Lymphatic,endocrine,body Efense Exam Flashcards
0
Q
Action chemotaxis
A
movement toward or away from a chemical stimulus. Chemotaxis is a cellular function, particularly of neutrophils and monocytes, whose phagocytic activity is influenced by chemical factors released by invading microorganisms.
1
Q
ACTH
A
Adrenocorticotropic hormone; a hormone that is produced by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and that stimulates the secretion of cortisone, aldosterone, and other hormones by the adrenal cortex. Also called adrenocorticotropin, adrenotropin, corticotropin.
2
Q
ACTION DETERMINT OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
A
:antigenic determinants-only certain parts of an entire antigen are immunogenic
- antibodies and activated lymphocytes bind to the antigenic determinants
- most naturally occurring antigens have numerous antigenic determinants that:mobilize several different lymphocyte populations,and form different kinds of antibodies against it
- large chemically simple molecules like plastics have little or no immunogenicity
3
Q
ACTION DIAPEDESIS
A
The movement or passage of blood cells, especially white blood cells, through intact capillary walls into surrounding body tissue. Also called migration.
4
Q
Action margination
A
The adhesion of white blood cells to the endothelial cells of blood vessels that occurs at the site of an injury during the early phases of inflammation.
5
Q
Action phagocytosis
A
The engulfing and ingestion of bacteria or other foreign bodies by phagocytes.
6
Q
Action of parathyroid
A
four small endocrine bodies in the region of the thyroid gland; they contain two types of cells: chief cells and oxyphils. Chief cells are the major source of parathyroid hormone (PTH), the secretion of which is dependent on the serum calcium level. Through a closed-loop feedback mechanism a low serum calcium level stimulates secretion of PTH; conversely, a high serum calcium level inhibits its secretion. The essential role of PTH is maintenance of a normal serum calcium level in association with vitamin D and calcitonin. It does this by exerting its effects on bone, kidney, and gastrointestinal tract. In bone, it enhances bone resorption by increasing digestion of the bone matrix by osteoclasts, which produces calcium that gets released into the bloodstream. In the kidney, PTH increases the excretion of phosphate and the reabsorption of filtered calcium. In the intestine, it increases intestinal absorption of calcium
7
Q
Action of steroids
A
A group of drugs that includes the corticosteroids, similar to hormones produced by the adrenal glands, and used to relieve inflammation and itching.
8
Q
Activation of T cells
A
A type of white blood cell produced in the thymus gland. T cells are an important part of the immune system. Infants born with an underdeveloped or absent thymus do not have a normal level of T cells in their blood.
9
Q
ADH
A
vasopressin anterior pituitary hormone; causes urine concentration by increasing resorption of solute at the distal convoluted tubule of nephron; absence of ADH causes diabetes insipidus
10
Q
Aldosterone
A
a mineralocorticoid steroid hormone produced by the adrenal cortex with action in the renal tubule to retain sodium, conserve water by reabsorption, and increase urinary excretion of potassium.
11
Q
ANGIOTENSINOGEN
A
a serum glycoprotein produced in the liver that is the precursor of angiotensin.
12
Q
B LYMPOCYTES
A
type of lymphocyte that circulates in the blood and lymph and produces antibodies when it encounters specific antigens. B lymphocytes are also called B cells.
13
Q
Blockage of lymphatics
A
Lymphatic obstruction is a blockage of the lymph vessels that drain fluid from tissues throughout the body and allow immune cells to travel where they are needed. Lymphatic obstruction may cause lymphedema, which means swelling due to a blockage of the lymph passages.
14
Q
CAUSES OF SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
A
:inflammation tissue response-triggered whenever body tissue is injured
- prevents spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues
- disposes of cell debris and pathogens
- sets stage for repair process
- four sign are redness swelling pain and heat
15
Q
CELLS OF CHRONIC INFECTIONS
A
Cells can sometimes lose ability to establish self from non self(autoimmune disease), also in immunodeficiency disease cells lose ability to produce phagocytes normally
16
Q
Cellular immunity
A
the mechanism of acquired immunity characterized by the dominant role of T cell lymphocytes. Cellular immunity is involved in resistance to infectious diseases caused by viruses and some bacteria and in delayed hypersensitivity reactions, some aspects of resistance to cancer, certain autoimmune diseases, graft rejection, and certain allergies. It does not involve the production of humoral antibody but instead involves the activation of Mo and natural killer cells
17
Q
CHARACTERISTICS OF ADAPTIVE IMMUNE SYSTEM
A
:innate defense cells and chemicals
-body uses nonspecific celluar and chemical devices to protect itself
-phagocytes and natural killer cells
-anti microbial proteins in blood and tissue fluid
-inflammatory response enlists macrophages,mast cells,WBCs, and chemicals
2nd line of defense
18
Q
CHARACTERISTICS OF ANTIBODIES
A
Specialized cells of the immune system which can recognize organisms that invade the body (such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi). The antibodies are then able to set off a complex chain of events designed to kill these foreign invaders.
