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Hoe > Nervous Exam > Flashcards

Nervous Exam Flashcards

0
Q

Characteristics of graded potential

A

Short distance.
Magnitude varies w/ strength of stimulus. (not all or nothing)
Conducted w/ decrement.
Have no refractory periods.
Exhibit summation.
Result in depolarization or hyper-polarization.

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1
Q

What level of spinal cord would you become paraplegia if cut

A

T1-T4

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2
Q

Define refractory period

A

period during which a nerve or muscle is incapable of responding to stimulation, esp immediately following a previous stimulation. In an absolute refractory period there is a total inability to respond; in an effective or relative refractory period there is a response to very large stimuli

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3
Q

Define various neural circuits

A

:Types of circuits of neuronal pools

  • Divergent- one incoming fiber stimulates ever increasing number of fibers often amplifying circuits
  • Convergent- opposite of divergent circuits resulting in either strong stimulation or inhibition
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4
Q

Define a transmitted nerve impulse

A

a progressive wave of electric and chemical activity along a nerve fiber that stimulates or inhibits the action of a muscle, gland, or other nerve cell. have a domino effect. Each neuron receives an impulse and must pass it on to the next neuron and make sure the correct impulse continues on its path. Through a chain of chemical events, the dendrites (part of a neuron) pick up an impulse that’s shuttled through the axon and transmitted to the next neuron. The entire impulse passes through a neuron in about seven milliseconds

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5
Q

Define absolute refractory period

A

an absolute refractory period there is a total inability to respond; in an effective or relative refractory period there is a response to very large stimuli

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6
Q

Define action potential

A

the change in electrical potential that occurs between the inside and outside of a nerve or muscle fiber when it is stimulated, serving to transmit nerve signals.

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7
Q

Define astrocytes

A

Neuroglial cells with many processes found in the central nervous system, the retina (especially the ganglion cells, the inner plexiform layers and the nerve fibre layer) and the optic nerve. Their function is believed to be nutritional and structural and to be involved in the clearance of neurotransmitters from within the synaptic cleft. Syn. Cajal’s cells.

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8
Q

Define CNS

A

The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord.

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9
Q

Define diencephalons

A

:diencephalon-central core of the forebrain

  • consists of three paired structures the thalamus hypothalamus and epithalamus
  • encloses the third ventricle
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10
Q

Diffidence ganglia

A

groups of nerve cell bodies within brain or spinal cord

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11
Q

Define gyri

A

Any of the prominent, rounded, elevated convolutions on the surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres.

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12
Q

Define nodes of ranvier

A

Nodes of Ranvier are the gaps (approximately 1 micrometer in length) formed between the myelin sheaths generated by different cells. A myelin sheath is a many-layered coating, largely composed of a fatty substance called myelin, that wraps around the axon of a neuron and very efficiently insulates it. At nodes of Ranvier, the axonal membrane is uninsulated and therefore capable of generating electrical activity.

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13
Q

Define pons

A

The pons contains nuclei that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture.

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14
Q

Define somatic nervous sensory

A

The somatic nervous system (SNS) is the part of the peripheral nervous system[1] associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles, and with sensory reception of external stimuli (e.g., touch, hearing, and sight)[citation needed]. The SNS consists of efferent nerves responsible for stimulating muscle contraction, including all the neurons connected with skeletal muscles, skin, and sense organs.

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15
Q

Describe a nerve

A
  1. Any of the cordlike bundles of fibers made up of neurons through which sensory stimuli and motor impulses pass between the brain or other parts of the central nervous system and the eyes, glands, muscles, and other parts of the body. Nerves form a network of pathways for conducting information throughout the body.
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16
Q

Describe a synapse

A

n.

The junction across which a nerve impulse passes from an axon terminal to a neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell.

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17
Q

Difference between ans and sns

A

There is one primary difference between the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system includes all the functions of the body that are done voluntarily, like moving a leg or finger. The autonomic nervous system includes all the functions of the body that are done involuntarily, like breathing or blinking

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18
Q

Function of blood brain barrier

A

blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the specialized system of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC) that shields the brain from toxic substances in the blood, supplies brain tissues with nutrients, and filters harmful compounds from the brain back to the bloodstream

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19
Q

Function of brocas area

A

functions linked to speech production.

