Respiratory And Digestive Flashcards
0
Q
ABSORPTIVE CELLS
A
:histology of the wall of small intestine-the epithelium of the mucosa is made up of absorptive cells and goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, interspersed T cells called infra epithelial lymphocytes(IELS), IELS immediately release cytokines upon encountering Ag
1
Q
ABSORPTION
A
The absorbing of food in the digestive tract occurs in stomach and small intestine for body’s energy needs
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Q
ACCESSORY ORGANS
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Parts accessory to the main organ or structure.
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Q
ACTIVITIES OF EXHALATION
A
- inspiratory muscles relax and the rib cage descends due to gravity
- thoracic cavity volume decreases
- elastic lungs recoil passively and intrapulmonary volume descend
- intrapulmonary pressure rises above atmospheric pressure
- gases flow out of lungs down the pressure gradient until intrapulmonary pressure is 0
- never put oxygen on smoker or they will go into cardiac arrest
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Q
Activities during expiration
A
:inspiration-the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract and the rib cage rises
- the lungs are stretched and intrapulmonary volume would increase
- intrapulmonary pressure drops below atmospheric pressure
- air flows into lungs, down its pressure gradient until intrapleural equals atmospheric pressure
- chemoreceptors are found in aortic arch and carotid arteries, and these sense levels of co2,and tells us when to breath
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Q
Adventitia
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or outermost layer made of c shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
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Q
ALVEOLAR DUCT
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- The part of the respiratory passages beyond the respiratory bronchioles, from which the alveolar sacs and alveoli arise.
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Q
ALVEOLI
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Small air sacs or cavities in the lung that give the tissue a honeycomb appearance and expand its surface area for the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide.
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Q
AMYLASE
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A digestive enzyme made primarily by the pancreas and salivary glands.
Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of starch to sugar to produce carbohydrate derivatives.
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Q
ANABOLISLM
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The phase of metabolism in which simple substances are synthesized into the complex materials of living tissue.
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Q
ASTHMA ATTACKS
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-last COPD or asthma:occurs in crisis and is a problem in he conducting zone that cause a narrowing of airways
-only in crisis:o2 drops and co2 rises, EFR decreases, VC decreases, and RV increases
Tx is rescue inhaler
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Q
BETA CELLS
A
- Any of the insulin-producing cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas.
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Q
BILIRUBIN
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an orange-yellow pigment in the bile formed as a breakdown product of haemoglobin.
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Q
BLOOD SUGAR
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Or the percentage of glucose in the blood, the normal fasting value is between 3.9 and 5.6 mmol/l
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Q
BMR
A
basal metabolic rate
n. Abbr. BMR
The rate at which energy is used by an organism at complete rest, measured in humans by the heat given off per unit time, and expressed as the calories released per kilogram of body weight or per square meter of body surface per hour.
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Q
BOYLE’S LAW
A
n.
The principle that at a constant temperature the volume of a confined ideal gas varies inversely with its pressure.
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Q
BUCCAL FAT PADS
A
Or cheeks, make up of lateral walls of oral cavity, hold food, speak
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Q
BUCCINATOR MUSCLE
A
Muscle in cheeks that allow you to blow, speak, hold food
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Q
CARBOHYDRATES
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Any of a group of organic compounds that includes sugars, starches, celluloses, and gums and serves as a major energy source in the diet of animals. These compounds are produced by photosynthetic plants and contain only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, usually in the ratio 1:2:1.
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Q
CARDIAC REGION
A
- The opening of the esophagus into the stomach.
2. The upper portion of the stomach that adjoins this opening.
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Q
CARINA
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the last tracheal cartilage marks the end of the trachea and the beginning of the bronchi
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Q
CATABOLISM
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The metabolic breakdown of complex molecules into simpler ones, often resulting in a release of energy.