19
Q
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPLETE ANTIGENS
A
one which both stimulates an immune response and reacts with the products of that response.
20
Q
CHARACTERISTICS OF INFLAMMATION
A
Red,pain,heat,swelling
21
Q
CHARACTERISTICS OF INTERFERONS
A
Any of a group of glycoproteins that are produced by different cell types in response to various stimuli, such as exposure to viruses, and that block viral replication in newly infected cells and, in some cases, modulate specific cellular functions.
22
Q
CHARACTERISTICS OF LYMPH CAPILLARIES
A
are tiny thin-walled blood vessels that are closed at one end and are located in the spaces between cells throughout the body, except in the central nervous system, and in non-vascular tissues. The main purpose of these vessels is to drain excess tissue fluids from around the cell ready to be filtered and returned to the venous circulation
23
Q
CHARACTERISTICS OF LYMPHOCYTES
A
The three major types of lymphocyte are T cells, B cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Under the microscope, lymphocytes can be divided into large granular lymphocytes and small lymphocytes. Large granular lymphocytes include natural killer cells (NK cells). Small lymphocytes consist of T cells and B cells.
24
CHARACTERISTICS OF PASSIVE IMMUNITY
the transfer of active humoral immunity in the form of readymade antibodies, from one individual to another. Passive immunity can occur naturally, when maternal antibodies are transferred to the fetus through the placenta, and can also be induced artificially, when high levels of human (or horse) antibodies specific for a pathogen or toxin are transferred to non-immune individuals. Passive immunization is used when there is a high risk of infection and insufficient time for the body to develop its own immune response, or to reduce the symptoms of ongoing or immunosuppressive diseases.[1]
25
CHARACTERISTICS OF PHAGOCYTIC CELLS
Engulf microorganism,cell debris,or foreign matter
26
CHARACTERISTICS OF THYMUS GLAND
a specialized organ of the immune system. The only known function of the thymus is the production and "education" of T-lymphocytes (T cells), which are critical cells of the adaptive immune system. The thymus is composed of two identical lobes and is located anatomically in the anterior superior mediastinum, in front of the heart and behind the sternum.
27
CHARACTERISTICS OF TROPIC HORMONES
those hormones of the anterior lobe of the pituitary that affect the growth, nutrition, or function of other endocrine glands (for example, TRH, ACTH).
28
CONTROL OF TSH
A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that controls the release of T4 by the thyroid gland.
29
CONTROLLING FACTORS OF ADRENAL MEDULLA
The inner part of the adrenal gland. The adrenal medulla produces the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline), which stimulates the heart, tightens blood vessels, and relaxes some smooth muscles; and norepinephrine, which has similar effects.
30
CONTROLLING FACTORS OF PANCREAS
a large, elongated, racemose gland lying transversely behind the stomach, between the spleen and duodenum. Its external secretion contains digestive enzymes. One internal secretion, insulin, is produced by the beta cells, and another, glucagon, is produced by the alpha cells. The alpha, beta, and delta cells form aggregates, called islands of Langerhans.
31
CONTROLLING FACTORS OF THYROID
A gland in the neck overlying the windpipe that regulates the speed of metabolic processes by producing a hormone, thyroxin.
32
CONTROLLING FACTORS PITUITARY
A gland located at the base of the brain that produces a number of hormones, including those that regulate growth and reproductive functions. Overproduction of the pituitary hormone called growth hormone (GH) is responsible for the condition known as acromegaly.
33
CONTROLLLING FACTORS OF PARATHYROID
parathyroid glands four small endocrine bodies in the region of the thyroid gland; they contain two types of cells: chief cells and oxyphils. Chief cells are the major source of parathyroid hormone (PTH), the secretion of which is dependent on the serum calcium level. Through a closed-loop feedback mechanism a low serum calcium level stimulates secretion of PTH; conversely, a high serum calcium level inhibits its secretion. The essential role of PTH is maintenance of a normal serum calcium level in association with vitamin D and calcitonin
34
Cortisol
cortisol /cor·ti·sol/ (-sol) the major natural glucocorticoid elaborated by the adrenal cortex; it affects the metabolism of glucose, protein, and fats and has mineralocorticoid activity. See hydrocortisone for therapeutic uses.
