Urinary And Reproductive Flashcards
0
Q
AFFERENT ARTERIOLE
A
- each glomerulus:is fed by an afferent arterioles drained by an efferent arteriole
- BP is highest in glomerulus because arterioles are high resistance vessels and afferent arterioles have larger diameters than efferent arterioles
1
Q
Adrenal glands
A
Either of two small, dissimilarly shaped endocrine glands, one located above each kidney, consisting of the cortex, which secretes several steroid hormones, and the medulla, which secretes epinephrine. Also called suprarenal gland.
2
Q
ALCOHOL ON KIDNEYS
A
Hepatorenal failure:person who has cirrhosis of the liver from long-term heavy alcohol consumption. It can appear after severe gastrointestinal bleeding, or occasionally, for no identifiable reason. The kidneys gradually fail to produce urine and, within a short time, the patient expires. negative effects on the kidneys and their function in maintaining the body’s fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base balances
3
Q
ALDOSTERONE
A
A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that regulates the salt and water balance in the body.
4
Q
AMENORRHEA
A
Abnormal suppression or absence of menstruation.
5
Q
AMNIONIC SAC
A
A thin, tough, membranous sac that encloses the embryo or fetus of a mammal, bird, or reptile. It is filled with a serous fluid in which the embryo is suspended.
6
Q
ANGIOTENSIN II
A
:renin angiotensin-triggered by JG cells release renin
- renin acts on angiotensin to release angiotensin 1
- angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II
- angiotensin II:causes mean arterial pressure to rise, and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
7
Q
ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE
A
a hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland that constricts small blood vessels and increases the absorption of water by the kidney. Also called antidiuretic hormone, ADH.
8
Q
ANURIA
A
Without urine
9
Q
ASEXUAL
A
Without sex
10
Q
BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
A
Capsule in nephron that encloses the glomerulus
11
Q
Corpus CAVERNOSUM
A
The corpus cavernosum penis is one of a pair of sponge-like regions of erectile tissue which contain most of the blood in erection
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Q
CERVIX
A
- A neck-shaped anatomical structure, such as the narrow outer end of the uterus.
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Q
CLITORIS
A
A small elongated erectile organ at the anterior part of the vulva, homologous with the penis.
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Q
COLOSTRUM
A
The thin yellowish fluid secreted by the mammary glands at the time of parturition that is rich in antibodies and minerals, and precedes the production of true milk. Also called foremilk.
15
Q
CORPUS LUTEUM
A
A yellow, progesterone-secreting mass of cells that forms from an ovarian follicle after the release of a mature egg.
16
Q
CORTEX OF KIDNEY
A
light colored granular superficial region, and has two regions the cortical region and the juxtarmedullary region
- medulla:exhibits cone shaped medullary(renal) pyramids separated by columns,the medullary pyramid and it’s surrounding capsule constitute a lobe
- renal pelvis:flat funnel shaped tube lateral to the hilus within the renal sinus
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Q
COWPER’S GLAND
A
either of two small glands that secrete a mucous substance into the male urethra during sexual excitement.
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Q
CREMASTER
A
A thin muscle which serves to draw up the testicle.
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Q
CYSTITIS
A
Inflammation of the urinary bladder.
20
Q
DARTOS
A
A thin layer of peculiar contractile tissue directly beneath the skin of the scrotum.
