Nervous Exam

Question 0

Characteristics of graded potential

Answer 0

Short distance.
Magnitude varies w/ strength of stimulus. (not all or nothing)
Conducted w/ decrement.
Have no refractory periods.
Exhibit summation.
Result in depolarization or hyper-polarization.

Question 1

What level of spinal cord would you become paraplegia if cut

Answer 1

T1-T4

Question 2

Define refractory period

Answer 2

period during which a nerve or muscle is incapable of responding to stimulation, esp immediately following a previous stimulation. In an absolute refractory period there is a total inability to respond; in an effective or relative refractory period there is a response to very large stimuli

Question 3

Define various neural circuits

Answer 3

:Types of circuits of neuronal pools

• Divergent- one incoming fiber stimulates ever increasing number of fibers often amplifying circuits
• Convergent- opposite of divergent circuits resulting in either strong stimulation or inhibition

Question 4

Define a transmitted nerve impulse

Answer 4

a progressive wave of electric and chemical activity along a nerve fiber that stimulates or inhibits the action of a muscle, gland, or other nerve cell. have a domino effect. Each neuron receives an impulse and must pass it on to the next neuron and make sure the correct impulse continues on its path. Through a chain of chemical events, the dendrites (part of a neuron) pick up an impulse that’s shuttled through the axon and transmitted to the next neuron. The entire impulse passes through a neuron in about seven milliseconds

Question 5

Define absolute refractory period

Answer 5

an absolute refractory period there is a total inability to respond; in an effective or relative refractory period there is a response to very large stimuli

Question 6

Define action potential

Answer 6

the change in electrical potential that occurs between the inside and outside of a nerve or muscle fiber when it is stimulated, serving to transmit nerve signals.

Question 7

Define astrocytes

Answer 7

Neuroglial cells with many processes found in the central nervous system, the retina (especially the ganglion cells, the inner plexiform layers and the nerve fibre layer) and the optic nerve. Their function is believed to be nutritional and structural and to be involved in the clearance of neurotransmitters from within the synaptic cleft. Syn. Cajal’s cells.

Question 8

Define CNS

Answer 8

The part of the nervous system that includes the brain and the spinal cord.

Question 9

Define diencephalons

Answer 9

:diencephalon-central core of the forebrain

• consists of three paired structures the thalamus hypothalamus and epithalamus
• encloses the third ventricle

Question 10

Diffidence ganglia

Answer 10

groups of nerve cell bodies within brain or spinal cord

Question 11

Define gyri

Answer 11

Any of the prominent, rounded, elevated convolutions on the surfaces of the cerebral hemispheres.

Question 12

Define nodes of ranvier

Answer 12

Nodes of Ranvier are the gaps (approximately 1 micrometer in length) formed between the myelin sheaths generated by different cells. A myelin sheath is a many-layered coating, largely composed of a fatty substance called myelin, that wraps around the axon of a neuron and very efficiently insulates it. At nodes of Ranvier, the axonal membrane is uninsulated and therefore capable of generating electrical activity.

Question 13

Define pons

Answer 13

The pons contains nuclei that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture.

Question 14

Define somatic nervous sensory

Answer 14

The somatic nervous system (SNS) is the part of the peripheral nervous system[1] associated with the voluntary control of body movements via skeletal muscles, and with sensory reception of external stimuli (e.g., touch, hearing, and sight)[citation needed]. The SNS consists of efferent nerves responsible for stimulating muscle contraction, including all the neurons connected with skeletal muscles, skin, and sense organs.

Question 15

Describe a nerve

Answer 15

1. Any of the cordlike bundles of fibers made up of neurons through which sensory stimuli and motor impulses pass between the brain or other parts of the central nervous system and the eyes, glands, muscles, and other parts of the body. Nerves form a network of pathways for conducting information throughout the body.

Question 16

Describe a synapse

Answer 16

n.

The junction across which a nerve impulse passes from an axon terminal to a neuron, muscle cell, or gland cell.

Question 17

Difference between ans and sns

Answer 17

There is one primary difference between the somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system. The somatic nervous system includes all the functions of the body that are done voluntarily, like moving a leg or finger. The autonomic nervous system includes all the functions of the body that are done involuntarily, like breathing or blinking

Question 18

Function of blood brain barrier

Answer 18

blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the specialized system of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVEC) that shields the brain from toxic substances in the blood, supplies brain tissues with nutrients, and filters harmful compounds from the brain back to the bloodstream

Question 19

Function of brocas area

Answer 19

functions linked to speech production.