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Q
CELLULAR RESPIRATIONS
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the metabolic processes whereby certain organisms obtain energy from organic molecules; processes that take place in the cells and tissues during which energy is released and carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed by the blood to be transported to the lungs
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Q
CHARLES’LAW
A
The physical law that the volume of a fixed mass of gas held at a constant pressure varies directly with the absolute temperature.
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CHEMICAL DIGESTION
use of enzymes and juices for catabolic break down of food
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CHEMORECEPTORS
A sensory nerve cell or sense organ, as of smell or taste, that responds to chemical stimuli.
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CHOLECYSTOKIN
-enteroendocrine cells:secrete gastrin, histamine, endorphins, serotonin, cholecystokinin(CCK), and somatostatin into the lamina propria
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CHYME
The thick semifluid mass of partly digested food that is passed from the stomach to the duodenum.
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CILIATED MUCOUS
-composed of three layers:mucosa or made up of goblet cells and ciliated epithelium.submucosa or connective tissue deep to the mucosa,and adventitia or outermost layer made of c shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
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CILIATED PSUEDOSTRATIFIED
-lined with pseudo-stratified columnar epithelium(goblet cells are found so it secretes mucus,and is lined with cilia so there is movement)
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Columnar epithelium cell
-alveolar walls:are a single layer or type I epithelial cells,permit gas exchange by simple diffusion,and secrete angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE)
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CIRRHOSIS
1. A chronic disease of the liver characterized by the replacement of normal tissue with fibrous tissue and the loss of functional liver cells. It can result from alcohol abuse, nutritional deprivation, or infection especially by the hepatitis virus.
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CONDUCTING ZONE
The conducting zone of the respiratory system is made up of the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles; their function is to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it into the lungs.
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DALTON LAW
states that the total pressure exerted by the mixture of non-reactive gases is equal to the sum of the partial pressures of individual gases
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DIETARY LIPIDS
Lipids constitute a group of naturally occurring molecules that include fats, waxes, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins (such as vitamins A, D, E, and K), monoglycerides, diglycerides, triglycerides, phospholipids, and others. The main biological functions of lipids include energy storage, signaling, and acting as structural components of cell membranes.
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DIGESTION
Digestion is the mechanical and chemical breakdown of food into smaller components that are more easily absorbed into a blood stream, for instance. Digestion is a form of catabolism: a breakdown of large food molecules to smaller ones.
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DUODENAL CELLS
Cells of the duodenum
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DUODENUM
The duodenum is largely responsible for the breakdown of food in the small intestine, using enzymes. The villi of the duodenum have a leafy-looking appearance, a histologically identifiable structure. Brunner's glands, which secrete mucus, are found in the duodenum only. The duodenum wall is composed of a very thin layer of cells that form the muscularis mucosae.
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DYSPENA
Bad breathing
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ELDERLY AND CALORIES
I'm not sure if this is a statement or a question
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ENDOCRINE CELLS
secreting internally into the blood or lymph.
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EPIGLOTTIS
The thin elastic cartilaginous structure located at the root of the tongue that folds over the glottis to prevent food and liquid from entering the trachea during the act of swallowing.
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EXCHANGE OF GASES
- external respirations:exchange of oxygen and CO2 between lungs and blood stream
- transport:transportation of oxygen
- internal respiration:exchange between tissues and blood
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EXERCISE & RESPIRATIONS
- during vigorous exercise:ventilation can increase 20 fold, breathing becomes deeper and more vigorous but respiratory rate may not be significantly changed(hyperpnea)
- exercise enhanced breathing isn't prompted by an increase in o2 or pH
- these levels remain surprisingly constant during exercise
- as exercise begins ventilation increases abruptly, rises slowly, and reaches a steady state
- when exercise stops:ventilation declines suddenly en gradually decreases to normal
- neural factors bring ahoy he above changes including psychic stimuli, cortical motor activation, and excitatory impulses from proprioceptors in muscles
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EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
-expiratory reserve volume(ERV):air that can be evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration(1000-1200 ml)
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FOOD GROUPS
A food group is a collection of foods that share similar nutritional properties or biological classifications. Nutrition guides typically divide foods into food groups and recommend daily servings of each group for a healthy diet.