35
CYTOTOXIC T CELLS
a lymphocyte that lacks B or T cell markers. It is the effector cell of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity; it recognizes antibodies on target cells and lyses those cells through a cell-cell interaction that does not require complement. Compare killer T cells, natural killer cell. See also null cell.
36
Define antibodies
Specialized cells of the immune system which can recognize organisms that invade the body (such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi). The antibodies are then able to set off a complex chain of events designed to kill these foreign invaders.
37
Define appendix
2. a small appendage near the juncture of the small intestine and the large intestine (ileocecal valve). An apparently useless structure, it can be the source of a serious illness, appendicitis. Called also vermiform appendix. adj., adj appendic´eal.
38
Define enzymes
Organic substances (proteins) composed of amino acids that trigger and regulate chemical reactions in the body. There are over 700 identified human enzymes.
39
Define fever
Over 100
40
Define first line of defense
Or Innate, surface barriers skin and mucosa
41
Define haptens
hapten /hap·ten/ (hap´ten) partial antigen; a specific nonprotein substance which does not itself elicit antibody formation but does elicit the immune response when coupled with a carrier protein.hapten´ic
42
Define immunocompetent
Having a normal immune response
43
Define innate immune sys
Fist line of defense so mechanical barriers
44
Define lymph
1. A clear, watery, sometimes faintly yellowish fluid derived from body tissues that contains white blood cells and circulates throughout the lymphatic system, returning to the venous bloodstream through the thoracic duct. Lymph acts to remove bacteria and certain proteins from the tissues, transport fat from the small intestine, and supply mature lymphocytes to the blood.
45
Define lymph nodes
n.
Any of the small bodies located along the lymphatic vessels, particularly at the neck, armpit, and groin, that filter bacteria and foreign particles from lymph fluid. During infection, lymph nodes may become swollen with activated lymphocytes. Also called lymph gland.
46
Define pathogen
Microorganism causing disease
47
Define peyer's patches
Peyer's patches (or Peyer patches) are round or ovoid bundles of lymphatic tissue made up of unencapsulated lymphatic cells that protect the mucous membranes of the small intestines (the ileum) from infection. While the complete role and function of these mucosal-associated lymphoid tissues is uncertain, they contain lymphocytes such as T cells and B cells so that when an infection occurs, the Peyer patches can protect the interior of the intestine
48
Define proteins
n.
Any of a group of complex organic macromolecules that contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulfur and are composed of one or more chains of amino acids. Proteins are fundamental components of all living cells and include many substances, such as enzymes, hormones, and antibodies, that are necessary for the proper functioning of an organism.
49
Define regains
To gain back
50
Define second line of defense
2nd part of defense
:adaptive or specific-recognizes specific foreign substances,acts to immobilize neutralize and destroy foreign things,and amplifies inflammatory response and activates complement
51
Define spleen
a. A large, highly vascular lymphoid organ, lying in the human body to the left of the stomach below the diaphragm, serving to store blood, disintegrate old blood cells, filter foreign substances from the blood, and produce lymphocytes.
52
Define third line defense
Mounts attack on foreign substance
53
Define thymus
n. pl. thy·mus·es
A small glandular organ that is situated behind the top of the breastbone, consisting mainly of lymphatic tissue and serving as the site of T cell differentiation. The thymus increases gradually in size and activity until puberty, becoming vestigial thereafter.
54
Define tonsils
The two oval-shaped masses of tissue at the back of the throat that lie between the mouth and the pharynx. The tonsils are thought to prevent infections of the breathing passages but often become infected themselves.
55
Define hormones
1. any of various internally secreted compounds formed in endocrine glands that affect the functions of specifically receptive organs or tissues when transported to them by the body fluids.
56
Define complement proteins
The complement system consists of a number of small proteins found in the blood, generally synthesized by the liver, and normally circulating as inactive precursors (pro-proteins). When stimulated by one of several triggers, proteases in the system cleave specific proteins to release cytokines and initiate an amplifying cascade of further cleavages. The end-result of this activation cascade is massive amplification of the response and activation of the cell-killing membrane attack complex. Over 25 proteins and protein fragments make up the complement system, including serum proteins, serosal proteins, and cell membrane receptors.