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20
Q

Characteristics of a mature neuron

A

:neurons-structural units of the nervous sys

  • composed of a body,axon, and dendrites
  • long lived,amitotic,and high metabolic rate
  • their plasma membrane function in electrical signaling,cell to cell signaling during development
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21
Q

How are basic reflexes learned?

A

Born with them or inherited

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22
Q

How are impulses carried to and from the cell?

A

A neuron has a large cell body that contains the nucleus, threadlike extensions called dendrites, and an axon. The dendrites carry impulses toward the neuron’s cell body. The axon carries impulses away from the cell body. Nerve impulses begin in a dendrite, move toward the cell body, and then move down the axon. A neuron can have many dendrites, but it has only one axon. An axon, however, can have more than one tip, so the impulse can go to more than one other cell.Axons and dendrites are sometimes called nervefibers. Nerve fibers are often arranged in parallel bundles covered with a connective tissue, something like a package of uncooked spaghetti wrapped in cellophane. A bundle of nerve fibers is called a nerve

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23
Q

If you injure the hypothalamus what would you see?

A

Idk

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24
Q

Importance of node of ranvier

A

:nodes of ranvier- gaps found in myelin sheath

-they are sites where axon collaterals can emerge

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25
Q

In which system are there sensory receptors?

A

:peripheral nervous sys-all neural structures outside brain and spinal cord
-includes sensory receptors peripheral nerves associated ganglia and motor endings
-provides links to and from the external environment
:sensory receptors-structures specialized to respond to stimuli,activation of sensory receptors results in depolarizations that trigger impulses to CBC,realization of theses stimuli sensation and perception occur in brain

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26
Q

Knee jerk reflex is an example of what type of reflex?

A

monosynaptic reflex A simple reflex that involves transmission of information from a sensory neuron to the appropriate motor neuron across a single synapse in the spinal cord.

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27
Q

Largest cranial nerve

A

Vagus

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28
Q

Make up of CSF

A

:CSF-watery solution similar to composition to blood plasma

  • contains less protein and different ion concentrations than plasma
  • forms a liquid cushion that gives buoyancy to the CNS organs
  • prevents the brain from crushing under its own weight
  • protects CNS from blows and other traumas
  • nourishes brain and carries chemical signals throughout it
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29
Q

Make up of white matter in spinal cord

A

White matter tissue of the freshly cut brain appears pinkish white to the naked eye because myelin is composed largely of lipid tissue veined with capillaries. Its white color is due to its usual preservation in formaldehyde.

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30
Q

Nick name for sympathetic nervous system

A

Fight or flight

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31
Q

Nick name for parasympathetic

A

Rest and digest

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32
Q

Number of pairs of spinal cord

A

31

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33
Q

Role of association neuron

A

Or interneurons, connect sensory or afferent neurons to motor or efferent neurons

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34
Q

Role of dendrite

A

Receive incoming info from axon terminals. Dendrites are tiny branches on the ends of neurons that are responsible for passing information that is gathered from other neurons. Some research has also shown that their function does not change, but that their structure can, depending on environmental influences.

The parts of a neuron include dendrites, synapses that are located on the dendrites, and the soma. Synapses are the tips of dendrites, shaped like little clubs, and provide contact points with surrounding neurons. The soma is the cell body of a neuron that receives information collected by the dendrites. From the soma, the information travels to the axon for further processing.

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35
Q

Role of synaptic cleft

A

The synaptic cleft is a small gap that seperates the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron. It creates a physical barrier for the electrical signal carried by one neuron to be transfered to another neuron

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36
Q

Role of axon

A

primary function is to conduct electrical signals from that neuron to receptor sites known as dendrites on other neuron surfaces. While an axon and a dendrite are not in actual physical contact with one another, when an electrical signal passes to the end of an axon, it causes an electro-chemical reaction in bubble-like structures between the two materials known as vesicles. These vesicles release chemical charges called neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap between the axon end and dendrite receptor sites. The firing of these charges are known as synaptic responses, and the function of an axon is to transmit these signals in large numbers as a form of data processing within the human

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37
Q

Role of reticular formation

A

comprehensive network of nerves found in the central area of the brainstem. It’s involved in many of the essential functions of the body, such as the ability to obtain recuperative sleep, sexual arousal, and the ability to focus on tasks without being easily distracted. All in all, this network is believed by some researchers to be involved with at least 25 behaviors and functions that are considered essential for human health.