21
Q
DIABETES MELLITUS
A
A severe, chronic form of diabetes caused by insufficient production of insulin and resulting in abnormal metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. The disease, which typically appears in childhood or adolescence, is characterized by increased sugar levels in the blood and urine, excessive thirst, frequent urination, acidosis, and wasting. Also called insulin-dependent diabetes, type 1 diabetes
22
Q
DILUTE URINE
A
filtrate is diluted in the ascending loop of henle
- dilute urine is created by allowing this filtrate to continue into the renal pelvis
- this will happen as long as ADH is not being secreted
23
Q
DISTAL CONVULUTED TUBULES
A
- distal convoluted tubule(DCT):cuboidal cells without microvilli that function more in secretion than reabsorption
- distal portion of the distal convoluted tubule nearer to the collecting ducts
- two important cells types found here
- intercalated cells-cuboidal cells with microvilli, function in maintaing acid base balance of body
- principal cells:cuboidal cells without microvilli, help maintain the body’s water and salt balance
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DUCTUS DEFERNS
a duct that carries spermatozoa from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct
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DYSMENORRHEA
Bad menstruation
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EDEMA
Swelling
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EFFERENT ARTERIOLE
- each glomerulus:is fed by an afferent arterioles drained by an efferent arteriole
- BP is highest in glomerulus because arterioles are high resistance vessels and afferent arterioles have larger diameters than efferent arterioles
- peri tubular beds are low pressure, porous capillaries adapted for absorption that:arise from efferent arterioles, cling to adjacent renal tubules, and empty into the renal venous sys
- vasa recta:long straight efferent arterioles of juxtarmedullary nephrons
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EFFECTS OF ESTROGEN
Any of several steroid hormones produced chiefly by the ovaries and responsible for promoting estrus and the development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics.
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EGG VS SPERM
Ovum is large compared with sperm. Ovum (egg) contains the cytoplasm, mitochondria and half of the DNA for the new cell. The sperm contains the half of the DNA. Both halves from ovum and sperm will join and form the new diploid cell ( the embryo).
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EJACULATION
- accessory sex glands:empty their secretions into ducts during ejaculation,include seminal vesicles prostate gland and bulbourethreral glands
- seminiferous tubules:produce the sperm and converge and dumps into the tubulus rectus,each tube is about 31 inches and in each teste there is 1/2 mile of tubing
- the straight tubulus rectus conveys spermatozoa to the rete teste
- from rete testis the sperm leave the testis via efferent ductules and enter epididymis
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ENDOCRINE CELLS OF TESTIS
-surrounding these tubes are what are called interstitial cells which are the endocrine part:sperm production,maintains accessory organs,promotes physical and functional maturity,causes development of secondary sex characteristics,stimulates growth and metabolic rate,stimulates brain thought process and concentration,and sex drive
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ENDOMETRIUM
The glandular mucous membrane that lines the uterus.
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EPIDIDYMIS
A long, narrow, convoluted tube, part of the spermatic duct system, that lies on the posterior aspect of each testicle, connecting it to the vas deferens.
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ERECTILE TISSUE
Corpus cavernosum
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EXOCRINE CELLS OF TESTIS
:testes-flattened egg shaped,2 inches in length and 1 inch in width
-both exocrine(ducts) and endocrine(directly into blood stream) organs
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EXTRACELLULAR
Located or occurring outside a cell or cells: extracellular fluid.
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FERTILIZATION
2. The union of male and female gametes to form a zygote.
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FILTRATION
:glomerular filtration-principals of fluid dynamics that account for tissue fluid in all capillary beds apply to the glomerulus
-glomerulus is more efficient than other capillary beds because:it's filtration membrane is more permeable, glomerular blood pressure is higher,it has higher net filtration pressure
:glomerular filtration rate(GFR)-total amount of filtrate formed per minute by the kidneys(1200 ml)
- factors governing filtration rate at the capillary bed are:total surface area available for filtration,filtration membrane permeability,net filtration pressure,stress,and renin
- GFR is directly proportional to NFP
- changes in GFR normally result from changes in glomerular BP
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FLOW OF URINE
:urine formation-3 steps are glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and secretion
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FLUID IN THE BOWMAN’S CAPSULE
Urine?
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FLUIDS THAT LEAVE BODY
Blood, urine, semen
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FORMATION OF FIRST CELL
?
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FSH
A gonadotropic hormone of the anterior pituitary gland that stimulates the growth of follicles in the ovary and induces the formation of sperm in the testis.