57
Define lymphatic trunks
:lymphatic trunks-formed by union of largest collecting ducts
- major trunks include:paired lumbar,branchomediastinal,subclavian,jugular trunks,and a single intestinal trunk
- lymph is delivered into one of two large trunks:right lymphatic duct drains right upper arm and right side of head and thorax,thoracic duct arises from cisterna chili and drains rest of body
58
Define ions
n.
| An atom or a group of atoms that has acquired a net electric charge by gaining or losing one or more electrons.
59
DELAYED HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION
Delayed hypersensitivity reactions are inflammatory reactions initiated by mononuclear leukocytes. The term delayed is used to differentiate a secondary cellular response, which appears 48-72 hours after antigen exposure, from an immediate hypersensitivity response, which generally appears within 12 minutes of an antigen challenge. These reactions are mediated by T cells and monocytes/macrophages rather than by antibodies. They are also termed type IV hypersensitivity reactions.
60
DESCRIPTION OF ADRENAL MEDULLA
n.
The inner, reddish-brown portion of the adrenal glands that synthesizes, stores, and releases epinephrine and norepinephrine.
61
Describe the pancreas
n.
A long, irregularly shaped gland in vertebrates, lying behind the stomach, that secretes pancreatic juice into the duodenum and insulin, glucagon, and somatostatin into the bloodstream.
62
Describe parathyroid
parathyroid glands four small endocrine bodies in the region of the thyroid gland; they contain two types of cells: chief cells and oxyphils
63
Describe pituitary
Tiny in sphenoid in sella turcia
64
Describe thyroid
Anterior to the neck the size of a penny
65
Epinephrine
1. A hormone secreted by the adrenal medulla that is released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress, as from fear or injury. It initiates many bodily responses, including the stimulation of heart action and an increase in blood pressure, metabolic rate, and blood glucose concentration. Also called adrenaline.
66
ESTROGEN
n.
Any of several steroid hormones produced chiefly by the ovaries and responsible for promoting estrus and the development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics.
67
Examples of steroid hormones
Testosterone,estrogen,progesteron
68
Flow of Lymph
circulates throughout the lymphatic system, returning to the venous bloodstream through the thoracic duct. Flows by pumping of muscles
69
FSH
follicle-stimulating hormone: an anterior pituitary peptide that stimulates the development of Graafian follicles in the female and spermatozoa in the male.
70
Function of liver hormone
This protein of 70 amino acids was once called somatomedin because it, not growth hormone, is the immediate stimulus for growth of the body.
Growth hormone released from the anterior lobe of the pituitary
binds to receptors on the surface of liver cells which
stimulates the synthesis and release of IGF-1 from them.
71
Function adrenal medulla
n.
The inner, reddish-brown portion of the adrenal glands that synthesizes, stores, and releases epinephrine and norepinephrine.
72
FUNCTION OF AGGLUTINATION
3. Physiology The clumping together of red blood cells or bacteria, usually in response to a particular antibody.
73
FUNCTION OF COMPLEMENT FIXATION
The binding of active serum complement to an antigen-antibody pair. It is the basis for various diagnostic tests to detect the presence of a specific antigen or antibody.
74
FUNCTION OF INTERFERON PRODUCTION
n.
Any of a group of glycoproteins that are produced by different cell types in response to various stimuli, such as exposure to a virus, bacterium, parasite, or other antigen, and that prevent viral replication in newly infected cells and, in some cases, modulate specific cellular functions.
75
Function of lymph
Picks up foreign matter and destroys
76
Function of lymph nodes
n.
Any of the small bodies located along the lymphatic vessels, particularly at the neck, armpit, and groin, that filter bacteria and foreign particles from lymph fluid. During infection, lymph nodes may become swollen with activated lymphocytes. Also called lymph gland.
77
Function of pineal
n.
A small, cone-shaped organ in the brain of most vertebrates that secretes the hormone melatonin. Also called epiphysis, pineal body, pineal organ.
78
Function pituitary
A small oval endocrine gland attached to the base of the vertebrate brain and consisting of an anterior and a posterior lobe, the secretions of which control the other endocrine glands and influence growth, metabolism, and maturation. Also called hypophysis, pituitary body.