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FUNCTION OF BRONCHUS
A bronchus (plural bronchi, adjective bronchial) is a passage of airway in the respiratory tract that conducts air into the lungs. The bronchus branches into smaller tubes, which in turn become bronchioles.[1] No gas exchange takes place in this part of the lungs.
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FUNCTION OF LARGE INTESTINE
The large intestine (or bowel, colon) is the last part of the digestive system in vertebrate animals. Its function is to absorb water from the remaining indigestible food matter, and then to pass useless waste material from the body.
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FUNCTION OF SMALL INTESTINE
is the part of the gastrointestinal tract following the stomach and followed by the large intestine, and is where much of the digestion and absorption of food takes place. It receives bile juice and pancreatic juice through heptopancreatic duct.
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GALL BALDER
In vertebrates the gallbladder (cholecyst, gall bladder, biliary vesicle) is a small organ that aids mainly in fat digestion and concentrates bile produced by the liver. In humans, the loss of the gallbladder is, in most cases, easily tolerated. The surgical removal of the gallbladder is called a cholecystectomy.
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GASTRIC ULCERS
is the most common ulcer of an area of the gastrointestinal tract that is usually acidic and thus extremely painful. It is defined as mucosal erosions equal to or greater than 0.5 cm. Ulcers can also be caused or worsened by drugs such as aspirin, ibuprofen
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GASTRIN
hormone of stomach
- stimulates HCl and pepsin(which digest proteins)
- stimulates secretion of intrinsic factor(absorbs b12)
- stimulates pancreatic enzymes(breakdown of fats and protein)
- increases in flow in hepatic bile(breaks down fats)
- release of insulin
- controls gastric and intestinal motility or peristalsis
- promotes relaxation or takes away pressure
- increase tone of cardiac sphincter
- inhibits gastric emptying
52
GLUCONEOGENESIS
a metabolic pathway that results in the generation of glucose from non-carbohydrate carbon substrates such as pyruvate, lactate, glycerol, glucogenic amino acids, and odd-chain fatty acid.
It is one of the two main mechanisms humans and many other animals use to keep blood glucose levels from dropping too low (hypoglycemia).
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GLOTTIS
The glottis is defined as the combination of the vocal folds (vocal cords) and the space in between the folds
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GLUCOSE
Glucose is a ubiquitous fuel in biology. It is used as an energy source in most organisms, from bacteria to humans. Use of glucose may be by either aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, or fermentation. Glucose is the human body's key source of energy, through aerobic respiration,
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GLYCOGEN
glycogen is made and stored primarily in the cells of the liver and the muscles, and functions as the secondary long-term energy storage (with the primary energy stores being fats held in adipose tissue).
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Glycolysis
is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose C6H12O6, into pyruvate, CH3COCOO− + H+. The free energy released in this process is used to form the high-energy compounds ATP (adenosine triphosphate) and NADH (reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide).[2]
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GOBLET CELLS
Secrete mucus
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GRANULAR CELLS
WBC fight infections
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HEAT-PROMOTING CENTER
medullary
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HEMOPTYSIS
the expectoration (coughing up) of blood or of blood-stained sputum from the bronchi, larynx, trachea, or lungs (e.g., in tuberculosis or other respiratory infections or cardiovascular pathologies).
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HYPOXIA
Hypoxia (medical), a pathological condition in which the body or a region of the body is deprived of an adequate oxygen supply
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ILEUM
mainly to absorb vitamin B12 and bile salts and whatever products of digestion that were not absorbed by the jejunum. The wall itself is made up of folds, each of which has many tiny finger-like projections known as villi on its surface. The ileum follows the duodenum and jejunum and is separated from the cecum by the ileocecal valve
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INGESTION
Process of taking in food
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INSPIRATORY CAPACITY
total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration(IRV+TV)
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INSULIN
peptide hormone, produced by beta cells of the pancreas, and is central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver, skeletal muscles, and fat tissue to absorb glucose from the blood. In the liver and skeletal muscles, glucose is stored as glycogen, and in fat cells (adipocytes) it is stored as triglycerides.