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FUNCTION OF SCROTUM
superficial fascia that hangs outside abdominopelvic cavity at root of penis
- three layers:skin,superficial fascia,and smooth muscle called dartos
- contains paired testicles separated by a midline septum or mediastinum
- it's external positioning keeps testes 3 degrees C lower than core body temp(needed form sperm production)
- intrascrotal temp is kept constant by two sets of muscles:dartos or smooth muscles that wrinkles scrotal sac, and cremaster or bands of skeletal muscle that elevate testes which comes off external abdominal cavity
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FUNCTION OF UTERUS
1. A hollow muscular organ located in the pelvic cavity of female mammals in which the fertilized egg implants and develops
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FUNCTIONS OF KIDNEYS
:kidney function equals nephron function:filters 200 liters of blood daily allowing toxins metabolic wastes and excess ions to leave body in urine
- regulates volume and chemical makeup of blood
- maintain the proper balance between water and slats and acids and bases
- gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting,production of renin to help regulate blood pressure and EPO to stimulate RBC production, and activation of vitamin d
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FUNCTIONS OF TESTOSTERONE
-sex hormones play roles in:development and function of reproductive organs,sexual behavior and drives,and growth of many other organs and tissues
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FUNDUS OF UTERUS
The portion of a hollow organ opposite or farthest from its opening.
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GLOMERULAR BLOOD PRESSURE
-glomerulus is more efficient than other capillary beds because:it's filtration membrane is more permeable, glomerular blood pressure is higher,it has higher net filtration pressure
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GLOMERULUS
glomerulus:a tuft of capillaries associated with a renal tubule
- glomerulus
- peritubular capillaries
- each glomerulus:is fed by an afferent arterioles drained by an efferent arteriole
- BP is highest in glomerulus because arterioles are high resistance vessels and afferent arterioles have larger diameters than efferent arterioles
- fluids and solutes are forced out of blood throughout entire length of glomerulus
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GNRH
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
A peptide hormone produced by the hypothalamus that signals the anterior pituitary gland to begin secreting luteinizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone.
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GREATER VESTIBULAR GLANDS
Either of two small compound racemose glands located on either side of the vaginal orifice that secrete a lubricating mucus and are homologous to the bulbourethral glands in the male.
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HISTOLOGY OF URETERS
- ureters have a trilayered wall
- transitional epithelial mucosa
- smooth muscle muscularis
- fibrous connective tissue adventitia
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HYDRONEPHROSIS
:hydronephrosis-distension of renal pelvis and calyx caused from accumulation of fluid due to obstruction
- risk factors:pregnancy,kidney stones,enlarged prostate,tumor,scar tissue
- tx:treat cause and it'll go away
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IMPLANTATION
2. Embryology The process by which a fertilized egg implants in the uterine lining.
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ZYGOTE
1. The cell formed by the union of two gametes, especially a fertilized ovum before cleavage.
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INGUINAL CANAL
oblique passage through the lower abdominal wall; in males it is the passage through which the testes descend into the scrotum and it contains the spermatic cord; in females it transmits the round ligament of the uterus
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INTERSTITIAL CELLS
- from rete testis the sperm leave the testis via efferent ductules and enter epididymis
- surrounding these tubes are what are called interstitial cells which are the endocrine part:sperm production,maintains accessory organs,promotes physical and functional maturity,causes development of secondary sex characteristics,stimulates growth and metabolic rate,stimulates brain thought process and concentration,and sex drive
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INTERCELLULAR
Located among or between cells: intercellular fluid.
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JUXTAGLOMERULAR APPARATUS or JGA
where the distal tubule lies against the afferent sometimes efferent arteriole
- arteriole walls have juxtaglomerular(JG) cells:enlarged smooth muscle cells, have secretory granules containing renin, and act as mechanoreceptors
- macula densa:tall closely packed distal tubule cells, lie adjacent to JG cells and function as chemoreceptors or osmoreceptors
- mesenglial cells:have phagocytic and contractile properties, influence capillary filtration
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LH
produced by gonadotroph cells in the anterior pituitary gland. In females, an acute rise of LH triggers ovulation and development of the corpus luteum. In males, where LH it stimulates Leydig cell production of testosterone
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LH IN MALES
Stimulate production of testosterone
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LOOP OF HENLE
portion of a nephron that leads from the proximal convoluted tubule to the distal convoluted tubule. the loop of Henle's main function is to create a concentration gradient in the medulla of the kidney.[2]
64
LUTEAL PHASE
the latter phase of the menstrual cycle or the earlier phase of the estrous cycle. It begins with the formation of the corpus luteum and ends in either pregnancy or luteolysis. The main hormone associated with this stage is progesterone, which is significantly higher during the luteal phase than other phases of the cycle.[1
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MALE SEXUAL RESPONSE
:male sexual response-erection is initiated by sexual stimuli including-touch and mechanical stimulation of penis,erotic sights sounds and smells
- erection can be induced or inhibited solely by emotional or higher mental activity
- impotence:inability to attain erection
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MALE VS FEMALE SCROTUM
Males is the scrotum females is the vulva
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MAMMARY GLANDS
Glands in female breasts that produce milk
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MEDULLA OF KIDNEY
:internal anatomy of kidney-cortex is the light colored granular superficial region, and has two regions the cortical region and the juxtarmedullary region
-medulla:exhibits cone shaped medullary(renal) pyramids separated by columns,the medullary pyramid and it's surrounding capsule constitute a lobe
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MENSTRUAL CYCLE
menstrual cycle the period of the regularly recurring physiologic changes in the endometrium, occurring during the reproductive period of female humans, culminating in partial shedding of the endometrium and some bleeding per vagina
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Menstruation
menstruation /men·stru·a·tion/ (men″stroo-a´shun) the cyclic, physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and muscosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus; it is under hormonal control and normally recurs usually at approximately four-week intervals, except during pregnancy and lactation, throughout the reproductive period (puberty through menopause).