79
Function of thymus
n. pl. thy·mus·es
A small glandular organ that is situated behind the top of the breastbone, consisting mainly of lymphatic tissue and serving as the site of T cell differentiation. The thymus increases gradually in size and activity until puberty, becoming vestigial thereafter.
80
Function of immune sys
The integrated body system of organs, tissues, cells, and cell products such as antibodies that differentiates self from nonself and neutralizes potentially pathogenic organisms or substances.
81
Functions of inflammation
2. A localized protective reaction of tissue to irritation, injury, or infection, characterized by pain, redness, swelling, and sometimes loss of function.
82
Function of lymphatic sys
The interconnected system of spaces and vessels between body tissues and organs by which lymph circulates throughout the body.
83
Function of natural killer cells
Natural Killer (NK) cells are vital contributors to the innate immune system. Despite lacking conventional antigen-specificity, NK cells can display cytotoxic activity against “altered self” (virus-infected and cancerous) cells by receiving the appropriate signals from complex, NK-specific ligand-receptor interactions. They can also produce potent immunoregulatory cytokines that modulate the adaptive immune response, and thus serve as interesting candidates for cancer or viral immunotherapy.
84
Function ovaries
1. the female gonad or reproductive gland, in which the ova and the female sex hormones develop.
85
Function regulatory T cells
Regulatory T cells (Treg, sometimes known as suppressor T cells) are a specialized subpopulation of T cells that act to suppress activation of the immune system and thereby maintain immune system homeostasis and tolerance to self-antigens
86
Function T cells
T cells or T lymphocytes belong to a group of white blood cells known as lymphocytes, and play a central role in cell-mediated immunity. They can be distinguished from other lymphocyte types, such as B cells and natural killer cells (NK cells) by the presence of a special receptor on their cell surface called T cell receptors (TCR). The abbreviation T, in T cell, stands for thymus, since this is the principal organ responsible for the T cell's maturation. Several different subsets of T cells have been discovered, each with a distinct function.
87
Function testis
Male gonad produces testosterone and sperm
88
Function of thoracic duct
It collects most of the lymph in the body (except that from the right arm and the right side of the chest, neck and head, and lower left lobe of the lung, which is collected by the right lymphatic duct) and drains into the systemic (blood) circulation at the left brachiocephalic vein between the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins.
89
GH
:GH or growth hormone-increases number of amino acids that can enter cells which will build cells,increases breakdown of fats and fatty acids,increases glycogen synthesis and use,helps control blood sugar
90
Glucagon
Glucagon is a hormone, secreted by the pancreas, that raises blood glucose levels. Its effect is opposite that of insulin, which lowers blood glucose levels.
91
GLUCONEOGENSIS
It is one of the two main mechanisms humans and many other animals use to keep blood glucose levels from dropping too low (hypoglycemia). The other means of maintaining blood glucose levels is through the degradation of glycogen (glycogenolysis).[1]
92
GONADOCORTICOIDS
:gonadocorticoids- secreted by androgens or male sex hormones and most importantly testosterone
93
HORMONE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
1. A chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland or group of endocrine cells that acts to control or regulate specific physiological processes, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Most hormones are secreted by endocrine cells in one part of the body and then transported by the blood to their target site of action in another part, though some hormones act only in the region in which they are secreted. Many of the principal hormones of vertebrates, such as growth hormone and thyrotropin, are secreted by the pituitary gland, which is in turn regulated by neurohormone secretions of the hypothalamus. Hormones also include the endorphins, androgens, and estrogens. See more at endocrine gland.
94
HORMONES MULTIPLY RESPONSES
1. A chemical substance secreted by an endocrine gland or group of endocrine cells that acts to control or regulate specific physiological processes, including growth, metabolism, and reproduction. Most hormones are secreted by endocrine cells in one part of the body and then transported by the blood to their target site of action in another part, though some hormones act only in the region in which they are secreted. Many of the principal hormones of vertebrates, such as growth hormone and thyrotropin, are secreted by the pituitary gland, which is in turn regulated by neurohormone secretions of the hypothalamus. Hormones also include the endorphins, androgens, and estrogens. See more at endocrine gland.
95
Hypothalamus hormones
Posterior pituitary which synthesize oxytocin(helps with birth) and ADH(regulates BP)
96
IMMUNOCOMPETENT MEANS
Having the normal bodily capacity to develop an immune response following exposure to an antigen.