Question 20

Characteristics of a mature neuron

Answer 20

:neurons-structural units of the nervous sys

• composed of a body,axon, and dendrites
• long lived,amitotic,and high metabolic rate
• their plasma membrane function in electrical signaling,cell to cell signaling during development

Question 21

How are basic reflexes learned?

Answer 21

Born with them or inherited

Question 22

How are impulses carried to and from the cell?

Answer 22

A neuron has a large cell body that contains the nucleus, threadlike extensions called dendrites, and an axon. The dendrites carry impulses toward the neuron’s cell body. The axon carries impulses away from the cell body. Nerve impulses begin in a dendrite, move toward the cell body, and then move down the axon. A neuron can have many dendrites, but it has only one axon. An axon, however, can have more than one tip, so the impulse can go to more than one other cell.Axons and dendrites are sometimes called nervefibers. Nerve fibers are often arranged in parallel bundles covered with a connective tissue, something like a package of uncooked spaghetti wrapped in cellophane. A bundle of nerve fibers is called a nerve

Question 23

If you injure the hypothalamus what would you see?

Answer 23

Idk

Question 24

Importance of node of ranvier

Answer 24

:nodes of ranvier- gaps found in myelin sheath | -they are sites where axon collaterals can emerge

Question 25

In which system are there sensory receptors?

Answer 25

:peripheral nervous sys-all neural structures outside brain and spinal cord -includes sensory receptors peripheral nerves associated ganglia and motor endings -provides links to and from the external environment :sensory receptors-structures specialized to respond to stimuli,activation of sensory receptors results in depolarizations that trigger impulses to CBC,realization of theses stimuli sensation and perception occur in brain

Question 26

Knee jerk reflex is an example of what type of reflex?

Answer 26

monosynaptic reflex A simple reflex that involves transmission of information from a sensory neuron to the appropriate motor neuron across a single synapse in the spinal cord.

Question 27

Largest cranial nerve

Answer 27

Vagus

Question 28

Make up of CSF

Answer 28

:CSF-watery solution similar to composition to blood plasma - contains less protein and different ion concentrations than plasma - forms a liquid cushion that gives buoyancy to the CNS organs - prevents the brain from crushing under its own weight - protects CNS from blows and other traumas - nourishes brain and carries chemical signals throughout it

Question 29

Make up of white matter in spinal cord

Answer 29

White matter tissue of the freshly cut brain appears pinkish white to the naked eye because myelin is composed largely of lipid tissue veined with capillaries. Its white color is due to its usual preservation in formaldehyde.

Question 30

Nick name for sympathetic nervous system

Answer 30

Fight or flight

Question 31

Nick name for parasympathetic

Answer 31

Rest and digest

Question 32

Number of pairs of spinal cord

Answer 32

31

Question 33

Role of association neuron

Answer 33

Or interneurons, connect sensory or afferent neurons to motor or efferent neurons

Question 34

Role of dendrite

Answer 34

Receive incoming info from axon terminals. Dendrites are tiny branches on the ends of neurons that are responsible for passing information that is gathered from other neurons. Some research has also shown that their function does not change, but that their structure can, depending on environmental influences. The parts of a neuron include dendrites, synapses that are located on the dendrites, and the soma. Synapses are the tips of dendrites, shaped like little clubs, and provide contact points with surrounding neurons. The soma is the cell body of a neuron that receives information collected by the dendrites. From the soma, the information travels to the axon for further processing.

Question 35

Role of synaptic cleft

Answer 35

The synaptic cleft is a small gap that seperates the presynaptic neuron and the postsynaptic neuron. It creates a physical barrier for the electrical signal carried by one neuron to be transfered to another neuron

Question 36

Role of axon

Answer 36

primary function is to conduct electrical signals from that neuron to receptor sites known as dendrites on other neuron surfaces. While an axon and a dendrite are not in actual physical contact with one another, when an electrical signal passes to the end of an axon, it causes an electro-chemical reaction in bubble-like structures between the two materials known as vesicles. These vesicles release chemical charges called neurotransmitters into the synaptic gap between the axon end and dendrite receptor sites. The firing of these charges are known as synaptic responses, and the function of an axon is to transmit these signals in large numbers as a form of data processing within the human

Question 37

Role of reticular formation

Answer 37

comprehensive network of nerves found in the central area of the brainstem. It's involved in many of the essential functions of the body, such as the ability to obtain recuperative sleep, sexual arousal, and the ability to focus on tasks without being easily distracted. All in all, this network is believed by some researchers to be involved with at least 25 behaviors and functions that are considered essential for human health.