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MICTURATION
Discharge of urine
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MYOMETRIUM
The muscular wall of the uterus.
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NEPHRON
:the nephron-independent urine making device,1 mil per kidney
- glomerulus:a tuft of capillaries associated with a renal tubule
- glomerular capsule(bowmans capsule):blind, cup shaped end of a renal tubule that completely surrounds the glomerulus
- renal corpuscle:the glomerulus and it's bowmans capsule
- glomerular endothelium:fenestrated epithelium that allows solute rich virtually protein free filtrate to pass from the blood into the capsule
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NORMAL PARTS OF URINE
- the filtrate contains all plasma components except protein, loses water nutrients and essential ions to become urine
- the urine contains metabolic wastes and unneeded substances
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OVARIAN CYCLE
ovarian cycle the sequence of physiologic changes in the ovary involved in ovulation.
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OVARIES
The female sex organs that make eggs and female hormones.
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OVULATION
discharge of a secondary oocyte from a graafian follicle.
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OVUM
1. the female reproductive cell which, after fertilization, becomes a zygote that develops into a new member of the same species.
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PERMEABILILTY OF CELLS IN COLLECTING TUBULES
collecting ducts in the deep medullary regions are permeable to urea
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PLACENTA
an organ characteristic of true mammals during pregnancy, joining mother and fetus, providing endocrine secretion and selective exchange of soluble bloodborne substances through apposition of uterine and trophoblastic vascularized parts
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PROSTATE
size of a walnut that encircles part of the urethra inferior to the bladder
- made of both muscle and glandular tissue
- it's milky slightly acid fluid which contains citrate enzymes and PSA and accounts for 20-30 percent of semen
- functions glandular:increases mobility of sperm,and neutralizes acid in vagina
- functions muscular:allows expulsion of urine and semen
- enters prostatic urethra during ejaculation
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PCT
:renal tubule-proximal convoluted tubule(PCT)-composed of cuboidal cells with numerous microvilli and mitochondria, re absorbs water and solute so from filtrate and secretes substances into it
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PYURIA
Puss in urine
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REABSORPTION OF WATER BY RENAL TUBULES
:reabsorption by PCT cells-active pumping of Na drives reabsorption of:water by osmosis aided by water filled pores called aquaporins,cations and fat soluble substances by diffusion,and organic nutrients and selected cations by secondary active transport
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RENAL CORPUSCLE MAKE UP
Bowmans capsule and the glomerulus
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RENNIN
-gluconeogenesis during prolonged fasting,production of renin to help regulate blood pressure and EPO to stimulate RBC production, and activation of vitamin d
:renin angiotensin-triggered by JG cells release renin
-renin acts on angiotensin to release angiotensin 1
-angiotensin I is converted to angiotensin II
-angiotensin II:causes mean arterial pressure to rise, and stimulates the adrenal cortex to release aldosterone
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SECONDARY SEX CHARACTERISTICS MALE
Deep voice,bigger chest,acne,hair
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SEMEN
60 percent comes from seminal vesicles,30 percent from prostate,5 percent from cowpers,and 5 percent from testes
- provides a transport medium and nutrients(fructose), protects and activates sperm,and facilitates their movement
- the relative alkalinity of semen neutralizes the acid environment found in the male urethra and female vagina
- seminalplasmin:antibiotic chemical that destroys certain bacteria
- clotting factors coagulate semen immediately after ejaculation then fibrinolysin liquefies sticky mass
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Seminal vesicles
lie on posterior wall of bladder and secrete 60 percent of volume of semen