97
INNATE IMMUNE SYSTEM PARTS
:innate defense cells and chemicals
- body uses nonspecific celluar and chemical devices to protect itself
- phagocytes and natural killer cells
- anti microbial proteins in blood and tissue fluid
- inflammatory response enlists macrophages,mast cells,WBCs, and chemicals
98
Insulin
1. A polypeptide hormone secreted by the islets of Langerhans and functioning in the regulation of the metabolism of carbohydrates and fats, especially the conversion of glucose to glycogen, which lowers the blood glucose level.
99
LOCATIONS OF CLUSTERS OF LYMPH NODES
Neck armpit groin
100
LOCATIONS OF LYMPHATIC STRUCTURES
Spleen in abdomen,thyroid anterior to neck,pituitary in sphenoid in sella turcia,pancreas behind stomach,adrenal on top of kidneys,tonsils in pharynx
101
LYMPHOCYTES IMMUNOCOMPETENT
n.
Any of the nearly colorless cells found in the blood, lymph, and lymphoid tissues, constituting approximately 25 percent of white blood cells and including B cells, which function in humoral immunity, and T cells, which function in cellular immunity.
102
Malt
:malt-or mucosa associated lymphatic tissue:peyer's patches tonsil and appendix(digestive tract),lymphoid nodules in the walks of bronchi(respiratory tract)
-MALT protects digestive and respiratory sys from foreign matter
103
MOBILIZATION OF PHAGOCYTES
:macrophages and dendritic cells-secrete soluble proteins that activate T cells
-activated T cells in turn release chemicals that:rev up the maturation and mobilization of DCs,and prod macrophages to become activated macrophages which are insatiable phagocytes that secrete bactericidal chemicals
104
Monoclonal antibodies
n.
Any of the highly specific antibodies produced in large quantity by the clones of a single hybrid cell formed in the laboratory by the fusion of a B cell with a tumor cell.
105
Oxytocin
n.
A short polypeptide hormone, released from the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, that stimulates the contraction of smooth muscle of the uterus during labor and facilitates ejection of milk from the breast during nursing.
106
PARTS OF SECOND LINE OF DEFENSE
:second intrinsic defense is adaptive or specific defense sys
- the third line of defense it mounts attack against forgein substance
- takes longer to react than innate and works in conjunction with innate sys
107
Prolactin
n.
| A pituitary hormone that stimulates and maintains the secretion of milk.
108
Release of antibodies
-activated T cells in turn release chemicals that:rev up the maturation and mobilization of DCs,and prod macrophages to become activated macrophages which are insatiable phagocytes that secrete bactericidal chemicals
109
RENNIN
n.
An enzyme that catalyzes the coagulation of milk, found in the gastric juice of the fourth stomach of young ruminants and used in making cheeses and junkets. Also called chymosin, rennet.
110
RESPONSE OF B CELLS
B cell
Any of the lymphocytes that develop into plasma cells in the presence of a specific antigen. The plasma cells produce antibodies that attack or neutralize the antigen in what is called the humoral immune response. B cells mature in the bone marrow before being released into the blood. Also called B lymphocyte. Compare T cell.
111
SIGNS OF INFLAMMATION
Red pain swelling heat
112
STIMULUS OF ENDOCRINE GLANDS
Endocrine glands are activated by other hormones
113
TH
:effects of thyroid-TH is concerned with glucose oxidation,increasing metabolic waste,and heat production
-TH plays a role in maintains BP,regulating tissue growth,developing skeletal and nervous sys,and maturation and reproductive ca
114
Types of T cells
- gamma delta T cells:10 percent of all T cells found in intestines are triggered by binding to MICA receptors
- suppressor cells-regulatory cells that release cytokines which suppress activity of both T cells and B cells
:cytotoxic t cell(Tc)-Tc cell ps or killer T cells are the only T cells that directly attack and kill other cells
:helper T cells-regulatory cells play a central role in immune response
- once primed by APC presentation of antigen they:chemically stimulate proliferation of other T cells,and stimulate B cells that have already become bound to antigen
- without Helper T's or Th there is no immune response
- interact directly with B cells that have antigen fragments on their surfaces bound to MHC 2 receptors
115
Vessels of lymph nodes
:lymphatic vessels-one way sys of lymph that flows toward the heart
-includes:capillaries,lymphatic collecting vessels,and trunks and ducts
116
XENOGRAGTS
xenograft - tissue from an animal of one species used as a temporary graft (as in cases of severe burns) on an individual of another species
