Urinary And Reproductive Flashcards
AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
- each glomerulus:is fed by an afferent arterioles drained by an efferent arteriole
- BP is highest in glomerulus because arterioles are high resistance vessels and afferent arterioles have larger diameters than efferent arterioles
Adrenal glands
Either of two small, dissimilarly shaped endocrine glands, one located above each kidney, consisting of the cortex, which secretes several steroid hormones, and the medulla, which secretes epinephrine. Also called suprarenal gland.
ALCOHOL ON KIDNEYS
Hepatorenal failure:person who has cirrhosis of the liver from long-term heavy alcohol consumption. It can appear after severe gastrointestinal bleeding, or occasionally, for no identifiable reason. The kidneys gradually fail to produce urine and, within a short time, the patient expires. negative effects on the kidneys and their function in maintaining the body’s fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances
ALDOSTERONE
A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates the salt and water balance in the body.
AMENORRHEA
Abnormal suppression or absence of menstruation.
AMNIONIC SAC
A thin, tough, membranous sac that encloses the embryo or fetus of a mammal, bird, or reptile. It is filled with a serous fluid in which the embryo is suspended.
ANGIOTENSIN II
:renin angiotensin-triggered by JG cells release renin
- renin acts on angiotensin to release angiotensin 1
- angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II
- angiotensin II:causes mean arterial pressure to rise, and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
a hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland that constricts small blood vessels and increases the absorption of water by the kidney. Also called antidiuretic hormone, ADH.
ANURIA
Without urine
ASEXUAL
Without sex
BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
Capsule in nephron that encloses the glomerulus
Corpus CAVERNOSUM
The corpus cavernosum penis is one of a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue which contain most of the blood in erection
CERVIX
- A neck-shaped anatomical structure, such as the narrow outer end of the uterus.
CLITORIS
A small elongated erectile organ at the anterior part of the vulva, homologous with the penis.
COLOSTRUM
The thin yellowish fluid secreted by the mammary glands at the time of parturition that is rich in antibodies and minerals, and precedes the production of true milk. Also called foremilk.
CORPUS LUTEUM
A yellow, progesterone-secreting mass of cells that forms from an ovarian follicle after the release of a mature egg.
CORTEX OF KIDNEY
light colored granular superficial region, and has two regions the cortical region and the juxtarmedullary region
- medulla:exhibits cone shaped medullary(renal) pyramids separated by columns,the medullary pyramid and it’s surrounding capsule constitute a lobe
- renal pelvis:flat funnel shaped tube lateral to the hilus within the renal sinus
COWPER’S GLAND
either of two small glands that secrete a mucous substance into the male urethra during sexual excitement.
CREMASTER
A thin muscle which serves to draw up the testicle.
CYSTITIS
Inflammation of the urinary bladder.
DARTOS
A thin layer of peculiar contractile tissue directly beneath the skin of the scrotum.
DIABETES MELLITUS
A severe, chronic form of diabetes caused by insufficient production of insulin and resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The disease, which typically appears in childhood or adolescence, is characterized by increased sugar levels in the blood and urine, excessive thirst, frequent urination, acidosis, and wasting. Also called insulin-dependent diabetes, type 1 diabetes
DILUTE URINE
filtrate is diluted in the ascending loop of henle
- dilute urine is created by allowing this filtrate to continue into the renal pelvis
- this will happen as long as ADH is not being secreted
DISTAL CONVULUTED TUBULES
- distal convoluted tubule(DCT):cuboidal cells without microvilli that function more in secretion than reabsorption
- distal portion of the distal convoluted tubule nearer to the collecting ducts
- two important cells types found here
- intercalated cells-cuboidal cells with microvilli, function in maintaing acid base balance of body
- principal cells:cuboidal cells without microvilli, help maintain the body’s water and salt balance
DUCTUS DEFERNS
a duct that carries spermatozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
DYSMENORRHEA
Bad menstruation
EDEMA
Swelling
EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
- each glomerulus:is fed by an afferent arterioles drained by an efferent arteriole
- BP is highest in glomerulus because arterioles are high resistance vessels and afferent arterioles have larger diameters than efferent arterioles
- peri tubular beds are low pressure, porous capillaries adapted for absorption that:arise from efferent arterioles, cling to adjacent renal tubules, and empty into the renal venous sys
- vasa recta:long straight efferent arterioles of juxtarmedullary nephrons
EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN
Any of several steroid hormones produced chiefly by the ovaries and responsible for promoting estrus and the development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics.
EGG VS SPERM
Ovum is large compared with sperm. Ovum (egg) contains the cytoplasm, mitochondria and half of the DNA for the new cell. The sperm contains the half of the DNA. Both halves from ovum and sperm will join and form the new diploid cell ( the embryo).
EJACULATION
- accessory sex glands:empty their secretions into ducts during ejaculation,include seminal vesicles prostate gland and bulbourethreral glands
- seminiferous tubules:produce the sperm and converge and dumps into the tubulus rectus,each tube is about 31 inches and in each teste there is 1/2 mile of tubing
- the straight tubulus rectus conveys spermatozoa to the rete teste
- from rete testis the sperm leave the testis via efferent ductules and enter epididymis
ENDOCRINE CELLS OF TESTIS
-surrounding these tubes are what are called interstitial cells which are the endocrine part:sperm production,maintains accessory organs,promotes physical and functional maturity,causes development of secondary sex characteristics,stimulates growth and metabolic rate,stimulates brain thought process and concentration,and sex drive
ENDOMETRIUM
The glandular mucous membrane that lines the uterus.
EPIDIDYMIS
A long, narrow, convoluted tube, part of the spermatic duct system, that lies on the posterior aspect of each testicle, connecting it to the vas deferens.
ERECTILE TISSUE
Corpus cavernosum
EXOCRINE CELLS OF TESTIS
:testes-flattened egg shaped,2 inches in length and 1 inch in width
-both exocrine(ducts) and endocrine(directly into blood stream) organs
EXTRACELLULAR
Located or occurring outside a cell or cells: extracellular fluid.
FERTILIZATION
- The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
FILTRATION
:glomerular filtration-principals of fluid dynamics that account for tissue fluid in all capillary beds apply to the glomerulus
-glomerulus is more efficient than other capillary beds because:it’s filtration membrane is more permeable, glomerular blood pressure is higher,it has higher net filtration pressure
:glomerular filtration rate(GFR)-total amount of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys(1200 ml)
- factors governing filtration rate at the capillary bed are:total surface area available for filtration,filtration membrane permeability,net filtration pressure,stress,and renin
- GFR is directly proportional to NFP
- changes in GFR normally result from changes in glomerular BP
FLOW OF URINE
:urine formation-3 steps are glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and secretion
FLUID IN THE BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
Urine?
FLUIDS THAT LEAVE BODY
Blood, urine, semen
FORMATION OF FIRST CELL
?