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INTERNAL RESPIRATION
the factors promoting gas exchange between systemic capillaries and tissue cells are the same as those acting in the lungs
- the partial pressures and diffusion gradients are reversed
- carbon dioxide in tissue is always lower than in systemic arterial blood
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INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE
-intrapulmonary pressure:pressure within the alveoli
-intrapleural pressure:pressure within the pleural cavity
:pressure relationship-intrapulmonary pressure and intrapleural pressure fluctuate with the phases of breathing
-intrapulmonary pressure always eventually equalizes itself with atmospheric pressure
-intrapleural pressure is always less than intrapulmonary pressure and atmospheric pressure
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Intrinsic factors
Function of the stomach
| -intrinsic factors:allows absorption of vitamin b12
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JEJUNUM
The lining of the jejunum is specialized for the absorption, by enterocytes, of small nutrient particles which have been previously digested by enzymes in the duodenum. Once absorbed, nutrients (with the exception of fat, which goes to the lymph) pass from the enterocytes into the enterohepatic circulation and enter the liver via the hepatic portal vein, where the blood is processed
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LAMINA PROPRIA
moist linings known as mucous membranes or mucosa, which line various tubes in the body (such as the respiratory tract, the gastrointestinal tract, and the urogenital tract).
- a thin layer of loose connective tissue which lies beneath the epithelium and together with the epithelium constitutes the mucosa. Thus the term mucosa or mucous membrane always refers to the combination of the epithelium plus the lamina propria
- contains capillaries and a central lacteal (lymph vessel) in the small intestine, as well as lymphoid tissue. Lamina propria also contains glands with the ducts opening on to the mucosal epithelium, that secrete mucus and serous secretions. The lamina propria is also rich in immune cells known as lymphocytes.
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LARYNX
Sound is generated in the larynx, and that is where pitch and volume are manipulated. The strength of expiration from the lungs also contributes to loudness.
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LAYERS OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Mucosa, mucosa epithelial lining, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa, submucosa, muscularis externa, serosa
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LAYERS OF SMALL INTESTINE
:histology-the epithelium of the mucosa is made up of absorptive cells and goblet cells, enteroendocrine cells, interspersed T cells called infra epithelial lymphocytes(IELS), IELS immediately release cytokines upon encountering Ag
- cells of intestinal crypts secrete intestinal juice
- peyer's patches are found in submucosa
- brunners glands in the duodenum secrete alkaline mucus
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LINGUAL FRENULUM
- lingual frenulum secures the tongue to the floor of mouth
- superior surface has three types of papillae
- filiform which gives tongue roughness and friction
- fungiform or scattered widely over the tongue and give it a reddish hue
- circumvallate or v shaped row in back of tongue
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LIVER ROLE IN DIGESTION
1. Anatomy A large, reddish-brown, glandular vertebrate organ located in the upper right portion of the abdominal cavity that secretes bile and is active in the formation of certain blood proteins and in the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.
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LUMEN
The inner open space of a tubular structure
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MACROSCOPIC DIVISION OF LUNGS
Segments, apex, middle lobe, lower lobe, base, costal surface
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MAKE UP OF CONDUCTING TUBES
:conducting zone of bronchial tree-tissue walls of bronchi mimic that of the trachea
-as conducting tubes become smaller structural changes occur:cartilage support structures change,epithelium types change,and amount of smooth muscle increases
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MAKE UP OF SALVIA
The watery mixture of secretions from the salivary and oral mucous glands that lubricates chewed food, moistens the oral walls, and contains ptyalin.
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MASTICATION
Or chewing
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MECHANICAL DIGESTION
- secretion of pancreatic enzymes or juices
| - chemical digestion or use of enzymes and juices for catabolic break down of food
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METABOLISM
1. The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life. In metabolism some substances are broken down to yield energy for vital processes while other substances, necessary for life, are synthesized.