Question 38

Schwann cells vs oligodendrocytes

Answer 38

1)oligodendrocytes myelinate axons in the CNS whereas schwann cells myelinate axons in the PNS 2) a single oligodendrocyte is able to myelinate multiple axons whereas a schwann cell can only myelinate a single axon. 3) schwann cell myelination allows for axonal grown and regeneration where as oligodendrocytes inhibit axonal growth and regeneration.

Question 39

Sheath of a Schwann cell is called what?

Answer 39

Neurilemma the thin membrane spirally enwrapping the myelin layers of certain fibers, especially of the peripheral nerves, or the axons of some unmyelinated nerve fibers.

Question 40

Sweat glands are controlled by which system

Answer 40

Autonomic-sympathetic

Question 41

Voltage is measured how around the membrane potential?

Answer 41

is the difference in electrical potential between the interior and the exterior of a biological cell. Typical values of membrane potential range from –40 mV to –80 mV.

Question 42

What are afferent nerves

Answer 42

an impulse that arises in the periphery and is carried into the central nervous system. An afferent nerve conducts the impulse from the site of origin to the central nervous system.

Question 43

What are direct acting neurotransmitters

Answer 43

Open ion channels to provoke rapid responses

Question 44

What are non specific ascending pathways

Answer 44

- three ascending pathways:the nonspecific and specific ascending pathways send impulses t the sensory cortex - these pathways allows for discriminative touch and conscious proprioception - spinocerebellar tracts send impulses to the cerebellum and don't contribute to sensory perception -non specific ascending pathway:for pain temp and crude touch within the lateral spinothalamic tract

Question 45

What are the divisions of the ANS

Answer 45

Sympathetic fight or flight and parasympathetic rest and digest

Question 46

What are the effector organs of the ans

Answer 46

or involuntary nervous system) is the part of the peripheral nervous system that acts as a control system, functioning largely below the level of consciousness, and controls visceral functions.[1] The ANS affects heart rate, digestion, respiratory rate, salivation, perspiration, pupillary dilation, micturition (urination), and sexual arousal

Question 47

What are functions controlled by hypothalamus

Answer 47

secretes two hormones, ADH - anti-diuretic hormone (vasopressin) and oxytocin which are stored in the posterior pituitary gland.The hypothalamus controls the secretion of hormones from the pituitary gland and is a mechanism which detects negative and positive feedback to maintain homeostasis in the body. monitor the body's core temperature, and regulate it when necessary. These are the functions:Controls Autonomic FunctionsEmotionsEndocrine FunctionsHomeostasisMotor FunctionsRegulates Food and Water IntakeRegulates Sleep wake cycle sex drive and hormones