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38
Q

Schwann cells vs oligodendrocytes

A

1)oligodendrocytes myelinate axons in the CNS whereas schwann cells myelinate axons in the PNS 2) a single oligodendrocyte is able to myelinate multiple axons whereas a schwann cell can only myelinate a single axon. 3) schwann cell myelination allows for axonal grown and regeneration where as oligodendrocytes inhibit axonal growth and regeneration.

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39
Q

Sheath of a Schwann cell is called what?

A

Neurilemma the thin membrane spirally enwrapping the myelin layers of certain fibers, especially of the peripheral nerves, or the axons of some unmyelinated nerve fibers.

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40
Q

Sweat glands are controlled by which system

A

Autonomic-sympathetic

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41
Q

Voltage is measured how around the membrane potential?

A

is the difference in electrical potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. Typical values of membrane potential range from –40 mV to –80 mV.

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42
Q

What are afferent nerves

A

an impulse that arises in the periphery and is carried into the central nervous system. An afferent nerve conducts the impulse from the site of origin to the central nervous system.

43
Q

What are direct acting neurotransmitters

A

Open ion channels to provoke rapid responses

44
Q

What are non specific ascending pathways

A
  • three ascending pathways:the nonspecific and specific ascending pathways send impulses t the sensory cortex
  • these pathways allows for discriminative touch and conscious proprioception
  • spinocerebellar tracts send impulses to the cerebellum and don’t contribute to sensory perception

-non specific ascending pathway:for pain temp and crude touch within the lateral spinothalamic tract

45
Q

What are the divisions of the ANS

A

Sympathetic fight or flight and parasympathetic rest and digest

46
Q

What are the effector organs of the ans

A

or involuntary nervous system) is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system, functioning largely below the level of consciousness, and controls visceral functions.[1] The ANS affects heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration, pupillary dilation, micturition (urination), and sexual arousal

47
Q

What are functions controlled by hypothalamus

A

secretes two hormones, ADH - anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin) and oxytocin which are stored in the posterior pituitary gland.The hypothalamus controls the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland and is a mechanism which detects negative and positive feedback to maintain homeostasis in the body. monitor the body’s core temperature, and regulate it when necessary. These are the functions:Controls Autonomic FunctionsEmotionsEndocrine FunctionsHomeostasisMotor FunctionsRegulates Food and Water IntakeRegulates Sleep wake cycle sex drive and hormones

48
Q

What’s function of ANS

A 
·         Sympathetic Division 
·         Increase HR & BP
·         Increase respiration
·         Dilate blood vessels to heart
·         Increase blood flow to muscles
·         Release adrenaline
·         Release stored energy (glycogen)
·         Dilate pupils
·         Sweat to cool body
·         Decrease blood to skin
·         GI tract slows down; mouth dry

· Parasympathetic Division - serves non-emergency, body maintenance functions, conserving & replenishing body reserves

·         Decreases HR & BP
·         Slows breathing
·         Lubricates mouth, eyes
·         Stimulates digestion and storing energy
·         Constricts pupil
·         Responsible for elimination
49
Q

What are olfactory receptors

A

expressed in the cell membranes of olfactory receptor neurons are responsible for the detection of odor molecules. Activated olfactory receptors are the initial player in a signal transduction cascade which ultimately produces a nerve impulse which is transmitted to the brain.

50
Q

Structures of the neuron

A

Picture

51
Q

What comes off the lumbar plexus

A

lumbar plexus

  1. one formed by the anterior branches of the second to fifth lumbar nerves in the psoas major muscle (the branches of the first lumbar nerve often are included).
  2. a lymphatic plexus in the lumbar region.

:lumbar plexus-arises from l1-l4 and inner ages thigh,abdominal wall,and psoas muscle
-major nerves are femoral and obturator

52
Q

What comes off brachial plexus

A

:brachial plexus-formed by c5-c8 and t1 ,and gies rise to the nerves that inner ate the upper limb

  • four major branches
    • roots are fie central rami(c5-t1)
    • trunks are upper middle and lower which form divisions
    • divisions are anterior and posterior serve the front and back of limb
    • cords are lateral medial and posterior fiber bundles
53
Q

What comes of cervical plexus

A

:cervical plexus-formed by ventral rami of c1-c4,most branches are cutaneous nerves of neck,ear,back of head and shoulders
-the most important nerve of this plexus is the phrenic nerves which is the major motor nerve Ns sensory nerve of the diaphragm

54
Q

What do exteroceptors sense?

