into bite wounds of humans.
95
What is the chronic form of Chagas?
Megaesophagus and megacolon, death due to heart damage. Therapy is difficult due to trypanosome multiplying intracellularly.
96
What are the 4 major types of plasmodium parasites causing malaria?
1) Plasmodium vivax - mildest but most prevalent form, dormant in liver.
2) Plasmodium ovale and 3) Plasmodium malariae - benign; restricted geographically
4) Plasmodium falciparum - most deadly, severe anemia, blocks capillaries, affects the kidneys, liver and brain
97
Bubonic plague
Bacterial growth in blood and lymph. Most common form. 50-75% mortality rate.
98
Septicemic plague
septic shock due to bacteria in the blood
99
Pneumonic plague
bacteria in the lungs, easily spread via airborne droplets, near 100% mortality rate.
100
Relapsing fever
Caused by borrellia, a spirochete. Transmitted by soft ticks that feed on rodents. High fever, jaundice, rose-coloured skin spots. Treated with tetracycline