Question 48

What's function of ANS

Answer 48

``` · Sympathetic Division · Increase HR & BP · Increase respiration · Dilate blood vessels to heart · Increase blood flow to muscles · Release adrenaline · Release stored energy (glycogen) · Dilate pupils · Sweat to cool body · Decrease blood to skin · GI tract slows down; mouth dry ``` · Parasympathetic Division - serves non-emergency, body maintenance functions, conserving & replenishing body reserves ``` · Decreases HR & BP · Slows breathing · Lubricates mouth, eyes · Stimulates digestion and storing energy · Constricts pupil · Responsible for elimination ```

Question 49

What are olfactory receptors

Answer 49

expressed in the cell membranes of olfactory receptor neurons are responsible for the detection of odor molecules. Activated olfactory receptors are the initial player in a signal transduction cascade which ultimately produces a nerve impulse which is transmitted to the brain.

Question 50

Structures of the neuron

Answer 50

Picture

Question 51

What comes off the lumbar plexus

Answer 51

lumbar plexus 1. one formed by the anterior branches of the second to fifth lumbar nerves in the psoas major muscle (the branches of the first lumbar nerve often are included). 2. a lymphatic plexus in the lumbar region. :lumbar plexus-arises from l1-l4 and inner ages thigh,abdominal wall,and psoas muscle -major nerves are femoral and obturator

Question 52

What comes off brachial plexus

Answer 52

:brachial plexus-formed by c5-c8 and t1 ,and gies rise to the nerves that inner ate the upper limb - four major branches - roots are fie central rami(c5-t1) - trunks are upper middle and lower which form divisions - divisions are anterior and posterior serve the front and back of limb - cords are lateral medial and posterior fiber bundles

Question 53

What comes of cervical plexus

Answer 53

:cervical plexus-formed by ventral rami of c1-c4,most branches are cutaneous nerves of neck,ear,back of head and shoulders -the most important nerve of this plexus is the phrenic nerves which is the major motor nerve Ns sensory nerve of the diaphragm

Question 54

What do exteroceptors sense?

Answer 54

-exteroceptors respond to stimuli arising outside body,found near body surface,sensitive to touch pressure pain and temp,include special sense organs

Question 55

What do nociceptors sense

Answer 55

nociceptors:sensitive to pain causing stimuli

Question 56

What does the central sulcus separate

Answer 56

:seperates the frontal and parietal lobes

Question 57

What do ependymal cells do

Answer 57

range in shape from squamous to columnar,line central cavities of brain and spinal column

Question 58

What does the hypothalamus control

Answer 58

the part of the diencephalon forming the floor and part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle, including the optic chiasm, mammillary bodies, tuber cinereum, and infundibulum; the pituitary gland is also in this region but is physiologically distinct. Hypothalamic nuclei help activate, control, and integrate peripheral autonomic mechanisms, endocrine activities, and many somatic functions.

Question 59

What does the medulla oblongata control

Answer 59

- vestibular nuclear cortex:synapses that mediate and maintain equilibrium - ascending sensory tract nuclei including nucleus cuneatus and nucleus gracilis - cardiovascular control center or adjusts force and rate of heart contraction - respiratory centers or conadepts ate depth of breathing - additional centers are regulate vomiting,hiccuping,swallowing,coughing,and sneezing

Question 60

What does the medulla control

Answer 60

The inner region of an organ or tissue, esp. when it is distinguishable from the outer region or cortex. Breathing digestion blood flow and temp

Question 61

What does the parasympathetic stimulate

Answer 61

Heart rate

Question 62

What forms the plexus

Answer 62

A plexus formed by nerves interlaced with numerous communicating branches.an interwoven network of nerves, such as the lumbar plexus formed by the anterior primary branch of the upper four lumbar nerves.

Question 63

What happens at peak of action potential

Answer 63

Some of the voltage-gated Na+ channels start to close (this is based on time, the ones that opened 1st will close 1st) More voltage K+ channels are opening and gK (K+ conductance) is increasing. This will cause repolarization.

Question 64

What happens during refractory period

Answer 64

:absolute refractory period-time from the opening of the Na activation gates until the closing of inactivation gates -the absolute refractory period:prevents neuron from generating action potential,ensures that each action potential is separate,and enforces one way transmission of nerve impulses

Question 65

What is generator potential

Answer 65

- generator potential in the associated sensory neuron must reach threshold 1. local depolarization of the membrane potential at the end of a sensory neuron in graded response to the strength of a stimulus applied to the associated receptor organ, a pacinian corpuscle; if the generator potential becomes large enough (because the stimulus is at least of threshold strength), it causes excitation at the nearest node of Ranvier and a propagated action potential.

Question 66

What's a sulcus

Answer 66

:major lobes,gyri,and sulci of the erebral hemisphere-deep sulci divide the hemispheres into five lobes(frontal,parietal,temporal,occipital,and insula) - central sulcus:seperates the frontal and parietal lobes - parieto occipital sulcus:seperates the parietal and occipital lobes - lateral sulcus:seperates the parietal and temporal lobes - the erect rural and post central gyri border the central sulcus

Question 67

What's the pattern of spinal reflexes

Answer 67

Typical reflex:sensory neuron detects stimulus :interneurons are excitatory or inhibitory :motor neurons produce muscle contraction

Question 68

What's a synapse

Answer 68

:synapses-a junction that mediates info transfer from one neuron to another neuron,and to an effector cell - per synaptic neuron:conducts impulses toward the synapse - post synaptic neuron:transmits impulses away from synapse