A

-exteroceptors respond to stimuli arising outside body,found near body surface,sensitive to touch pressure pain and temp,include special sense organs

55
Q

What do nociceptors sense

A

nociceptors:sensitive to pain causing stimuli

56
Q

What does the central sulcus separate

A

:seperates the frontal and parietal lobes

57
Q

What do ependymal cells do

A

range in shape from squamous to columnar,line central cavities of brain and spinal column

58
Q

What does the hypothalamus control

A

the part of the diencephalon forming the floor and part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle, including the optic chiasm, mammillary bodies, tuber cinereum, and infundibulum; the pituitary gland is also in this region but is physiologically distinct. Hypothalamic nuclei help activate, control, and integrate peripheral autonomic mechanisms, endocrine activities, and many somatic functions.

59
Q

What does the medulla oblongata control

A
  • vestibular nuclear cortex:synapses that mediate and maintain equilibrium
  • ascending sensory tract nuclei including nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis
  • cardiovascular control center or adjusts force and rate of heart contraction
  • respiratory centers or conadepts ate depth of breathing
  • additional centers are regulate vomiting,hiccuping,swallowing,coughing,and sneezing
60
Q

What does the medulla control

A

The inner region of an organ or tissue, esp. when it is distinguishable from the outer region or cortex. Breathing digestion blood flow and temp

61
Q

What does the parasympathetic stimulate

A

Heart rate

62
Q

What forms the plexus

A

A plexus formed by nerves interlaced with numerous communicating branches.an interwoven network of nerves, such as the lumbar plexus formed by the anterior primary branch of the upper four lumbar nerves.

63
Q

What happens at peak of action potential

A

Some of the voltage-gated Na+ channels start to close (this is based on time, the ones that opened 1st will close 1st)

More voltage K+ channels are opening and gK (K+ conductance) is increasing. This will cause repolarization.

64
Q

What happens during refractory period

A

:absolute refractory period-time from the opening of the Na activation gates until the closing of inactivation gates
-the absolute refractory period:prevents neuron from generating action potential,ensures that each action potential is separate,and enforces one way transmission of nerve impulses

65
Q

What is generator potential

A
  • generator potential in the associated sensory neuron must reach threshold
    1. local depolarization of the membrane potential at the end of a sensory neuron in graded response to the strength of a stimulus applied to the associated receptor organ, a pacinian corpuscle; if the generator potential becomes large enough (because the stimulus is at least of threshold strength), it causes excitation at the nearest node of Ranvier and a propagated action potential.
66
Q

What’s a sulcus

A

:major lobes,gyri,and sulci of the erebral hemisphere-deep sulci divide the hemispheres into five lobes(frontal,parietal,temporal,occipital,and insula)

  • central sulcus:seperates the frontal and parietal lobes
  • parieto occipital sulcus:seperates the parietal and occipital lobes
  • lateral sulcus:seperates the parietal and temporal lobes
  • the erect rural and post central gyri border the central sulcus
67
Q

What’s the pattern of spinal reflexes

A

Typical reflex:sensory neuron detects stimulus
:interneurons are excitatory or inhibitory
:motor neurons produce muscle contraction

68
Q

What’s a synapse

A

:synapses-a junction that mediates info transfer from one neuron to another neuron,and to an effector cell

  • per synaptic neuron:conducts impulses toward the synapse
  • post synaptic neuron:transmits impulses away from synapse
69
Q

What’s an axon

A

:axons-slender processes of uniform diameter arising from the hillock

  • long axons are called nerve fibers
  • usually there is only one unbranched axon per neuron
  • rare branches if present are called axon collaterals which are bi passes
  • axonal terminal:branched terminus of an axon
  • generate and transmit action potentials
  • secrete neurotransmitters from axonal terminals
  • movement along axons goes in two ways:
    • anterograde:toward axonal terminal
    • retrograde:away from axonal terminal
70
Q

What’s found in cerebral cortex

A

:functional areas of cerebral cortex-three of them:

  • motor areas or controls voluntary movement
  • sensory area or conscious awareness of sensation
  • association area integrate diverse info
71
Q

What’s ohms law

A

(Physics / General Physics) the principle that the electric current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, provided that the temperature remains constant. The constant of proportionality is the resistance of the conductor