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MUCOSA
:mucosa-moist epithelial layer that lines the lumen of the alimentary canal
- three major function:secretion of mucus, absorption of end products of digestion, and protection against infectious disease
- goblet cells secrete mucus
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MUSCULARIES MUCOSAE
smooth muscle cells that produce local movements of mucosa
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MUSCULARIS EXTERNA
responsible for segmentation and peristalsis
| -inner layer is circular muscles, the outer layer is longitudinal
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Nose
1. The part of the human face or the forward part of the head of other vertebrates that contains the nostrils and organs of smell and forms the beginning of the respiratory tract.
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ORDER OF DIGESTIVE LAYERS
Serosa,muscularis externa,submucosa,mucosa,lumen
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OXIDATIVE DEAMINATION
1. The combination of a substance with oxygen.
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PARIETAL CELLS
One of the large peripheral cells of the mucous membrane of the stomach that secrete hydrochloric acid.
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PARIETAL PLEURA
pleura that lines the inner chest walls and covers the diaphragm
pleura - the thin serous membrane around the lungs and inner walls of the chest
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PARTS OF SMALL INTESTINE
Duodenum,ileum,jejunum
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PEPSIN
1. A digestive enzyme found in gastric juice that catalyzes the breakdown of protein to peptides.
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PERIODONTAL LIGAMENTS
anchors the tooth in the alveolus of the jaw and forms the fibrous joint called a gomaphosis
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PERISTALSIS
- propulsion:swallowing and peristalsis
| - mechanical digestion or mixing(sideways peristalsis)food
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PERITONEAL MEMBRANE
- peritoneum:serous membrane of abdominal cavity
- visceral covers external surface of most digestive organs
- parietal line the body wall
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PERMANENT TEETH
n.
| One of the second set of teeth in mammals that grow as the milk teeth are shed. Humans have 32 permanent teeth.
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PHARYNX
The section of the alimentary canal that extends from the mouth and nasal cavities to the larynx, where it becomes continuous with the esophagus.
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PLEURAE
:pleurae-thin double layered serosa
- parietal pleura:covers the thoracic wall and superior face of the diaphragm,continues around heart and between lungs
- visceral or pulmonary pleurae:covers the external lung surface
- divides the thoracic cavity into three chambers,the central mediastinum,two lateral compartments each containing a lung
- pleural space or cavity contains water to reduce friction and allow lungs to inflate and deflate, if you puncture this the lung will collapse(called numothorax), to treat they do a chest tube
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PRIMARY TEETH
:teeth-primary and permanent dentitions have formed by age 21
-primary:20 deciduous teeth that erupt at intervals between 6 and 24 months
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PROTEINS
Synthesized by pepsin in stomach
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PYLORIC SPHINCTER
A ring of smooth muscle fibers around the opening of the stomach into the duodenum.
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RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
Any of the small, thin-walled tubes that branch from a bronchus and end in the alveolar sacs of the lung.
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RESPIRATORY CONTROL CENTERS
Medulla, nervous sys
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RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE
:respiratory membrane-the air blood barrier composed of alveolar and capillary walls,and their fused basal lamina
- alveolar walls:are a single layer or type I epithelial cells,permit gas exchange by simple diffusion,and secrete angiotensin converting enzyme(ACE)
- type II cells secrete surfactant(which decrease surface tension so alveoli can blow up and down)
- hyaline membrane disease:only found in premature babies,JFK lost two babies to this
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RESPIRATORY STIMULUS
- rate if respiration is determined by how long the inspiratory center is active
- respiratory centers in the pons and medulla are sensitive to both excitatory and inhibitory stimuli
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RESPIRATORY ZONE
:respiratory zone flow chart-from terminal bronchioles is the respiratory zone or acinus,respiratory bronchioles,alveolar ducts,alveolar sacs,and alveoli
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RUGAE
Mucosal folds in the he stomach
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SALIVA
n.