Question 69

What's an axon

Answer 69

:axons-slender processes of uniform diameter arising from the hillock - long axons are called nerve fibers - usually there is only one unbranched axon per neuron - rare branches if present are called axon collaterals which are bi passes - axonal terminal:branched terminus of an axon - generate and transmit action potentials - secrete neurotransmitters from axonal terminals - movement along axons goes in two ways: - anterograde:toward axonal terminal - retrograde:away from axonal terminal

Question 70

What's found in cerebral cortex

Answer 70

:functional areas of cerebral cortex-three of them: - motor areas or controls voluntary movement - sensory area or conscious awareness of sensation - association area integrate diverse info

Question 71

What's ohms law

Answer 71

(Physics / General Physics) the principle that the electric current passing through a conductor is directly proportional to the potential difference across it, provided that the temperature remains constant. The constant of proportionality is the resistance of the conductor

Question 72

What's defintion of nissl bodies

Answer 72

-well developed nissl bodies or rough er

Question 73

What's the difference between structural class of neurons

Answer 73

This is retarded

Question 74

What's the lateral sulcus

Answer 74

seperates the parietal and temporal lobes

Question 75

What's the role of acetylcholinesterase

Answer 75

Breaks down acetylcholine and removes waste your body doesn't need in urinary sys

Question 76

Efferent nerves

Answer 76

motor or efferent carry impulses away from CNS

Question 77

Role of hypoglossal nerve

Answer 77

- 12 hypoglossal:fibers arise from medical and exit skull via hypoglossal canal - innervates both extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of the tongue which contribute to swallowing and speech

Question 78

Role of myelin sheath

Answer 78

:myelin sheath-whitish flattish protein that surrounds most of long axons,laminates long axons - function is to protects axon,electrically insulates fibers from one another,and increases speed of nerve impulses - formed by Schwann cell in pns - Schwann cell envelopes an axon in a trough,encloses the axon with its plasma membrane, and has concentric layers of membrane that make up the myelin sheath - neurilemma:remaining nucleus and cytoplasm of a Schwann cell

Question 79

What's role of somatic motor nervous system

Answer 79

sys:conscious control of skeletal muscles

Question 80

Role of limbic association area

Answer 80

-limbic sys interacts with prefrontal lobes therefore one can react emotionally to conscious understandings,one is consciously aware of emotion in ones life

Question 81

Role of thalamus

Answer 81

- sensual afferent impulses coverage and synapse in thalamus - impulses of similar functions are sorted out,edited,and relayed as a group - all inputs ascending to the cerebral cortex pass through thalamus - mediates sensation,motor activities,cortical arousal,learning,and memory

Question 82

Whats transduction

Answer 82

Idk

Question 83

What makes up brain stem

Answer 83

:brain stem-three regions midbrain pons and medulla oblongata - similar to spinal crd but contains embedded nuclei - controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival - provides the pathway for tracts between higher brain centers and lower brain centers - associated with 10 put of 12 cranial nerves

Question 84

What makes up nerve plexus

Answer 84

an interwoven network of nerves, such as the lumbar plexus formed by the anterior primary branch of the upper four lumbar nerves.

Question 85

What would cause an impulse to spread bidirectional

Answer 85

No clue maybe if janelle would teach it I would know

Question 86

Where are neurotransmitters released

Answer 86

-removal of neurotransmitters ococurs when they are endangered by enzymes,reabsorbed by astrocytes or the presynaptic terminals

Question 87

Where are the cell bodies found in sensory neurons

Answer 87

Dorsal root ganglia

Question 88

Where do you find the auditory area

Answer 88

:auditory area-primary auditory cortex:in temporal lobe - located at superior margin of temporal lobe - receives info related to pitch,rhythm,and loudness

Question 89

Where do you find motor speech area

Answer 89

:Broca's area-located anterior to inferior region of pre motor area - present in one hemisphere usually left - a motor speech area that directs muscles of the tongue - active as one prepares to speak

Question 90

Where's the taste area

Answer 90

Medulla and thalamus

Question 91

Where's the visual area

Answer 91

:visual areas-primary visual cortex: in occipital lobe -seen on extreme posterior tip of the occipital love -most of it is buried in the calcrine sulcus -receives visual info from retinas :visual association area-surrounds the primary visual cortex and interprets visual stimuli

Question 92

CSF comes from what

Answer 92

Choroid plexus

Question 93

Where in the brain is there no white matter

Answer 93

Deep within cerebrum there is gay matter

Question 94

Where's gray matter in the spinal cord

Answer 94

Center of cord

Question 95

Where the primary auditory cortex

Answer 95

In temporal lobe on superior margin

Question 96

Where's the subarachnoid space

Answer 96

-beneath arachnoid is a wide subarachnoid space filled with CSF and large bv

Question 97

Thermostat of the body is where

Answer 97

Hypothalamus

Question 98

Which ions are allowed through NMDA

Answer 98

Calcium ions

Question 99

Which neuron structure can regenerate

Answer 99

An axon

Question 100

Which structures of brain play a role in memory

Answer 100

Cerebellum and hippocampus structures:converts new info into long term memory

Question 101

Fight or flight response

Answer 101

Sympathetic

Question 102

Rest and digest of ANS

Answer 102

Parasympathetic

Question 103

Which system plays role in homeostasis under stress

Answer 103

Parasympathetic

Question 104

Working of sodium potassium pump

Answer 104

Picture