- semen:viscous alkaline fluid containing fructose ascorbic acid coagulating enzyme and prostaglandins
- functions:provide energy base for sperm,and neutralize acid base in vagina,and has same osmotic make up as plasma
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SEMINFEROUS TUBULES
- septa divides the testis into 250-300 lobules each containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules
- seminiferous tubules:produce the sperm and converge and dumps into the tubulus rectus,each tube is about 31 inches and in each teste there is 1/2 mile of tubing
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SPECIFIC GRAVITY OF URINE
specific gravity:ranges from 1.001 to 1.035, and is dependent on solute concentration,chronic liver failure is 1.010
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SPERM
- septa divides the testis into 250-300 lobules each containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules
- seminiferous tubules:produce the sperm and converge and dumps into the tubulus rectus,each tube is about 31 inches and in each teste there is 1/2 mile of tubing
- the straight tubulus rectus conveys spermatozoa to the rete teste
- from rete testis the sperm leave the testis via efferent ductules and enter epididymis
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Sperm cell
A male gamete
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Spermatic cord
:spermatic cord:through inguinal canal
- ductus deferens or vas deferens
- testicular arteries and veins
- lymphatic vessels
- nerves of PNS and SNS
- remnants of tunica vaginalis
- three layers of last part
- external spermatic fascia
- cremaster muscle
- internal spermatic fascia
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SPERMATOGENESIS
:spermatogensis-cells making up walls of seminiferous tubules are in various stages of cell division
-these spermatogensic cells give rise to sperm in a series of events:mitosis of spermatogonia forming spermayocytes,meiosis forms spermatids from spermayocytes,and spermatogensis which is spermatids form sperm
96
SPONGIOSUM
-corpus spongiosum functions in keeping urethra open during ejaculation
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TESTES LOBULES
-septa divides the testis into 250-300 lobules each containing 1-4 seminiferous tubules
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TESTICULAR CANCER
Cancer in one or both of testes causes are unknown except more likely to occur in men who at birth had one or both testes un descended
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TESTOSTERONE
Male hormone produced by the testes and (in small amounts) in the ovaries. Testosterone is responsible for some masculine secondary sex characteristics such as growth of body hair and deepening voice.
100
TRIGONE
Most common place for UTI
A smooth triangular area at the base of the bladder between the openings of the two ureters and the opening of the urethra. Also called trigone of bladder.
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TWIN PRODUCTION
Fraternal twins have separate placentas
| Identical share a placenta
102
UNDESCENDED TESTIS
They should descend by 37 weeks but if not they have to pull them down surgically at age of five
103
URETERS
Tubes that connect the kidneys to the bladder. Urine produced by the kidneys passes through the ureters to the bladder.
104
URINE
urine formation-3 steps are glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, and secretion
:mechanisms of urine formation-kidney filters the body's entire plasma volume 60 times a day
-the filtrate contains all plasma components except protein, loses water nutrients and essential ions to become urine
-the urine contains metabolic wastes and unneeded substances
105
Urine color
color and transparency-clear or pale to deep yellow due to urochrome, concentrated urine has a deeper yellow color,drugs vitamin supplements and diet can change the color of urine, and cloudy urine may indicate infection of urinary tract
106
UTERINE TUBES
uterine tube fallopian tube; a slender tube extending from the uterus toward the ovary on the same side, for passage of oocytes to the cavity of the uterus and the usual site of fertilization.
107
VAS DEFERENS
The main secretory duct of the testicle, through which semen is carried from the epididymis to the prostatic urethra, where it ends as the ejaculatory duct. Also called deferent duct, spermatic duct, spermiduct.
108
Vasectomy
Form of birth control,cutting of vas deferens