The watery mixture of secretions from the salivary and oral mucous glands that lubricates chewed food, moistens the oral walls, and contains ptyalin.
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SALIVARY AMYLASE
Any of a group of enzymes that are present in saliva, pancreatic juice, and parts of plants and catalyze the hydrolysis of starch to sugar to produce carbohydrate derivatives.
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SEGMENTAL BRONCHI
The tertiary bronchi arise from the secondary bronchi. The respiratory epithelium lining their lumen is surrounded by a layer of smooth muscle. This layer is composed of two ribbons of smooth muscle that spiral in opposite directions.
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SEROSA
In anatomy, serous membrane (or serosa) is a smooth membrane consisting of a thin layer of cells which secrete serous fluid, and a thin epithelial layer. The Latin anatomical name is tunica serosa. Serous membranes line and enclose several body cavities, known as serous cavities, where they secrete a lubricating fluid which reduces friction from muscle movement
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SPLANCHNIC CIRCULATION
Splanchnic, from a Greek word splēn, meaning organ usually used to describe visceral organ
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STIMULUS BREATHING
depth and rate of breathing-inspiratory depth is determined by how actively the respiratory center stimulates the respiratory muscles
- rate if respiration is determined by how long the inspiratory center is active
- respiratory centers in the pons and medulla are sensitive to both excitatory and inhibitory stimuli
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SUBMUCOSA
In the gastrointestinal tract, the submucosa is the layer of dense irregular connective tissue or loose connective tissue that supports the mucosa, as well as joins the mucosa to the bulk of overlying smooth muscle (fibers running circularly within layer of longitudinal muscle).
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SURFACTANT
Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension (or interfacial tension) between two liquids or between a liquid and a solid. Surfactants may act as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants.
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Tidal volume
:respiratory volumes-tidal volume(TV):air the moves into and out of the lungs with each breath(approx. 500 ml)
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TONGUE
:tongue-occupies floor of the mouth and fills oral cavity when mouth is closed
-speech, swallowing, gripping and repositioning food, mixing food with saliva and forming the bolus
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TOOTH STRUCTURE
:tooth structure-two main region, crown and root
- crown is above gum line
- enamel:acellular brittle material composed of calcium salts and hydroxyapatite crystals, hardest substance in body and encapsulate entire crown
- root or portion embedded in jawbones
- neck:constriction where the crown and root come together
- cementum:calcified connective tissue, covers root, attaches it to the periodontal ligament
- periodontal ligament:anchors the tooth in the alveolus of the jaw and forms the fibrous joint called a gomaphosis
- gingival sulcus:depression where the gingiva borders the tooth
- dentin:bone like material deep to the enamel cap that forms the bulk of the tooth
- pulp cavity:cavity surrounded by dentin that contains pulp
- pulp:connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves
- root canal:portion of pulp cavity that extend into the root
- apical foramen:proximal opening to the root canal
- odontoblasts:secrete and maintain dentin throughout life
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TRACHEA
Wind pipe, where air is taken to bronchus
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VISCERAL PLEURA
- visceral or pulmonary pleurae:covers the external lung surface
- divides the thoracic cavity into three chambers,the central mediastinum,two lateral compartments each containing a lung
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VITAL CAPACITY
-vital capacity(VC):total amount of exchangeable air(TR+IRV+ERV)
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Vocal cords
:vocal ligaments-attach the arytemoud cartilages to the thyroid cartilage
- composed of elastic fibers that form mucosal folds called true vocal cords
- the medial opening between them is the glottis
- they vibrate to produce sound as air rushes up from the lungs
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Voice characteristics
:vocal production-speech is intermittent release of expired air while opening and closing the glottis
- pitch is determined by length and tension of vocal cords
- loudness:depends upon the force at which the air rushes across the vocal cords
- the pharynx resonates, amplifies, and enhances sound quality
- sounds is shaped into language by action of the pharynx,tongue,soft palate,and lips