72
Q

What’s defintion of nissl bodies

A

-well developed nissl bodies or rough er

73
Q

What’s the difference between structural class of neurons

A

This is retarded

74
Q

What’s the lateral sulcus

A

seperates the parietal and temporal lobes

75
Q

What’s the role of acetylcholinesterase

A

Breaks down acetylcholine and removes waste your body doesn’t need in urinary sys

76
Q

Efferent nerves

A

motor or efferent carry impulses away from CNS

77
Q

Role of hypoglossal nerve

A
  • 12 hypoglossal:fibers arise from medical and exit skull via hypoglossal canal
  • innervates both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue which contribute to swallowing and speech
78
Q

Role of myelin sheath

A

:myelin sheath-whitish flattish protein that surrounds most of long axons,laminates long axons

  • function is to protects axon,electrically insulates fibers from one another,and increases speed of nerve impulses
  • formed by Schwann cell in pns
  • Schwann cell envelopes an axon in a trough,encloses the axon with its plasma membrane, and has concentric layers of membrane that make up the myelin sheath
  • neurilemma:remaining nucleus and cytoplasm of a Schwann cell
79
Q

What’s role of somatic motor nervous system

A

sys:conscious control of skeletal muscles

80
Q

Role of limbic association area

A

-limbic sys interacts with prefrontal lobes therefore one can react emotionally to conscious understandings,one is consciously aware of emotion in ones life

81
Q

Role of thalamus

A
  • sensual afferent impulses coverage and synapse in thalamus
  • impulses of similar functions are sorted out,edited,and relayed as a group
  • all inputs ascending to the cerebral cortex pass through thalamus
  • mediates sensation,motor activities,cortical arousal,learning,and memory
82
Q

Whats transduction

A

Idk

83
Q

What makes up brain stem

A

:brain stem-three regions midbrain pons and medulla oblongata

  • similar to spinal crd but contains embedded nuclei
  • controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival
  • provides the pathway for tracts between higher brain centers and lower brain centers
  • associated with 10 put of 12 cranial nerves
84
Q

What makes up nerve plexus

A

an interwoven network of nerves, such as the lumbar plexus formed by the anterior primary branch of the upper four lumbar nerves.

85
Q

What would cause an impulse to spread bidirectional

A

No clue maybe if janelle would teach it I would know

86
Q

Where are neurotransmitters released

A

-removal of neurotransmitters ococurs when they are endangered by enzymes,reabsorbed by astrocytes or the presynaptic terminals

87
Q

Where are the cell bodies found in sensory neurons

A

Dorsal root ganglia

88
Q

Where do you find the auditory area

A

:auditory area-primary auditory cortex:in temporal lobe

  • located at superior margin of temporal lobe
  • receives info related to pitch,rhythm,and loudness
89
Q

Where do you find motor speech area

A

:Broca’s area-located anterior to inferior region of pre motor area

  • present in one hemisphere usually left
  • a motor speech area that directs muscles of the tongue
  • active as one prepares to speak
90
Q

Where’s the taste area

A

Medulla and thalamus

91
Q

Where’s the visual area

A

:visual areas-primary visual cortex: in occipital lobe
-seen on extreme posterior tip of the occipital love
-most of it is buried in the calcrine sulcus
-receives visual info from retinas
:visual association area-surrounds the primary visual cortex and interprets visual stimuli

92
Q

CSF comes from what

A

Choroid plexus

93
Q

Where in the brain is there no white matter

A

Deep within cerebrum there is gay matter

94
Q

Where’s gray matter in the spinal cord

A

Center of cord

95
Q

Where the primary auditory cortex

A

In temporal lobe on superior margin

96
Q

Where’s the subarachnoid space

A

-beneath arachnoid is a wide subarachnoid space filled with CSF and large bv

97
Q

Thermostat of the body is where

A

Hypothalamus

98
Q

Which ions are allowed through NMDA

A

Calcium ions

99
Q

Which neuron structure can regenerate

A

An axon

100
Q

Which structures of brain play a role in memory

A

Cerebellum and hippocampus structures:converts new info into long term memory

101
Q

Fight or flight response

A

Sympathetic

102
Q

Rest and digest of ANS

A

Parasympathetic

103
Q

Which system plays role in homeostasis under stress

A

Parasympathetic

104
Q

Working of sodium potassium pump

A

Picture

Hoe (8 decks)

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